This document discusses pipelining in computer processors. It defines pipelining as accumulating instructions through a pipeline to allow storing and executing instructions in parallel. There are two main types of pipelines: arithmetic pipelines which handle floating point operations, and instruction pipelines which overlap the fetch, decode, and execute phases of instructions. Pipelining provides benefits like reduced cycle time and increased throughput, but also has disadvantages like increased complexity, costs, and instruction latency. Common issues that can interfere with pipelining are timing variations, data hazards, branching, interrupts, and data dependency.

1. PIPELINING

2. • What isPipelining?
• Types of Pipeline
• Pipeline Conflicts
• Advantages of Pipelining
• Disadvantages of Pipelining
INTRODUCTION

3. What isPipelining?
• Pipelining is the process of accumulating instruction from
the processor throughapipeline.
• It allows storing and executing instructions in an orderly
process. It is also known aspipeline processing.
• Pipelining is a technique where multiple instructions are
overlapped during execution.
• Pipeline is divided into stages and these stages are
connected with one another to form a pipe like structure.
• Instructions enter from one end and exit from another end.

4. • In pipeline system, each segment consists of an input register
followed by acombinationalcircuit.
• The register is used to hold data and combinational circuit
performs operations onit.
• The output of combinational circuit is applied to the input
register of the next segment.

5. Types of Pipeline
1.Arithmetic Pipeline
2.Instruction Pipeline

6. Instruction Pipeline
be
by
• In this a stream of instructions can
executed
overlapping fetch, decode and execute phases
of an instructioncycle.
• This type of technique is used to increase the
throughput of the computer system.
• An instruction pipeline reads instruction from
the memory while previous instructions are
being executed in other segments of the
pipeline.
• Thus we can execute multiple instructions
simultaneously.
• The pipeline will be more efficient if the
instruction cycle is divided into segments of
equal duration.
Arithmetic Pipeline
• Arithmetic pipelines are usually found in most
of thecomputers.
• They are used for floating point operations,
multiplication of fixed point numbers etc.
• For example:The input to the Floating Point
Adder pipeline is:
X=A*2^a
Y=B*2^b
• HereAand Bare mantissas (significant digit of
floating point numbers), while aand b are
exponents.

7. Pipeline Conflicts
There are some factors that cause the pipeline to deviate its normal
performance. Some of these factors are given below:
1.Timing Variations
2.Data Hazards
3. Branching
4. Interrupts
5. Data Dependency

8. Advantages ofPipelining
1.Thecycle time of the processor is reduced.
2.It increases the throughput of the system
3.It makes the systemreliable.
Disadvantages ofPipelining
1.The design of pipelined processor is complex and costly to manufacture.
2.The instruction latency ismore.

9. Thank you