The document discusses the process of obtaining plastics from raw materials through synthesis of monomers and polymers, addition of additives, shaping and finishing. It also covers the properties and classification of plastics, listing common thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics as well as their characteristics and uses.

1. PLASTICS
Alejandra Alcácer Batres
Celia Martínez de Alegrías Trapote
Javier Medina Roldán

2. PROCESS OF OBTAINING PLASTICS
 First part: Sourcing of raw materials:
Raw materials minerals, plants and animal.
Extracted from nature, require chemical modification.
Plant origin:
latex.
cotton and wood cellulose.
oil.
Animal origin : Mineral origin:
casein. petroleum
resin secretion industrial process
from the lac bug. (shellac) coal

3.  Second part :Synthesis of monomers:
This stage very important in plastics derivied
petroleum and fossil fuels.
Extracting monomers raw materials.
This proces carried out petrochemical industries.
(Gasoline, diesel, kerosene, etc.).
Semi-processed (ethylene and propylene).

4. Third part: Synthesis of basic polymers:
Plastics mixing components, depending on
the plastic
we want.
Components subjected to chemical process
POLYMERIZATION, POLYCONDENSATION
AND POLYADDITION, ETC.

5. Fourth part: Incorporation of additives:
PYES OR PIGMENT
Give it color.
PLASTICIZERS
Improve plasticity and shine.
ANTISTATIC AGENT
Reduce static electricity charge
FIREPROOF
Delay the formation in flames
UV STABILIZERS
Protect from atmospheric phenomena/prevent decomposition

6. FILLERS,REINFORCEMENTS, AND LUBRICANTS
Improve mechanical properties.
MOLD RELEASE AGENTS
Make the piece come out of the mold easily.
ANTIOXIDANTS
Prevent reactions with oxygen.

7. SHAPING AND FISHING
THERCOMPRESSION:
Plastic pass through hot mold.
Ex: Thermosetting plastics products.
EXTRUSION MOLDING:
Pass through a chute into a heat pipe.
Ex: Pipes and bars.
BLOW MOLDING:
Used to pasted to the walls.
Ex: Containers for liquids.

8. INJECTION MOLDING:
This is used to make objects with complex shapes.
Ex: casing for appliances, buckets, bowls.
FOAM MOLDING:
This is used to make thermal and acoustic insulation Ex:
mattresses, pillows and sponges.
VACCUM FORMING:
A plastic sheet is placed on an open mold with channels
through wich air flows.
Ex: glasses, packaging and boxes.
CALANDERING:
The plastic passes throguh different sizes hot rollers that
give the plastic different shapes.
Ex: plastic wrap, plastic sheets.

9. PROPERTIES
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
 -Electrical conductivy Ability let current flow.
 -Thermal conductivy Ability let heat pass
through it.
 - Density Amount of mass per unit of volume.
 -Expansion Variation in dimension due to the
temperature.
 - Melting point Temperature change between
solid to gas.
 - Fusibility Property that refers amount of heat to
melt.

10.  MECHANICAL PROPERTIES: STRESSES
- Traction Two forces PULL .
- Compression Two forces PUSH on it.
- Bending Two forces bend it.
-Shearing Subjecting by two forces, different way.
-Torsion Two forces twist around it axis.

11.  RESPONSE TO STRESS :
- Elasticity Undergoes stress return original shape.
Is removed.
-Plasticity Remain deformed by a stress.
Is removed.
- Malleability Permanently deformed of COMPRESSION.
- Ductility Permanently deformed of TRACTION.
- Resistance Undergoo without breaking.
- Hardness Resistance being scatched or punctured
.
-Weldeability Ability of join solid to another.

12.  CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
Contact with other substances:
- Permeability: Fluids and water pass throught it.
- Solubility: Mix homogeneously another.
As a solvent.
- Combustility: Material to burn .
Very polluting.

13.  BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES Effects to the
enviroment.
Recyclability Transform a material into another.
Toxicity Produces negative effects on living
organisms. Ex When plastic contact with food.
Biodegrability Material when decompose due
to interaction to enviroment. Ex When we throw a
apple .

14. CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS
 Thermosetting: Not soften easy deform.
Characteristics Uses
Phenolic resins (PF) Hard, insoluble, inelastic. Electrical accesories,
switches, buttons
Ureic resins (UF) Can be dyed. Elastic.
Impermable.
Funiture, handles, doors ,
plates, cups.
Melamine resins (MF) Can be dyed .
Impermable. Elastic.
Furniture.
Polyester resins (UP) Solid and hard.Colorless .
Impermeable.
Thermal insulators and
good electrical .
Epoxy resins (EP) With catalyst , solidify and
harden . Resistance to
humidity.
Adhesive , paints ,
varnishes , plastics ,
electronic systems.

15. THERMOPLASTICS: : SOFTEN AND DEFORM EASY.
Characteri-
-stics
Uses Symbols
Polyethylene
terephtalate (PET)
Dyed easily.
Though ,
transparent ,
resistance to
ultraviolet.
Packaging for
preservation .
Polycarbonate
(PC)
Dyed easily.
Transparent. Shiny
.
Lenses for
cameras , videos ,
mirrors..
Polyvinyl chloride
(PVC)
White or
transparent,
resistant to
mechanical stress.
Profiles for
windows, doors,
office material,
cable insulation
covering.
Polypropylene (PP) Cheap, light,
tough, and
resistant to heat
and chemical
products
Suitcases, small
household
appliances,
artificial grass,
toilet seats, toys,
food packaging.

16. THERMOPLASTICS
Characteri-
-stics
Uses Symbols
Polyethylene (PE) White.Dyed easily. Toys, pipes, tanks,
trash cans,
containers for
liquids, bags,
greenhouses,
sleeping bags
Depending on the
density
Methacrylate or
Polymethyl
methacrylate
(PMMA)
Transparent.
Mantain its colour
when its dyed,
Moldeable.
Bathroom
accessories,
protective goggles,
and windows and
mirrors .
Polystyrene (PS) Fragil material. Automobile interiors,
cups, packages, film
wrap.
Polyamide (PA) Tough resistance to
chemical and
mechanical stresses
Fabrics, household
utensils, bearings,
gears, screws.

17. ELASTOMERS
Chracteristics. Uses.
Rubber (CA) Impermeable. Good
accoustic and electricty
insulator.
Natural rubber products.
Ex Wheel
Polychloroprene (PCP) Impermeable . Good
resistance to stresses.
Insulated wetsuits, joints,
straps, cables, pipes.
Silicone (SI) Impermeable. Resistance
toatmospheric agents.
Flexible molds, medical
equipment, adhesives.
Polyurethane Resistance to chemical
agents. Good electrical
accoustic, thermal
insulator.
Mattresses, foam rubber,
adhesives, and paints.
Synthetic rubber
1887 John
Boyd Dunlop
First air chamber .
Resistance to organic
liquids, oils and derivates.
Good insulator .Electricity,
heat…
Tires, solid wheels, hoses,
and transmission belts