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Seed Plants Lab

Seed plants can be divided into gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce naked seeds without fruit and include conifers like pine and spruce trees. Angiosperms are flowering plants that produce seeds within a protective fruit. They reproduce through double fertilization where one sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form the embryo while another fertilizes the endosperm. Angiosperms are divided into monocots and eudicots depending on whether they have one or two seed leaves. Key parts of flowering plants include stamens, carpels, ovaries, and fruits which aid in seed protection and dispersal.

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Seed Plants • Plants that contain seeds – Gymnosperms – Angiosperms • Sporophyte dominant
Seed plant spores • Microspores (male) undergo mitosis to create pollen • Megaspores (female) undergo mitosis to create egg
Alteration of Generations
Gymnosperms • Produce “naked seeds” (seeds with no fruit) • Four groups – Confers, ginkgos, cycads, gnetophytes • Conifers (pine, spruce, evergreen) largest group – Specimens today
Gymnosperm life cycle
Male and Female pine cones Female Male
Angiosperms • Means “vessel seed” • Plants with seeds, fruits, and flowers • Reproduction: Double fertilization – One sperm fertilizes egg (n) other sperm fertilizes n+n (polar nuclei) – Forms endosperm (3n) nutritive tissue • Two groups: Monocots and Eudicots • Monocot: one seed leaf • Eudicot: 2 seed leaves
Flower parts • Stamen is male, carpel is female • Look at model and dissect live flower
Anther slide Ovary/ovule slide
Embryo development • Fertilization creates embryo and endosperm tissue – Endosperm for nutrition • Enclosed in seed – Monocots have one cotyledon (seed leaf) – Eudocots have two cotyledons Seedcoat Endosperm Cotyledons Embryo
Fruits • Mature ovary – In terms of botany, peas, tomatoes, and beans are all fruits, not vegetables • Protects the seed • Helps in seed dispersal
Types of fruits • Simple: one ovary – Cherry, olive, tomato, grape • Complex fruits: more than one ovary – Aggregate: Many carpels on a single flower • Strawberry, raspberry – Multiple fruit: carpels of many flowers fused together • Pineapple • Can be fleshy or dry