The document is a guide on sentence structure and written expression, particularly for the TOEFL exam. It covers subjects, predicates, verb forms, prepositions, appositives, participles, and conjunctions, providing examples and exercises for clarity. The material emphasizes the importance of sentence construction and grammatical accuracy in writing.

1. By: Rusdi Noor Rosa

4. STRUCTURE AND
WRITTEN EXPRESSION
Time: 25 Minutes

5. What is a sentence?
Subject Predicate
a. Noun
b.Pronoun
c. Noun Phrase
d.Noun Clause
Verb

6. Verb
Verb1
Verb2
Verb3
Verb-
ing
Can all of
them function
as predicates

7. Study the following sentences.
• John speaks English.
• John spoke English.
• John spoken English.
• John speaking English.
Which of them are correct?

8. • Predicate: (Main Verb)
»Verb1 and Verb 2
• Predicate: Auxiliary Verb
»Be
»Modals
»Perfect
»Supportive/Emphatic
SENTENCE STRUCTURE

9. Basic Skills in TOEFL Structure
1. Be sure the sentence has a subject and a
predicate
Example:
_____ was backed up for miles on the freeway.
A. Yesterday
B. In the morning
C. Traffic
D. Cars

10. 1. Engineers _____ for work on the new space
program.
A. necessary
B. are needed
C. hopefully
D. next month
2. The boy ____ going to the movies with a friend
A. he is
B. he always was
C. is relaxing
D. will be
EXAMPLE

11. 2. Be careful of objects of preposition
Preposition: in, at, to, by, behind, on, after,
before.
Example:
With his friend _____ found the movie theatre.
A. has
B. he
C. later
D. when
Basic Skills in TOEFL Structure

12. 3. Be careful of appositives
1. _____ George, is attending the lecture
A. Right now
B. Happily
C. Because of the time
D. My friend
2. ______, Sarah rarely misses her basketball shots.
A. An excellent basketball player
B. An excellent basketball player is
C. Sarah is an excellent basketball player
D. Her excellent basketball play
Basic Skills in TOEFL Structure

13. 4. Be careful of present and past participle
1. The child ____ playing in the yard is my son
A. now
B. is
C. he
D. Was
2. The packages ___ mailed at the post office will
arrive Monday
A. have
B. were
C. them
D. just
Basic Skills in TOEFL Structure

14. • Crop rotation _________ of preserving soil
fertility
A. it is one method
B. one method
C. a method is one
D. is one method
EXAMPLE

15. • _________ Indonesian president, is an
intelligent man.
A. The
B. The SBY
C. SBY, the
D. SBY
EXAMPLE

16. • _________ two major art museums, the
Fogg and the Sadler
A.Harvard University has
B. At Harvard University
C. Harvard University, with its
D.There at Harvard University
EXAMPLE

17. EXAMPLE
• ___________ for their strong fiber include
flax and hemp.
A. Plants are grown
B. Plants grown
C. Plants that grow
D. To grow plant

18. The North Pole, ______a latitude of 90 degrees north.
(A) it has (C) which is having
(B) is having (D) has
The city of Beverly Hills is surrounded on ______the city
of Los Angeles.
(A) its sides (C) it is the side of
(B) the sides are (D) all sides by
______ greyhound, can achieve speeds up to thirty-six
miles per hour.
(A) The (C) The fastest dog
(B) The fastest (D) The fastest dog, the
EXAMPLES

19. A sentence with more than one clause
2 Subjects + 2 Predicates + Conjunction
1 Subject + 1 Predicate
3 Subjects + 3 Predicates + 2 Conjunctions

20. CONJUNCTIONS
Coordinate: and, or, but, yet, so
Time: when, while, before, after, as soon as,
since, until, once, by the time
Cause: because, as, since, now that,
inasmuch as
Effect: so, therefore, consequently, hence
Contrast: though, although, even though
nevertheless, however, meanwhile,
on the other hand

21. Addition: moreover, besides, furthermore
Condition: if, unless, providing/provided
that
Place: where, whereever
Question Words: what, who, where, when, why,
how
Relative Pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, that
CONJUNCTIONS

22. Relative Pronoun as Conjunction
• Who, Whom, Whose
• That
• Which
Question Word as Conjunction
• What, Whether, Who, Where, When, Why
• How
The Order: QW + Subject + Predicate

23. • In 1890, Yale University established
Sheffield Scientific School, ____________
A. engineers were educated there
B. where engineers were educated
C. in which were engineers educated
D. where were engineers educated
EXAMPLE

24. • __________ they are tropical birds, parrots
can live in temperature or even cold climates.
(A) Despite (C) Even though
(B) Nevertheless (D) But
• __________ towards shore, its shape is
changed by its collision with the shallow sea
bottom.
(A)During a wave rolls
(B) As a wave rolls
(C) A wave rolls
(D) A wave’s rolling
EXAMPLE

25. When, Before, After
If, Unless + S +
Although, Even though
Example:
If Ali has a lot of money, he will go abroad.
Same subject
If having a lot of money, Ali will go abroad.
When he called me, I was having my dinner.
Different subject Cannot be reduced
REDUCED CLAUSE
Verb
Tobe
Verb-ing

26. 1. People who reverse the letters of words ... to read
suffer from dyslexia.
(A) when trying (C) when tried
(B) if they tried (D) if he tries
2. This exam will be more difficult than usual ... two
chapters instead of one.
(A) as they cover (C) because covering
(B) if they covered (D) it covers
EXAMPLE

27. INVERSION
S + P  P + S (Inversion)
To form interrogative sentence
(Question).
Example:
You are an army.  Are you an army?
Where you are from (Incomplete Sentence)
Where are you from?

28. INVERSION
The Clause begins with Negative
Expressions
(Not only, Never, Nor, Seldom, Hardly,
Rarely, Scarcely, Barely)
Example:
I never visit Bali
Never do I visit Bali

29. INVERSION
If + S +
Example:
If he had listened to me, he would have been fine.
Had he listened to me, he would have been fine.
If I were rich, I could buy everything.
Were I rich, I could buy everything.
were
should
had
Were + S
Should + S
Had + S

30. If the sentence begins with adverb of
place
1. The students are in the classroom.
1a. In the classroom are the students.
2. The students are studying in the
classroom.
2a. In the classroom the students are
studying.
INVERSION

31. 1. According to the World Health Organization, ...
any of the six most dangerous diseases to break
out, it could be cause for quarantine.
(A) were (C) there were
(B) they were (D) were there
2. Featured at the Henry Ford Museum ... of antique
cars dating from 1865.
(A) is an exhibit (C) an exhibit is
(B) an exhibit (D) which is an exhibit
EXAMPLE

32. Problems with Verbs
• is, am, are , was, were + Verb-ing (Active)
Verb3 (Passive)
• have, has, had + Verb3/been
• will/would, can/could, may, must + Verb1
The decision of the judges may hurts many
A B C
people
D

33. Adverb of Time
• In 1945, During 1945 = Verb2
• Since 1945, During 1945 = have/has + Verb3
From 1945 to 1970 (Repeated Action)
• By 1945, Before 1945 = had + Verb3
• By 2020 = will have + Verb3
• Now, At the moment = is/am/are + Verb-ing

34. Miscellany Materials
• Other, Another + Noun
• Others + Noun
• Like, Live, Sleeping + Noun
• Alike, Alive, Asleep + Noun
• My, Your, Her, Our, Their + Noun
• Mine, Yours, Hers, Ours, Theirs + Noun