Teaching & learning

Teaching & learning

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  Course code:-RAWE Course title:-Rural AgricultureWork Experience Credit hour:-(0+4) B.Sc.(Ag.) 4th Yr., INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE SCIENCES, BHU 07-10-2016
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   Meaning:  Teaching isthe process of providing opportunities for students to produce relatively permanent change through the engagement in experiences provided by the teacher.  Teaching is a social process, to define it is very difficult, because the teaching influenced by the political and social backgrounds of the country TEACHING
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   H.C. Morrison  –Teaching is an intimate contact between a more mature personality and a less mature one which is designed to further the education of the latter. J. Brubacher  – Teaching is an arrangement and manipulation of a situation in which there are gaps and obstructions, which an individual will seek to overcome and from in which he will learn in the course of doing so. Definition by various psychologist
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    FORMAL- Whichis systematically deliberate and consciously impart. • Generally occurs when young.  IN FORMAL- It is teaching one get the outside of classroom • Can occurs throughout life. Types of Teaching
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    The ultimatepurpose of teaching is not merely to inform people but to transform them to bring about the desired changes in their behaviour  If the learner has not learnt, the teacher has not taught  Teaching is not filling a bucket; it is lighting a lamp  Teaching is an intentional purposeful process, not a bit or miss undertaking Amplification
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    Effective teachingis done according to design not drift; it is done by plan, not by trial and error  Good teaching, therefore, requires careful planning of content procedures, methods and techniques  Good teaching is essentially a good communication and good communication requires sympathetic sharing and clear explaining. Contd….
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   Meaning:  Learning canbe defined as the relatively permanent change in an individual's behaviour or behaviour potential (or capability) as a result of experience or practice(i.e., an internal change inferred from overt behaviour).  This can be compared with the other primary process producing relatively permanent change (maturation) that results from biological growth and development. LEARNING
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    Therefore, whenwe see a relatively permanent change in others, or ourselves we know that the primary cause was either maturation (biology) or learning (experience).  As educators, there is nothing we can do to alter an individual’s biology; the only influence open to use is to provide an opportunity for students to engage in experiences that will lead to relatively permanent change. Contd….
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   Gates  - Learningis modification of behaviour through experience. Crow – Crow  - Learning involves the acquisition of habits, knowledge and attitude. Ruch  - Learning is a process, which bring about changes in the individual way of responding as a result of contact with aspects of environment. Definition of Learning
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    Learning issomething that take place within the learner.  It takes place within the individual when he feels a need, strives for fulfilling it and experiences satisfaction with the fruits of his labour.  Learning is the goal of teaching.  We must avoid any artificial separation, since teaching and learning are really one process. Amplification
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    Non-associative learning Active learning  Associative learning  Informal learning  Formal learning  Non formal learning Types of learning
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    We arepassing through a great transition. The old is becoming obsolete and new is still in the process of emergence. The old ways of learning & teaching is found to be too rigid & too out- dated.  A greater opportunity of psychological principle is being truly demanded. It has been urged that the training of the young requires on the part of teacher a deep psychological knowledge. TEACHING AND LEARNING PROCESS
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   TEACHING&LEARNING • One cannotsucceed without the support and success of the other • Teaching style of the teacher should jibe with the learner’s learning style • Learner is the center of teaching • Knowledge of the learner and his learning style should be considered • Learners become complex, individuals are capable of learning on their own, the repertoire of teaching should also increase Teaching is the cause Learning is the effect GO TOGETHER!
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    It isinformative to examine the ideal teaching-learning process, as proposed by Diana Laurillard (Laurillard,1993; Laurillard, 1994). She argues that there are four aspects of the teaching-learning process:  Discussion -between the teacher and learner  Interaction -between the learner and some aspect of the world defined by the teacher.  Adaptation -of the world by the teacher and action by the learner.  Reflection -on the learner's performance by both teacher and learner. Essential aspect of teaching and learning process
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    TEACHING PROCESSApproaches  Attitudes  Behaviour  Materials  Modes of Learning  Teacher’s Conceptual Knowledge  Student’s Conceptual Knowledge  Teacher’s Constructed World  Student Experimental Knowledge Essential aspects of ideal teaching learning process
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   Definition:  It isthe mental and /or physical reaction one makes through seeing, hearing or doing the things to be learned, through which one gains meanings and understandings of the material to be learned.  Learning is an active process on the part of the learner.  Hence a learning experience is not attained by mere physical presence in a learning situation.  The participant must give undivided attention to the instructor and deep thought to getting  the facts understanding their meaning and to seeing their application to his needs and problems LEARNING EXPERIENCE
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    Learning experiencerefers to any interaction, course, program, or other experience in which learning takes place, whether it occurs in traditional academic settings or non-traditional settings or whether it includes traditional educational interactions (students learning from teachers and professors) or non-traditional interactions (students learning through games and interactive software applications).  Learning experience may also be used to underscore or reinforce the goal of an educational interaction—learning—rather than its location (school, classroom) or format (course, program) . Contd....
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   Definition: It isa condition or environment in which all the elements necessary for promoting learning are present. Namely:  Instructor  Learner  Subject matter  Teaching material and equipment  Physical facility LEARNING SITUATION
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    An effectivelearning experience can only be had in well structured and skilfully executed learning situation.  Extension teaching consists basically or arranging situations that promote desired learning.  The essential role of extension worker is to create learning situations that stimulates and guide the learning activity.  The effective extension worker is one who can create and manage learning situation in which learners have effective learning experience. Contd....
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   Characteristic for effective learningsituation
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    Have clearobjective  Know the subject matter and have it well organized  Be enthusiastic and interested in the subject  Be able to communicate with learners  Be democratic in his leadership  Allow student participation, ask for it  Be prepared, be prompt, be friendly, be courteous  Use teaching plan  Speak so that all can hear Instructor should
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    Have needfor information  Be interested  Be capable of learning  Use the information gained Learner should
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    Pertinent (related)to learner’s needs  Applicable to real life situations  Taught at intellectual level of learners  Well organized – logically presented  Presented clearly  Challenging, satisfying and significant to the learners  Fits into overall objectives Subject matter or content
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    Free fromoutside distractions  Temperature as comfortable as possible  Well lighted  Adequate space for the group  Furniture comfortable and well arranged Physical facilities
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    Meet theneeds effectively  Readily available  Each item used skilfully Teaching equipment and supplies
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    To exposestudents to working in teams  To encourage following step by step procedures  To expose children to child friendly technology  To develop problem solving technique  To expose children to creating image based story lines  To have students construct and program their own robots Aims of the learning situation
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