The document outlines the classification of life into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia, based on cell type, organization, and nutritional modes. It highlights the separation of prokaryotes and fungi into distinct kingdoms due to their unique characteristics and differences from other life forms. Additionally, it notes the complexity within Protista and discusses the exclusion of viruses from this classification system.

1. -R.H. Whittaker in 1969

2. 1. Monera— Kingdom of Prokaryotes
2. Protista— Kingdom of Unicellular Eukaryotes
3. Fungi— Kingdom of Multicellular Decomposers
4. Plantae — Kingdom of Multicellular Producers
5. Animalia — Kingdom of Multicellular Consumers

3.  Complexity of cell structure- prokaryote, eukaryote
 Complexity of organisms- unicellular, multicellular
 Mode of nutrition- photo-autotrophy (in plantae),
absorptive heterotrophy or saprophytic (in fungi) and
ingestive heterotrophy (in animalia).
 Ecological Lifestyle- Producers(plants), consumers(
animals), decomposers(fungi)
 Phylogenetic relationships- prokaryote to
eukaryote, unicellular to multicellular

5. Characteristi
cs
Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell type Prokaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote
Cell
organization
Unicellular Unicellular
(mostly)
Multicellula
r
(Yeast-
unicellular)
Multicellular Multicellular
Cell Wall Present
(peptidoglycan)
Present
(some
organisms)
Present
(Chitin)
Present
(Cellulose)
Absent
Mode of
nutrition
Autotroph
(Photosynthesis
and
chemosynthesis)
or
Heterotroph
(Saprophytic and
Parasitic)
Autotroph
(Photosynthesis
) or
Heterotroph
Heterotroph
(Saprophytic
and
Parasitic)
Autotroph
(Photosynthesis)
Heterotroph
Example Eubacteria;
Archaea
Chrysophytes;
Dinoflagellates;
Euglenoids
Slime Moulds;
Protozoans
Yeast;
Moulds;
Mushrooms
Mosses;
Fern;
Flowering plants
Insects;
Birds;
Fish

6.  1. Separation of prokaryotes in a separate
kingdom of Monera as prokaryotes differ from
all other organisms in their genetic, cellular,
reproductive and physiological organization.
 2. Fungi have never been related to plants.
They have their own biochemical, physi-
ological and structural organization. Separation
of fungi into a separate kingdom was another
advantage.

7.  Viruses have not been included in this system of
classification.
 Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in structure,
composition and physiology.
 protista has so many diversities that it is difficult to keep
them together. For example, protista contain both walled and
wall-less organisms, photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic
organisms, unicellular and filamentous or mycelial
organisms.
 Unicellular algae are kept in kingdom Protista, whereas algae
like multicelluar organisms are ketp in kingdom Plantae. But
similar organisms must be put together.