This document summarizes an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE). Virgin HDPE was tested, as well as HDPE that was recycled up to three times. The recycling process involved crushing and blending the plastic. Tests measured density, tensile strength, elastic modulus, elongation, impact strength, and creep recovery. Results showed that with increased recycling, density and elastic properties generally decreased while tensile strength increased. Mixing recycled and virgin HDPE found that properties remained stable with higher recycled content, except for a drop in impact strength and recovery ability. The study aims to better understand how mechanical properties are affected by repeated recycling and content of recycled plastic.
A Research onto Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of ...ijtsrd
Plastic waste management is the main environmental issues in our country. The present study applies to the usage of recycled plastics as an alternative for aggregates in concrete. The motive of the study is to investigate the alteration in the physical qualities of concrete by the use of waste of plastics in concrete. The utilization of plastic aggregates was discovered to lead to the development of sturdy concrete. Additionally, with the plastics, the tensile and compressive strength of the concrete reduces. The foremost change brought approximately by using plastics is the fact that concrete’s thermal conductivity is decreased due to the utilization of plastics. It is able to thus be declared recycled plastics are usually utilized for thermal insulation of structures.Series of experiments had been performed in this current study for a comparison of the usage of Used Plastic as a replacement of sand in various different proportions. The main conclusions drawn was that the compressive strength increases with the inclusion of Used Plastic upto a certain proportions and then reduces the strength. Paras Kumar Yadav | Amit Kumar "A Research onto Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregates by Plastic Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33250.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33250/a-research-onto-study-the-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-aggregates-by-plastic-aggregates/paras-kumar-yadav
A Research onto Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of ...ijtsrd
Plastic waste management is the main environmental issues in our country. The present study applies to the usage of recycled plastics as an alternative for aggregates in concrete. The motive of the study is to investigate the alteration in the physical qualities of concrete by the use of waste of plastics in concrete. The utilization of plastic aggregates was discovered to lead to the development of sturdy concrete. Additionally, with the plastics, the tensile and compressive strength of the concrete reduces. The foremost change brought approximately by using plastics is the fact that concrete’s thermal conductivity is decreased due to the utilization of plastics. It is able to thus be declared recycled plastics are usually utilized for thermal insulation of structures.Series of experiments had been performed in this current study for a comparison of the usage of Used Plastic as a replacement of sand in various different proportions. The main conclusions drawn was that the compressive strength increases with the inclusion of Used Plastic upto a certain proportions and then reduces the strength. Paras Kumar Yadav | Amit Kumar "A Research onto Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregates by Plastic Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33250.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33250/a-research-onto-study-the-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-aggregates-by-plastic-aggregates/paras-kumar-yadav
Production Fuel From Waste Plastic By Pyrolysis (Theoretical part)Alitek97
In our experiments, commercially available shredded plastics were procured and washed before pyrolysis. Pyrolysis it is one of the most favorable and effective disposing methods, the process is an environmentally friendly and efficient way to eliminate the effect of plastic. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of solid wastes at high temperatures (250- 325℃) in the absence of air (and oxygen). The main process given below:
1. Identification of waste plastics. (PE/PP/PS/LDPE/HDPE)
2. Crash and cut the plastic for the pyrolysis process
3. Condensation of the gas to obtain raw fuel.
4. Collect the sample and perform tests to identify the kinds of fuel produced.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In recent years, a great deal of interest in concrete leads to the most frequently used sustainable construction material. Using of natural fiber as fiber reinforcement effectively improved strength, ductility and durability requirements of high performance cement composites. Regretly, natural fibers are dumped as agricultural waste (e.g. coconut, bamboo, wood or chips, bast fiber, leaf fiber, seed and fruit fibers, etc), so can be easily available low cost. The applications of natural fiber for sustainable construction material design can be done as filler or masonry composites, reinforcement, thermal conductivity, cementations/binder, etc. Previous and current researchers focusing the natural fiber to improve the properties of lightweight composites still required a lot of investigations to make it improved. However, the present work consists of the availability of natural fiber waste substance, sustainable construction materials are evaluated for their physico-mechanical properties of sustainable construction materials, method of production and environmental impact of several materials. No doubt, the application of natural fiber provides a solution to conservation of natural resource and energy.
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL COMP...IAEME Publication
The main advantage of a composite material over conventional material like a monolithic metal is the
combination of different properties which are seldom found in the conventional material. In recent years natural fibers
appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and
nonrenewable synthetic fiber. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement
in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite and explores the potential of using PALF as reinforcing
material.
Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling and Rheological Properties of Agro Fiber...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Utilization of pulverized plastic in cement concrete as fine aggregateeSAT Journals
Abstract Disposal of used Plastics is a major problem in the present era, as the usage of plastics is growing day by day and it takes hundreds of years for plastic material to degrade. So effective ways to recycle & reuse of plastics are being formulated. According to their composition, plastics have been classified into seven types each having their own recycle rate. One such type HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) was taken into consideration as it was easily available & had higher density than other types. The used plastics were collected , ground into smaller components , melted & pulverized in order to get granules of plastic of about 1mm size. The density of the Pulverized plastic was found to be 460 kg/m3 & its specific gravity was 0.46. Sieve analyses were carried out & about 75% of the plastics were found to be in the range of 1 -1.7mm. 45 nos. of 15cm x15cm x15cm cement concrete Cubes of 1:1:2 (M 25) mix were cast for 0% ,25% , 50% , 75% , 100 % sand being replaced with Pulverized plastic material. Volumetric proportioning was adopted instead of design mix since the density of plastic material was too low. Workability test, weight and compressive strength of the cubes were determined. The test results revealed that the yield as well as the ultimate strength of concrete at seventh day decreased by about 3 to 3.2 N/mm2 for 25%replacement & 4 to 6.5 N/mm2 for higher replacements of Plastic when compared to conventional concrete The ultimate as well as the yield strength of concrete at 14th day & 28th day decreased by about 0.2 to 1 N/mm2for 25%replacement & 9.1 to 14.6 N/mm2 for higher replacements of Plastic when compared to conventional concrete The water Cement ratio was also found to increase with the proportion of Plastics for a slump of 10 mm & weight of the cube decreased with an increase in replacement of Sand by Plastic Material. Thus it is inferred that Replacement of sand by plastic up to 25% can be adopted so that disposal of used plastic can be done as well the deficiency of Natural aggregates can be managed effectively.
Utilization of pulverized plastic in cement concrete as fine aggregateeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Development of composite structure from recycled materialPradeepKumar3728
The circular economy is the need of an hour, keeping this in view I have developed a composite structure using the blend of used Polyethelene terephthalate bottles, Calcium Carbonate filler, and a natural resin called lac for commercial product and interior designing. This experiment was performed using two processes i.e casting and injection molding for the comparative analysis of the structure produced using the above-said process.
Use of Fiber is one of the vital and emerging trends in Construction Technology. Fiber can be considered as an alternative in the use of an air entraining agent providing sufficient freeze thaw protection and moreover as a reinforcing material. Fiber reinforced materials are composite materials that typically consist of strong fibers embedded in resin matrix. It is a composite obtained by adding a single type or a blend of fibers to the conventional concrete mix. The fibers provide strength and stiffness to the composite and generally carry most of the applied loads. The matrix acts to bond and protect the fibers and to provide for transfer of stress from fiber to fiber through shear stresses. Fibers can be in form of steel fibers, glass fibers, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, etc. The mechanism by which fibres produce resistance to freezing and thawing is that fibres introduction reduces water absorption of the concrete increasing penetration resistance to de-icing salts. Reduced water absorption is a function of the fibres to reduce plastic shrinkage cracking, reducing the ability of water to permeate into the bleed in a concrete. So this research paper describes experimental studies on the use of coconut fibre as enhancement of concrete.
In present scenario natural fibers have received much attention because of their light weight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Among the various natural fibers, banana fiber was focused for its pretreatment conditions for preparing perfect fiber. In previously many researchers have found various fibers have been pretreated and they obtain its properties and its applications. In this project banana fiber has been taken as natural fiber and it was pretreated and its properties after pretreatment were obtained. The pretreatment was alkali, sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate treatment, and bleaching was carried out. Then the composite specimen boards were fabricated by various pretreatment banana fiber, polyethylene and matrix. It undergone to mechanical testing, tensile test, hardness test and also SEM analysis was carried out to check their microstructure. The perfect fiber was found by the obtained results from their properties and bonding nature.
On Characterizations of NANO RGB-Closed Sets in NANO Topological SpacesIJMER
The purpose of this paper is to establish and derive the theorems which exhibit the
characterization of nano rgb-closed sets in nano topological space and obtain some of their interesting
properties. We also use this notion to consider new weak form of continuities with these sets.
2010 AMS classification: 54A05, 54C10.
Production Fuel From Waste Plastic By Pyrolysis (Theoretical part)Alitek97
In our experiments, commercially available shredded plastics were procured and washed before pyrolysis. Pyrolysis it is one of the most favorable and effective disposing methods, the process is an environmentally friendly and efficient way to eliminate the effect of plastic. Pyrolysis is the thermal degradation of solid wastes at high temperatures (250- 325℃) in the absence of air (and oxygen). The main process given below:
1. Identification of waste plastics. (PE/PP/PS/LDPE/HDPE)
2. Crash and cut the plastic for the pyrolysis process
3. Condensation of the gas to obtain raw fuel.
4. Collect the sample and perform tests to identify the kinds of fuel produced.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In recent years, a great deal of interest in concrete leads to the most frequently used sustainable construction material. Using of natural fiber as fiber reinforcement effectively improved strength, ductility and durability requirements of high performance cement composites. Regretly, natural fibers are dumped as agricultural waste (e.g. coconut, bamboo, wood or chips, bast fiber, leaf fiber, seed and fruit fibers, etc), so can be easily available low cost. The applications of natural fiber for sustainable construction material design can be done as filler or masonry composites, reinforcement, thermal conductivity, cementations/binder, etc. Previous and current researchers focusing the natural fiber to improve the properties of lightweight composites still required a lot of investigations to make it improved. However, the present work consists of the availability of natural fiber waste substance, sustainable construction materials are evaluated for their physico-mechanical properties of sustainable construction materials, method of production and environmental impact of several materials. No doubt, the application of natural fiber provides a solution to conservation of natural resource and energy.
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL COMP...IAEME Publication
The main advantage of a composite material over conventional material like a monolithic metal is the
combination of different properties which are seldom found in the conventional material. In recent years natural fibers
appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and
nonrenewable synthetic fiber. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement
in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite and explores the potential of using PALF as reinforcing
material.
Water Absorption, Thickness Swelling and Rheological Properties of Agro Fiber...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Polymer and Textile Engineering (IOSR-JPTE) is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between polimer, fibric and all the sciences involved in textile.
Utilization of pulverized plastic in cement concrete as fine aggregateeSAT Journals
Abstract Disposal of used Plastics is a major problem in the present era, as the usage of plastics is growing day by day and it takes hundreds of years for plastic material to degrade. So effective ways to recycle & reuse of plastics are being formulated. According to their composition, plastics have been classified into seven types each having their own recycle rate. One such type HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) was taken into consideration as it was easily available & had higher density than other types. The used plastics were collected , ground into smaller components , melted & pulverized in order to get granules of plastic of about 1mm size. The density of the Pulverized plastic was found to be 460 kg/m3 & its specific gravity was 0.46. Sieve analyses were carried out & about 75% of the plastics were found to be in the range of 1 -1.7mm. 45 nos. of 15cm x15cm x15cm cement concrete Cubes of 1:1:2 (M 25) mix were cast for 0% ,25% , 50% , 75% , 100 % sand being replaced with Pulverized plastic material. Volumetric proportioning was adopted instead of design mix since the density of plastic material was too low. Workability test, weight and compressive strength of the cubes were determined. The test results revealed that the yield as well as the ultimate strength of concrete at seventh day decreased by about 3 to 3.2 N/mm2 for 25%replacement & 4 to 6.5 N/mm2 for higher replacements of Plastic when compared to conventional concrete The ultimate as well as the yield strength of concrete at 14th day & 28th day decreased by about 0.2 to 1 N/mm2for 25%replacement & 9.1 to 14.6 N/mm2 for higher replacements of Plastic when compared to conventional concrete The water Cement ratio was also found to increase with the proportion of Plastics for a slump of 10 mm & weight of the cube decreased with an increase in replacement of Sand by Plastic Material. Thus it is inferred that Replacement of sand by plastic up to 25% can be adopted so that disposal of used plastic can be done as well the deficiency of Natural aggregates can be managed effectively.
Utilization of pulverized plastic in cement concrete as fine aggregateeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Development of composite structure from recycled materialPradeepKumar3728
The circular economy is the need of an hour, keeping this in view I have developed a composite structure using the blend of used Polyethelene terephthalate bottles, Calcium Carbonate filler, and a natural resin called lac for commercial product and interior designing. This experiment was performed using two processes i.e casting and injection molding for the comparative analysis of the structure produced using the above-said process.
Use of Fiber is one of the vital and emerging trends in Construction Technology. Fiber can be considered as an alternative in the use of an air entraining agent providing sufficient freeze thaw protection and moreover as a reinforcing material. Fiber reinforced materials are composite materials that typically consist of strong fibers embedded in resin matrix. It is a composite obtained by adding a single type or a blend of fibers to the conventional concrete mix. The fibers provide strength and stiffness to the composite and generally carry most of the applied loads. The matrix acts to bond and protect the fibers and to provide for transfer of stress from fiber to fiber through shear stresses. Fibers can be in form of steel fibers, glass fibers, natural fibers, synthetic fibers, etc. The mechanism by which fibres produce resistance to freezing and thawing is that fibres introduction reduces water absorption of the concrete increasing penetration resistance to de-icing salts. Reduced water absorption is a function of the fibres to reduce plastic shrinkage cracking, reducing the ability of water to permeate into the bleed in a concrete. So this research paper describes experimental studies on the use of coconut fibre as enhancement of concrete.
In present scenario natural fibers have received much attention because of their light weight, nonabrasive, combustible, nontoxic, low cost and biodegradable properties. Among the various natural fibers, banana fiber was focused for its pretreatment conditions for preparing perfect fiber. In previously many researchers have found various fibers have been pretreated and they obtain its properties and its applications. In this project banana fiber has been taken as natural fiber and it was pretreated and its properties after pretreatment were obtained. The pretreatment was alkali, sodium hydroxide, potassium permanganate treatment, and bleaching was carried out. Then the composite specimen boards were fabricated by various pretreatment banana fiber, polyethylene and matrix. It undergone to mechanical testing, tensile test, hardness test and also SEM analysis was carried out to check their microstructure. The perfect fiber was found by the obtained results from their properties and bonding nature.
On Characterizations of NANO RGB-Closed Sets in NANO Topological SpacesIJMER
The purpose of this paper is to establish and derive the theorems which exhibit the
characterization of nano rgb-closed sets in nano topological space and obtain some of their interesting
properties. We also use this notion to consider new weak form of continuities with these sets.
2010 AMS classification: 54A05, 54C10.
A Subgraph Pattern Search over Graph DatabasesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Shoe marks at the place of crime provide valuable forensic evidence. Many different
artefacts can occur during processing of shoe print images. This paper proposed a methodology to
remove the artefacts from shoe print images. The proposed methodology is very simple with the
combination of statistical and computational geometric approach. Statistical methods like standard
deviation are used to calculate the global threshold to binarize the image and computational geometry
like convex hull is used to produce final output. It is possible to remove artefacts if it is present either in
front side of the image or rear of the image
Abstract: Noise in an image is a serious problem In this
project, the various noise conditions are studied which are:
Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), Bipolar fixedvalued impulse noise, also called salt and pepper noise
(SPN), Random-valued impulse noise (RVIN), Mixed noise
(MN). Digital images are often corrupted by impulse noise
during the acquisition or transmission through
communication channels the developed filters are meant for
online and real-time applications. In this paper, the
following activities are taken up to draw the results: Study
of various impulse noise types and their effect on digital
images; Study and implementation of various efficient
nonlinear digital image filters available in the literature
and their relative performance comparison;
Design and Implementation of Wireless Embedded Systems at 60 GHz Millimeter-W...IJMER
ABSTRACT: Globally, there is a burning desire for a communication system that provides high quality, high capacity and
high speed information exchange and we need to develop an extremely spectrum-efficient transmission technology for the
same. This paper describes a realistic capacity and BER comparison of a robust and secured multiple access schemes and
develops a wireless embedded system at 60 GHz Millimeter-Wave using WiMAX waveform. The system is tested at the
laboratory with multimedia transmission and reception but yet to be tested after mounting on the vehicles. Technical
expertise are developed towards Simulink programming, methods of poring to VSG, IF and millimeter wave hardware, RTSA
use, Data Acquisition and DSP. With proper deployment of this 60 GHz system on vehicles, the existing commercial
products for 802.11P will be required to be replaced or updated soon. Simulation and implementation of the results will
elucidate that a significant amelioration in the spectral efficiency parameter can be achieved using the proposed WiMAX at
60GHz which provides both frequency diversity and spectral efficiency to yield a powerful and affordable solution for superhigh speed/4G transmission and ever-increasing requirement of high throughput in wideband multimedia communications
and ITS in vehicular communication.
Keywords: AWG, C2C-CC, MC-CDMA, VSA, WiMAX and WMAN, 4G
Modeling Of a Bucket Air Cooler by Using Solar EnergyIJMER
In a conventional energy sources day to day decreasing in their energy levels. Going green
and conservation as much energy as possible has become the focal point in their eyes of the world.
There are many sources of energy available to us that will conserve our natural resources and decrease
on harmful emissions that are destroying our environment. Many energy sources available in world like
hydro electrical, thermal, mechanical, solar, tidal, bio gas, wave, wind, geothermal, ocean thermal
energy. Many incentives are now available to individuals and industries who implement the use of this
ecofriendly environment through in this direction we are selected solar energy is main sources.
Our design and construction of a bucket air cooler by using solar energy is new alternative to
conventional energy sources. We set out to create an air cooler that does not create any harmful
emissions in environment and provide no pollution in the surrounding. The solar power as the main
energy sources to help in the project work. It is providing to cooling the enclosed space and also
measured the temperature levels of before and after in absorbed enclosed space
Characterization of environmental impact indices of solid wastes in Surulere...IJMER
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is currently being used in several countries to evaluate
treatment options for specific waste fractions. The application of GaBi5 (Holistic Balancing)
modeling tool is currently apt for the impact assessment of environmental pollution indices arising
from wastes. This study focuses on the characterization of environmental impact indices of solid
wastes in Suurulere, one of the Local Government Area (LGA)s in Nigeria using GaBi5.
Waste classification was carried out in the selected houses of the LGA. Tool for the Reduction and
Assessment of Chemical and other Environmental Impacts (TRACI) and the Centre of
Environmental Science, University of Leiden, Netherlands (CML) methods of LCA inventory
assessment were employed in the study. One kg of municipal solid waste of this area was selected
as the functional unit. The Scenario considered in this study with its system boundaries is
Landfilling. It consists of three main steps: Collection, Transportation and Landfilling. GaBi5
modeling tool was used to obtain background data for the life cycle inventory and to analyse the
wastes completely. Four (4) environmental impact indices evaluated are: Global Warming
Potential (GWP), Acidification Potential (AP), Eutrophication Potential (EP) and Ozone Depletion
Potential (ODP).
Result of the Scenario’s Environmental Impacts shows that the GWP is characterized in the order:
Biodegradable > Textile > Wood > Paper > plastic > Metal > Glass. The AP followed similar
trend except for paper that is greater than wood wastes. EP has this trend; Metal > Wood > Glass
> Biodegradable > Paper > Textile while for ODP it was Textile > Plastic > Paper > Metal >
Wood > Biodegradable > Glass. The study also showed that when LCA is applied in conjunction
with the waste hierarchy, it can be a useful tool for the planning of municipal waste management
plans as it allows municipalities to directly compare the actual environmental impacts of different
technologies and planning options. Furthermore, through system expansion, a consequential
approach to LCA may encourage municipalities to integrate waste management with processes in
other sectors. The GaBi software of LCA solves the problem of imprecision involved in solid waste
decision making. The study concludes that the wastes all have detrimental impacts on the 4
measured categories but the highest pollution threat is on the Global Warming Potential. It is
recommended that Environmental Protection Agencies at all levels should always analyze and
contain the pollution impacts of the solid wastes on the environment
Noise Removal with Morphological Operations Opening and Closing Using Erosio...IJMER
The mathematical operations are proposed in this paper. By using two mathematical
operations erosion and dilation we can add and remove pixels. We can remove the noise or interference in
power system. Opening and closing operations also discussed with erosion and dilation. These four
morphological operations are also helpful in developing a morphological filter.
Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Jute Fiber Rein...dbpublications
The composite manufacturing has been a wide area of research and it is the preferred choice due to its superior properties like low density, stiffness, light weight and possesses better mechanical properties. This has found its wide applications in aerospace, automotive, marine and sporting industries. There has been continuous lookout for synthesizing composites without compromising on the mechanical and physical properties. In this project, fiber reinforced composites is preparing with jute fibers & glass fiber of fiber length 5-6 mm. The resins used in this study are epoxy. The prepared composites were tested to study the mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness.
Performance of Light-Weight Concrete with Plastic AggregateIJERA Editor
This study is intended to explore the suitability of recycled plastics (high density polyethylene) as coarse aggregate in concrete by conducting various tests like workability by slump test, compressive strength of cube and cylinder, splitting tensile strength test of cylinder, flexural strength of R.C.C as well as P.CC. beams to determine the properties and behaviour in concrete. Effect of replacement of coarse aggregate with various percentages (0% to 40%) of plastic aggregate on behaviour of concrete was experimentally investigated and the optimum replacement of coarse aggregate was found out. The results showed that the addition of plastic aggregate to the concrete mixture improved the properties of the resultant mix.
Experimental Study on Plastic Vastum as a Coarse Aggregate Quia Structural Co...ijtsrd
Due to speedy industrialization and urbanization in the united states lot of infrastructure trends are taking place. This technique has in flip led questions to mankind to remedy the troubles generated through this growth. The troubles described are acute scarcity of constructional materials, improved productiveness of waste and other products. In this task M30 grade concrete is taken and waste plastic is used as modifier. Tests had been carried out on coarse aggregates, high quality aggregates, cement and modifiers plastic waste to decide their bodily properties. Trail mixes are organized with 5 , 10 and 15 of plastic aggregates as the substitute for sand in M30 grade of concrete. Based on the mechanical power of concrete, it is found that 5 substitute of sand with plastic aggregates is the superior content. A. Saravanan | D. Kanagaraj "Experimental Study on Plastic Vastum as a Coarse Aggregate Quia Structural Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30624.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/structural-engineering/30624/experimental-study-on-plastic-vastum-as-a-coarse-aggregate-quia-structural-concrete/a-saravanan
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One Prey
Bi32798808
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The Mechanical Behaviour of Recycled High Density
Polyethylene
Abo El-Khair M.S, 1 Ali, A.A, 2
1
Assoc. Prof, MTC, Egypt
2
Egyptian armed forces,
Abstract: In last few years with the increasing use of polymeric materials the disposal of the used material became a
serious problem. As polyethylene is one of the common used polymers in many applications it represents a significant
amount of the total municipal waste of thermoplastic materials. Thus recycling process of polyethylene is a subject which
needs more investigation. Hence in the present work an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties was carried
out on virgin and recycled/virgin high density polyethylene (HDPE) to study the effect of three successive generations of
HDPE as well as of the amount of recycled material added to the virgin one on the density, tensile, impact, and creep
properties.
The results showed that with recycling the HDPE three times, the density as well as the modulus of elasticity, the
percentage elongation, the impact strength, and the recovery percentage of the HDPE decrease while the tensile strength
increases. With increasing the recycled to virgin ratio of HDPE the density, the impact strength, and the recovery
percentage increase while the modulus of elasticity, the percentage elongation, and the tensile strength remain almost
constant.
Key Words: Polyethylene, recycling, recovery, mechanical properties, and moulding.
I. Introduction
Rare materials, such as gold and silver, are recycled because acquiring new supplies is expensive. Other materials
may not be as expensive to replace, but they are recycled for another reasons. Recycling helps in land conservation; landfills
fill up quickly and acceptable sites for new ones are difficult to find because of objections by neighbors to noise and smell.
The major way to reduce the need for new sites is to recycle wastes. Also recycling a product creates less pollution than
producing a new one, which reduces the number of pollution-related illnesses. From the economic point of view, recycling
reduces the need for raw materials and conserves energy by reducing the need to process new material, which usually
requires more energy than recycling [1]. The increased interest in plastics recycling has resulted from three important trends.
First the increase of the production and use of plastics, as shown in Table 1 Second, the resin prices have increased
dramatically. Third, growing concern about the quality of the environment has led to more restrictive disposal regulations.
Some factors can adversely affect the quality of recycled plastics. These factors include the possible degradation of the
plastic during its original life cycle and the possible addition of foreign materials to the recycled plastic during the recycling
process. But the main problem remains how to sort the different types of plastics.
Table 1. Projections of materials generated in MSW stream, 1995:2010 [2]
% of total generation
Materials
1995 2000 2010
Paper and paper board 42.8 44.5 48.4
Food and yard wastes 23.1 22.1 19.9
Plastics 9.3 9.8 10.3
Total metals 8.1 7.8 7
Glass 5.6 4.8 3.8
Wood 3.7 3.9 4.1
Others 7.3 7.2 6.6
There are well-established processes for recycling metals and ceramics, but the recycling of plastics scrap has not
developed to a comparable extent. The higher densities of metals and ceramics make it easier to separate these materials
from other components of an industrial or municipals waste stream. Polymer scrap, on the other hand, is difficult to recover
once it has been mixed into a waste stream [3]. So, plastics are more difficult to recycle than metal, paper, or glass. While
about 35%, 40%, and 25% of Aluminum, paper, and glass products, respectively, were recycled in United States, only about
5% of plastics were recycled in 1994. Most modern automated plastic sorting systems are not capable of differentiating
between many types of plastics. However, some progression is being made in these systems to separate plastics by color,
density, and chemical composition. For example, X-ray sensors can distinguish PET from PVC by sensing the presence of
chlorine atoms in PVC material [1].
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One of the successful systems for identifying plastic containers by plastic type is “chasing arrows”. It appears on
the bottom of many plastic containers to promote plastic recycling. The chasing arrows enclose a number (such as 1
indicating PET, 2 indicating HDPE, 3 indicating PVC) which aids plastic sorting process, Fig. 1 [2].
Fig.1. SPI code system: Voluntary guidelines for plastic bottle and container material code system [2]
Another problem facing the process of plastics recycling is following rules of thumb which recommend recycled
plastic usage, usually 25% or less by weight. These rules are very conservative, and are not based on sound experimentation
[4]. It was shown in a previous study on LDPE [5], that despite the loss of the mechanical properties in the recycling process,
the properties found were still greater than many other virgin thermoplastics.
Polyethylene is by far the most extensively used plastic material and accounted for 35% of the total sales in the
United States in 1993. The main reason for its prime position is that, it is low in cost and has many industrial important
properties: high toughness at room temperature and also at lower temperatures with sufficient strength, good flexibility over
a wide range of temperatures even down to -73°C, excellent corrosion resistance, excellent insulating properties, odorless
and tasteless [6]. So, HDPE is a commonly used material for containers, pipes, electrical insulation, chemical tubing, house
wears, and blow-moulded bottles. More recently some other applications were introduced like cement powder plants,
drainage, petrochemical plants, utility conduits and swimming pools.
The recycled HDPE can be applied in several products, such as: soft-drink bottle base caps, flowerpots, drainpipes,
stadium seats, traffic barrier cones, golf bag liners, detergent bottles, and toys. The aim of the present experimental work is
to study the mechanical properties namely, elasticity modulus, yield strength, percentage elongation, Charpy impact strength,
creep and recovery behaviour, and density of virgin HDPE under normal conditions and to study the effect of recycled
material percentage and recycling generations.
II. Experimental Work
I.1-Material and Processing:
The tested material is high density polyethylene in granulated form made in Egypt (under license of BP
Chemicals). It was produced in August 2002 by SIDPEC Company for Petrochemicals and commercially named
“Egyptene” with degree HD6070UA 219. First of all, a steel die, Fig. 2, was designed and manufactured to produce
HDPE standard specimens in dimensions according to ASTM D638M–93 [7], for tensile specimens and ES 895-1967
[8] for impact specimens. All the specimens was injected in the “ Factory of Plastic Packages for Armed Forces”.
Fig.2.-The manufactured steel die
A Pattern field injection moulding machine model BSKM 45/23 shown in Fig.3 is used. The recycling processes
were carried out in the same place by using a Chinese crusher model SCP-640 and a spring recycling & blending M/C model
SEVB-85 as shown in Figs. 4 and 5 respectively.
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Fig. 3. The injection machine
Fig. 4. The plastics crusher
Fig. 5. The recycling line machine
The following chart represents a summary of the experimental tests carried out on HDPE specimens.
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I.2-Tests Procedure
Set of mechanical tests have been performed in order to measure the change in mechanical properties of the
recycled polyethylene samples taken after each recycling step, results of tests have been recorded for each sample
corresponding to the number of recycling processes as presented hereinafter.
I.2.1-Tensile test
Tensile tests were carried out on universal Testing Machine Zwick Tensometer, 10 KN load cell. The cross–head
speed was fixed at 50 mm/min all over the experiments. Young’s modulus (MPa), yield stress (MPa), break stress (MPa),
elongation at yield (%), and elongation at break (%) were recorded. Five specimens were tested in each step and the average
values were considered. Tests were carried out according to ASTM standards D638M–93 [7]. All the specimens were
preconditioned for 48 hours and tested in an air-conditioned atmosphere at 23 + 2 °C and 50 + 6 % relative humidity. The
specimens’ dimensions are shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6. Tensile test specimen
I.2.2-Impact test:
To determine the impact strength of HDPE, a Charpy pendulum impact testing machine for polymers (RKP50), was
employed. The pendulum mass was 2.95 Kg and the impact velocity was 3.834 m/s with supporting span of 70 mm. The
machine is computerized, so the output time–energy curve can be printed out for each specimen. Tests were carried out
according to ES 895-1967 [8]. All the specimens were tested in an air-conditioned atmosphere at 23 + 2 °C and 50 + 6 %
relative humidity. The impact strength was obtained in kJ/m2 by dividing the energy used in breaking the specimen by its
affected area. The specimens’ dimensions are shown in Fig. 7.
I.2.3-Creep test:
Plastics exhibit a similar shape of creep strain against time for constant stress and temperature as for metals.
However, one distinct difference is the ability of plastics, being viscoelastic materials, to recover slowly over a
Fig.7- Impact test specimen
Period of time after the removal of the applied load. Thus the creep test was carried out to study the recovery due to
the viscoelastic behaviour of HDPE by loading the specimens with constant stress of 7 MPa for 10 hours and then removing
the load suddenly. The strain–time curves were plotted showing an elastic strain recovery region followed by a time
dependent recovery region and a plastic permanent deformation region, as shown in Fig. 8.
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Fig. 8. Typical creep and recovery behaviour of a plastic [9]
The creep test rig, Fig. 9, consists of frame, specimen clamps, loading levers, elongation scale, and loading weights.
This device can carry three specimens with different loads at the same time. The applied load at the lever end is magnified to
the ratio of 10 at the specimen, Fig. 10. The same tensile test specimen configuration was used with a gauge length of 40 mm
[10].
Fig. 9. The creep test rig
Fig. 10. Schematic drawing for loading the specimen on the creep test rig
I.2.4 Density test:
The specimen weight was recorded before each test by using an electronic balance of 1 mg sensitivity. The
specimen then was submerged in oil which was poured out in a 100 cm3 vessel graduated to 1 cm3. The volume of the
specimen was determined by subtracting the oil level record before and after submerging the specimen. The density was
obtained in g/cm3 by dividing the specimen weight by its volume. Five specimens were tested in each step and the average
value was considered.
III. Results and Discussion
1.1 Effect of Recycled Material Percentage
To study the effect of the recycled material content, a main injection for virgin material was carried out and tested.
The average values and conditions for this injection are tabulated in Table 2.
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Table 2. Results of virgin specimens:
Young’s Yield Elongation Impact Creep recovery Density,
modulus, strength, percentage, strength, behaviour,% g/cm3
MPa MPa % kJ/ m2
Average value total 80.26 time
556 24.1 20 4 0.945
depend- ent 62
No. of tested specimens 5 3 3 6
Test temperature, oC 23 ± 2 31 34
Relative humidity, % 44 48 48 48
It can be stated that the increase of recycled content increases the density of HDPE, Fig. 11. It means that the HDPE
crystallinity could be raised by addition more recycled material to the virgin one. The variation of the Injection temperatures
from 160 oC for virgin material to 180 oC for 100% recycled content may affect the crystallinity of HDPE and may be
responsible of this behaviour.
Fig. 11. Effect of recycled material percentage on the density
عدم التجانس
The variation of Young’s modulus with the recycled content of HDPE is illustrated in Fig. 12. No significant effect
for the recycled content on the elastic modulus. Its average value is 524 MPa. Figure 13 shows the yield strength stability
with variation of recycled material content where its value is nearly 24 MPa for all ratios. The overall decrease at 100%
recycled material content is about 2.5% from the virgin strength value. The resulting elongation percentage is nearly constant
of about 20% with the various contents of recycled material, Fig. 14. Despite the heterogeneity between the granulates size
of recycled and virgin materials due to the crushing process, no deterioration is observed in the tensile properties.
Fig. 12. Effect of recycled material percentage on the Young’s modulus
Fig. 13. Effect of recycled material percentage on the yield strength
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Fig. 14. Effect of recycled material percentage on the elongation percentage
The variation of the impact strength with the recycled material content is investigated and plotted in Fig. 15. The
complete recycled material recorded impact strength of 3.37 times that of the virgin material. This improvement in impact
performance conforms with previous study on polypropylene compounds which were carefully prepared to avoid the
inclusions of impurities [11]. So, the HDPE toughness may be raised by blending with recycled material. It may be also
noticed that increasing recycled material content from 25 to 50% has no significant effect on the impact strength.
Fig. 15. Effect of recycled material percentage on the impact strength
The effect of increasing the content of the recycled material on creep properties is shown in Fig. 16. The addition of
25% recycled material decreases the maximum strain percentage by about 12% of the virgin material value. Further increase
in the recycled material content results in an increase in the maximum strain percentage. This may be due to the
heterogeneity between virgin and recycled HDPE granulates which may be responsible of inducing material with lower flow
resistance; enhancing creep.
Fig. 16. Effect of recycled material percentage on the creep behaviour
The recovery behaviour means how much the loaded material returns to its original dimensions after removing the
load of creep test. The recovery value of a material depends on its viscoelastic properties, the applied load, period of loading,
and test conditions. As it was mentioned before, all of the tested specimens were exposed to a tensile stress of 7 MPa for 10
hours before removing the load suddenly to investigate the material behaviour according to its viscoelastic properties.
The total recovery percentage is calculated by dividing the difference between maximum and minimum strains by
the maximum strain. The minimum strain is the constant strain for 60 hours; it indicates the plastic or permanent
deformation. By studying Fig. 17, the percentage of total recovery increases nearly linearly with increasing the recycled
material content. At 100% recycled materials the recovery percentage value exceeds that of virgin material by about 7.5%.
The existence of recycled material content assists HDPE to return to its original shape.
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Fig. 17. Effect of recycled material percentage on the total recovery
Regards to Figs. 13 and 14, the decrease of yield strength and the increase of elongation percentage indicate
improving the ductility of HDPE with increasing the recycled material content. This improving may be responsible of
increasing the ability of HDPE to recover deformations.
IV. Effect Of Recycling Generations
To study the effect of the recycling generations, an independent main injection was carried out and tested before
recycling. The average values and conditions for the virgin material of the second injection are tabulated in Table 3.
Table 3-Properties of virgin specimens
Young’s Yield Elongation Impact Creep recovery Density,
modulus, strength, percentage, strength, behaviour,% g/cm3
MPa MPa % kJ/ m2
Average value total 87.7 time
505 24.25 21.7 83 0.944
depend- ent 55
No. of tested specimens 5 3 3 3 3 3
Test temp-erature, oC 23 ± 2 30 30
Relative humidity, % 46 48 56 52
As illustrated in Fig. 18, the higher reprocessing of HDPE the lower its density. It is expected that successive
recycling operations cut the long polymer chains inducing more branched structure approaching that of low-density
polyethylene [4].
Fig. 18. Effect of recycling generations on the density
As shown in Fig. 19, the modulus of elasticity decreases during the first cycle by 10% from its virgin value and
remains constant during 1st to 3rd generations. This effect may be explained by the decrease of the density which may cause a
decrease in material crystallinity with repeating the recycling process. This trend is similar to the previous study on
reinforced polyethylene [4].
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Fig. 19. Effect of recycling generations on the Young’s modulus
In respect of the yield strength, Fig. 20, no significant changes were recorded and the highest recorded variation is
4% from the virgin material strength.
Figure 21 shows the elongation percentage as a function of number of generations. It remains about 21 % up to the
2nd generation. After 3rd generation a decrease to a value of 17.5% is recorded. This behaviour may be attributed to the
possible degradation through the recycling process caused by main chain scissions accompanied by an increase in the
molecular weight. As it is known, the chains of material with high molecular weight can be tangled easily, and therefore the
flow resistance goes high producing brittle material [12].
Fig. 20. Effect of recycling generations on the
yield strength Fig. 21. Effect of recycling generations on the
elongation percentage
By studying Fig. 22, the first cycle greatly affects the impact strength by reducing it to seventh part of its value
before recycling. The expected change in molecular weight of the recycled HDPE together with the change in injection
conditions combine to reduce the impact strength of the mouldings. As the mouldings become more brittle the effect of any
impurities present will become increasingly more important and would contribute to the sharp fall-off in the impact
properties [11]. This behaviour nearly approaches a previous study on LDPE [5].
Fig. 22. Effect of recycling generations on the impact strength
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The results of the recycling generations effect on the creep behaviour are obtained and plotted in Fig. 23. It can be
noticed that the maximum strain percentage of the first generation was significantly affected by a drop of about 15% than
that of the
Fig. 23. Effect of recycling generations on the creep behavior
virgin material. It may be attributed to the possible degradation through the recycling process causing polymer
main-chain scissions and showing restrictions to chains mobility. However, the maximum strain stabilizes from the first to
the third recycling generations. Figure 24 shows that the total recovery does not show real variation with the successive
generations except after the third one; a reduction of about 6% is recorded after the last cycle, which means that the material
loses its ability to return to its original shape by recycling after the third time.
Fig. 24. Effect of recycling generations on the total recovery
V. Conclusions
From the obtained results of testing virgin, recycled, and recycled/virgin mixtures of HDPE specimens, the
following conclusions can be drawn:
1- With increasing the recycling generations the density, the modulus of elasticity, the percentage elongation, the impact
strength, and the recovery percentage of the HDPE decrease while the tensile strength slightly increases. This decrease
in properties can be explained by cutting the long chains (during repeated recycling) inducing more branched structure
with lower density and crystallinity. Also, a possible degradation through the recycling process (caused by main chain
scissions) may be responsible of this behaviour.
2- HDPE tends to be more brittle at the third generation. This tendency can be attributed to the change of injection
conditions together with the expected increase in the molecular weight which leads to high flow resistance.
3- The density, the impact strength, and the recovery percentage increase with increasing the recycled material content
while the modulus of elasticity, the percentage elongation, and the tensile strength remain almost constant. These results
can be due to the injection conditions variation, mainly the temperature, with increasing the recycled material content
which may increase the crystallinity and the density. The heterogeneity between virgin and recycled HDPE granulates
may be responsible of inducing material with lower flow resistance; enhancing creep properties.
The effects of recycling are summarized in the following table:
Young’s Yield
Properties vs percentage Impact Recovery
Density modulus strength
Recycling processes elongation strength percentage
Recycling generations decrease decrease increase decrease decrease Decrease
Recycled content increase constant constant constant increase Increase
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11. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.2, March-April. 2013 pp-599-603 ISSN: 2249-6645
4- HDPE properties slightly changed with recycling, in the scope of the present work, which shows that following
traditional rules, which recommend a limited content of recycled material to be added to the virgin material, is not a
good way in general and may be conservative and more recycled material can be added without having a significant
effect on the mechanical properties of some polymers such as HDPE.
5- Any acceptable deterioration in the mechanical properties of HDPE due to recycling process may be covered by a
design factor.
6- Recycled plastics as HDPE are not low performance materials. They may possess better properties than some other
materials and better understanding of the recycled plastics behaviour will increase the demand for recycled materials
which will help in protecting the environment and in saving the raw materials.
References
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University of Buertorico, (2003).
[5] Khattab, A.A. and ElZoghby, A.A., “Effect of Recycling on the Mechanical Properties of Low Density Polyethylene”, Journal of
Engineering and Applied Science, v 45 n4, (1998), pp. 533-547.
[6] Smith, W.F.,”Principles of Materials Science and Engineering”, Second Edition, McGraw Hill, New York, (1990)
[7] ASTM Standards, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics (Metric)”, ASTM D638M–93, (1993).
[8] Egyptian Standards, “Determination of Impact Properties of Plastics”, ES 895, (1967).
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[11] Derfel, W. and Michael, B., “The Effect of Recycled Plastic and Compound Additives on the Properties of an Injection–Moulded
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[12] Lozano, M.J., Rodriguez, M.T., Gonzalez, E.A., and Villalpando, J., “Physical – Mechanical Properties and Morphological Study on
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