The document discusses English phonology and phonetics. It compares different vowel sounds such as /ɒ/, /ɔ/, and /o/ and explores the roundness of each. It also examines differences between British and American pronunciation of words like "dog" and "store". The document provides phonetic transcriptions and definitions for various English words and discusses grammatical concepts like determiners, specifiers, and noun phrases.

1. 英語学概論4

2. /ˌhʌŋ.kiˈdɔː.ri/
Adjective/noun
‘Cool, no problem’

3. /ˌhʌŋ.kiˈdɔː.ri/
Adjectival noun
‘Cool, no problem’

4. •Hunky dory
•Everything is hunky dory
•Everything is hunky-dory

5. • ə
• ʌ
•Any real difference?

6. • ə
• London ˈ

7. •/ˈlʌn.dən/
•London
•Any real difference?

8. /ˈlʌn.dən/
N
‘capital
city of
UK’

9. •ʌ
•London
•Any real difference?

10. •Upper
•/ˈʌp.ər/ (UK) r before vowel
•/ˈʌp.ə/ (UK) basic
pronunciation

11. /ˈlɔn.dɔn/
N
‘capital
city of
UK’
NOT Standard
UK
pronunciation

12. Any real difference?
•ɒ
•ɔ
•o
•Roundness?

13. Any real difference?
•ɒ
•dog

14. Any real difference?
•ɒ
•/dɒ:g/
•Dog (US)

15. Any real difference?
•ɔ
•Store

16. Any real difference?
•o
•Code (US)

17. Any real difference?
•ɒ
•ɔ
•o
•Roundness?

18. Any real difference?
•ɒ NOT round
•ɔ a bit rounder
•o very round
•Roundness?

19. How about Japanese “o”?
•ɒ
•ɔ
•o
•Roundness?

20. 林檎
•ɒ
•ɔ
•o
•Which is closer?

21. 美味しい
•ɒ
•ɔ
•o
•Which is closer?

22. phonology
syntax
semantics

23. Let’s change the shape!
• Why?
• Why not?
• Who cares?
• Do you know what shape a word is?
• Me neither!

24. Sound: /dɒɡ/
Meaning: 4 legged canine animal
Grammar: noun

25. /dɒɡ/
4 legged canine animal
noun

26. /dɒ:ɡ/ (US)
4 legged canine animal
noun

27. /ɪkˈstriːm.li/
very
adverb

28. /spred/
affect wider area
verb

29. /ˈsprɪŋ.kəl/
drop little bits
verb

30. /pæst/
a position further than some point
adverb

31. /pæst/
the time not now or the future
noun

32. /sərˈen.dər/
give up
verb

33. /ˈsʌm.ər/
warm season
noun

34. /ˈʌn.dər/
below or lower than
preposition

35. Under (Preposition)
•[under [the book]]

36. /ˈfraɪ.tənd/
scared
adjective

37. /slɜːp/
drink noisily
verb

38. /ˈskræm.bəl/
mix up
verb

39. /ˈəʊ.vər/
higher than
preposition

40. /ɪn/
not out
preposition

41. /aʊt/
not in
Adjective/noun

42. /ʃeɪk/
move in short movements
verb

43. /ˈkwɪk.li/
at a fast speed
adverb

44. Quickly (Adverb)
•She runs quickly

45. /ɪnˈseɪn.li/
extremely
adverb

46. Insanely (Adverb)
•The textbooks are insanely
expensive.

47. /ðə/
specifies a particular thing
determiner・specifier

48. /ðəʊz/
specifies particular things
determiner・specifier

49. /ə/
specifies a single, not mentioned
thing
determiner・specifier

50. /moʊst/ (US)
specifies more than anything else
determiner・specifier

51. /məʊst/ (UK)
specifies more than anything else
determiner・specifier

52. Most (determiner)
•[Most students] will pass.

53. NOUN PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN

54. NOUN PHRASE
SPECIFIER NOUN

55. NOUN PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN
the book

56. NOUN PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN
a book

57. NOUN PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN
that book

58. NOUN PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN
this book

59. NOUN PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN
my book

60. NOUN PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN
these books

61. NOUN PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN
those books

62. NOUN PHRASE
DETERMINER NOUN
most books

63. /moʊst/ (US)
specifies more than anything else
determiner・specifier

64. /moʊst/ (US)
specifies more than half
determiner・specifier

65. Most
•Most books were read by
Bill.
•He read more books than
anyone else.
•He read more than half the
books.

66. Most books were read by Bill.
• Bill read three books.
• John read two books.
• Jill read two books.
• Most books were read by Bill.

67. Most books were read by Bill.
• There are five books.
• Bill read three or four.
• Most books were read by Bill.