Bare phrase structure and minimalism.

1. Bare Phrase Structure

4. apple

5. applepen

6. applepen
apple-pen

7. applepen
apple-pen
Bare
Phrase
Structure

8. applepen
apple-pen
Minimalism!

9. X-Bar Theory
X
X’
XP
YP
Spec

10. X-Bar Theory
apple
X
X’
XP
YP
Spec

11. X-Bar Theory
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

12. X-Bar Theory
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

13. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

14. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

15. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

16. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

17. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

18. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

19. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen YP
Spec

20. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

21. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

22. What’s the point?
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

23. There is no point
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

24. It’s stupid!
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

25. Maybe we can prove ….
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

26. Our understanding of apple-pens …
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

27. … is innate!
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

28. Forget X-Bar Theory
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

29. And movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

30. applepen
apple-pen
Bare
Phrase
Structure

31. applepen
apple-pen
Minimalism!

32. noundeterminer
????????

33. noundeterminer
noun phrase

34. noun phraseverb
????????

35. noun phraseverb
verb Phrase

36. verb phrase
VAL < NP:sub >
noun phrase (sub)
????????

37. verb phrase
VAL < NP:sub >
noun phrase (sub)
????????
VAL < >

38. verb phrase
VAL < NP:sub >
noun phrase (sub)
SENTENCE
VAL < >

39. verb phrase
VAL < NP:sub >
noun phrase (sub)
Verb Phrase
VAL < >

40. verb phrase
VAL < NP:sub >
noun phrase (sub)
Verb Phrase
VAL < >
A
sentence
is a verb
phrase
with VAL
< >

41. nounadjective
????????

42. nounadjective
Noun (?)

43. nounadjective
Noun Phrase (?)

44. nounadjective
Noun

45. nounadjective
Adjective Why not?

46. nounadjective
Adjective
Phrase Why not?

47. girlthe
????????????

48. girlthe
Noun Phrase

49. himkick
????????????

50. himkick
Verb Phrase

51. walksshe
????????????

52. walksshe
Sentence

53. walksshe
Sentence = VP: VAL < >

54. girltall
????????????

55. girltall
Noun or noun phrase

56. girltall
Noun

57. dropped
the ball
quickly
????????????

58. dropped
the ball
quickly
Verb Phrase

59. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase

60. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
Why?

61. “dropped
the ball”
“quickly”
quickly dropped the ball
SOUND

62. “dropped
the ball”
“quickly”
quickly dropped the ball
INHERITED FROM
BOTH PARENTS

63. /dropped
the ball/
/quickly/
/quickly dropped the ball/
MEANING

64. /dropped
the ball/
/quickly/
/quickly dropped the ball/
INHERITED FROM
BOTH PARENTS

65. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
GRAMMAR

66. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
SYNTAX

67. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
GRAMMAR IS ONLY
INHERITED FROM ONE
PARENT

68. Why oh why oh why?!?!

69. What a mystery!

70. Easy way to understand it
the ball
the ballparents

71. Easy way to understand it
the ball
the ballparents
Sound
from
both
parents

72. Easy way to understand it
the ball
the ballparents
Meaning
from both
parents

73. Easy way to understand it
the ball
the ballparents
Syntax
from only
one
parent

74. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
WHY IS THERE A
GRAMMATICAL HEAD?

75. WHY OH WHY OH WHY?

76. Some features are inherited from both
parents

77. Some features are only inherited from
one parent

78. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
WHY OH WHY OH WHY!?

79. “dropped
the ball”
“quickly”
quickly dropped the ball
SOUND

80. “dropped
the ball”
“quickly”
quickly dropped the ball
INHERITED FROM
BOTH PARENTS

81. /dropped
the ball/
/quickly/
/quickly dropped the ball/
MEANING

82. /dropped
the ball/
/quickly/
/quickly dropped the ball/
INHERITED FROM
BOTH PARENTS

83. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
GRAMMAR

84. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
SYNTAX

85. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
GRAMMAR IS ONLY
INHERITED FROM ONE
PARENT

86. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
IT’S ALMOST LIKE ONE
PARENT IS DOMINANT
FOR THE GRAMMAR
GENE!

87. That would make LANGUAGE an
inheritance structure!

88. Easy to understand!

89. LANGUAGE is an inheritance structure!

90. HERESY!

91. 異説！

92. That would make language ….

93. …much too easy to understand!!

94. X-Bar Theory
apple
X
X’
XP
YP
Spec

95. X-Bar Theory
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

96. X-Bar Theory
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

97. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

98. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

99. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

100. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

101. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

102. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

103. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen YP
Spec

104. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

105. X-Bar Theory + Movement
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

106. Complicated and doesn’t make sense!
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

107. Great!
apple
X
X’
XP
pen
YP
Spec

108. grammar: det
sound:“the”
meaning: /the/
sound: “ball”
grammar: noun
meaning: /ball/

109. grammar: det
sound:“the”
meaning: /the/
sound: “ball”
grammar: noun
meaning: /ball/
sound: “the ball”
grammar: noun
meaning: /the ball/

110. 異説！！
• The whole point of linguistics …
• Is to be difficult to understand.
• Ideally ….
• IMPOSSIBLE TO UNDERSTAND

111. No!
• Lets’s keep it simple
• Minimalism

112. grammar: det
sound:“the”
meaning: /the/
sound: “ball”
grammar: noun
meaning: /ball/
sound: “the ball”
grammar: noun
meaning: /the ball/

113. Bare Phrase Structure
kick the ball
???? ?????
???????

114. Bare Phrase Structure
kick the ball
verb ?????
???????

115. Bare Phrase Structure
kick the ball
verb noun phrase
???????

116. Bare Phrase Structure
kick the ball
verb noun phrase
verb phrase

117. Bare Phrase Structure
that girl
???????? ?????
???????

118. Bare Phrase Structure
that girl
determiner ?????
???????

119. Bare Phrase Structure
that girl
determiner noun
???????

120. Bare Phrase Structure
that girl
determiner noun
noun phrase

121. Bare Phrase Structure
threw the pen at my teacher
???????? ?????
???????

122. Bare Phrase Structure
threw the pen at my teacher
verb phrase ????????????
???????

123. Bare Phrase Structure
threw the pen at my teacher
verb phrase prepositional phrase
???????

124. Bare Phrase Structure
threw the pen at my teacher
verb phrase prepositional phrase
verb phrase

125. Bare Phrase Structure
under the table
???????? ?????
???????

126. Bare Phrase Structure
under the table
preposition ?????
???????

127. Bare Phrase Structure
under the table
preposition noun phrase
???????

128. Bare Phrase Structure
under the table
preposition noun phrase
prepositional phrase

129. Bare Phrase Structure
we threw the
teacher out
of the
window
???????? ?????
???????

130. Bare Phrase Structure
we threw the
teacher out
of the
window
noun (phrase) ?????
???????

131. Bare Phrase Structure
we threw the
teacher out
of the
window
noun (phrase) verb phrase
???????

132. Bare Phrase Structure
we threw the
teacher out
of the
window
noun (phrase) verb phrase
sentence

133. Bare Phrase Structure
we threw the
teacher out
of the
window
noun (phrase) verb phrase
verb phrase A sentence is a VP
with an empty
VALENCY list

134. Bare Phrase Structure
ボールを 蹴った
???????? ?????
???????

135. Bare Phrase Structure
ボールを 蹴った
noun phrase ?????
???????

136. Bare Phrase Structure
ボールを 蹴った
noun phrase verb
???????

137. Bare Phrase Structure
ボールを 蹴った
noun phrase verb
verb phrase

138. Bare Phrase Structure
ボール を
???????? ?????
???????

139. Bare Phrase Structure
ボール を
noun ?????
???????

140. Bare Phrase Structure
ボール を
noun marker
???????

141. Bare Phrase Structure
ボール を
noun case marker
???????

142. Bare Phrase Structure
ボール を
noun case marker
Noun phrase

143. Bare Phrase Structure
学校 から
???????? ?????
???????

144. Bare Phrase Structure
学校 から
noun ?????
???????

145. Bare Phrase Structure
学校 から
noun preposition
???????

146. Bare Phrase Structure
学校 から
noun preposition
prepostional phrase

147. Bare Phrase Structure
学校から 出た
???????? ?????
???????

148. Bare Phrase Structure
学校から 出た
prepositional phrase ?????
???????

149. Bare Phrase Structure
学校から 出た
prepositional phrase verb
???????

150. Bare Phrase Structure
学校から 出た
prepositional phrase verb
verb phrase

151. Bare Phrase Structure
many boys
???????? ?????
???????

152. Bare Phrase Structure
many boys
determiner ?????
???????

153. Bare Phrase Structure
many boys
determiner noun
???????

154. Bare Phrase Structure
many boys
determiner noun
noun phrase

155. Quiz Time!!
• I walked
• saw her
• on the table
• 彼が
• those pencils

156. Bare Phrase Structure
I walked
???? ?????
???????

157. Bare Phrase Structure
I walked
noun phrase ?????
???????

158. Bare Phrase Structure
I walked
Noun Phrase Verb/verb phrase
???????

159. Bare Phrase Structure
I walked
Noun Phrase Verb/verb phrase
Sentence (VP)

160. Bare Phrase Structure
I walked
Noun Phrase Verb
VP with empty VALENCY

161. Bare Phrase Structure
saw her
verb Noun/noun phrase
???????????

162. Bare Phrase Structure
saw her
verb Noun/noun phrase
Verb phrase

163. Bare Phrase Structure
on the table
preposition Noun/noun phrase
??????????

164. Bare Phrase Structure
on the table
preposition Noun/noun phrase
Prepositional Phrase

165. Bare Phrase Structure
彼 が
???? ????????
????????

166. Bare Phrase Structure
彼 が
noun ????????
????????

167. Bare Phrase Structure
彼 が
noun marker
????????

168. Bare Phrase Structure
彼 が
noun Case marker
????????

169. Bare Phrase Structure
彼 が
noun Case marker (Nom)
????????

170. Bare Phrase Structure
彼 が
noun marker
????????

171. Bare Phrase Structure
彼 が
noun marker
Noun phrase

172. Bare Phrase Structure
those pencils
?????? ??????
???????

173. Bare Phrase Structure
those pencils
determiner ??????
???????

174. Bare Phrase Structure
those pencils
specifier ??????
???????

175. Bare Phrase Structure
those pencils
determiner ??????
???????

176. Bare Phrase Structure
those pencils
determiner noun
???????

177. Bare Phrase Structure
those pencils
determiner noun
Noun phrase

178. ???????????????
those pencils
determiner noun
determiner phrase

179. Quiz Time
• the cupboard
• in the cupboard
• locked the teacher
• locked the teacher in the cupboard
• We locked the teacher in the cupboard

180. The cupboard
the cupboard
?????? ???????
???????

181. The cupboard
the cupboard
determiner noun
Noun phrase

182. in the cupboard
in the cupboard
???????? ????????????
???????????

183. in the cupboard
in the cupboard
preposition Noun phrase
Prepositional phrase

184. locked the teacher
locked the teacher
????????? ??????????
??????????

185. locked the teacher
locked the teacher
verb Noun phrase
??????????

186. locked the teacher
locked the teacher
verb Noun phrase
Verb phrase

187. locked the teacher in the cupboard
locked the teacher in the cupboard
??????????? ????????
???????????

188. locked the teacher in the cupboard
locked the teacher in the cupboard
Verb phrase ????????
???????????

189. locked the teacher in the cupboard
locked the teacher in the cupboard
Verb phrase prepositional phrase
???????????

190. locked the teacher in the cupboard
locked the teacher in the cupboard
Verb phrase prepositional phrase
Verb phrase

191. We locked the teacher in the cupboard
????????? ????????
???????? ????????
???????

192. We locked the teacher in the cupboard
????????? locked the
teacher in the
cupboard
???????? ????????
???????

193. We locked the teacher in the cupboard
????????? locked the
teacher in the
cupboard
???????? Verb phrase
???????

194. We locked the teacher in the cupboard
We locked the
teacher in the
cupboard
???????? Verb phrase
???????

195. We locked the teacher in the cupboard
We locked the
teacher in the
cupboard
Noun phrase Verb phrase
???????

196. We locked the teacher in the cupboard
We locked the
teacher in the
cupboard
Noun phrase Verb phrase
sentence

197. We locked the teacher in the cupboard
We locked the
teacher in the
cupboard
Noun phrase Verb phrase
Verb phrase

198. A sentence IS a verb phrase VAL < >
We locked the
teacher in the
cupboard
Noun phrase Verb phrase
sentence