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Sem4
- 1. Personal computer • On your desk • Or maybe you carry it around • Expensive purchase • Use it for the internet • Communication • Old people usually can’t use it well
- 2. Volcano • Can be dangerous • Eruptions • Be careful • Maybe tourist attractions
- 3. Cinema • Seeing a movie • In a building • Pay money to enter • Dark • Big screen • Popcorn
- 4. Lick • Action involving tongue • Ice cream • Candy • Dogs do it a lot (it’s unpleasant!) • Stamps?
- 5. Do people still do this?
- 6. Do we still send letters?
- 7. Thermometer
- 9. • Measuring temperature • Of your body • Or a room • In mouth? • Under your arm?
- 10. Word Semantics
- 12. Word semantics – sounds difficult! • No it’s simple! • Word (sign) • Thing in the real world • Idea of that thing
- 13. Word • e.g: • Apple • Word “apple” • Thing “apple” (an actual apple somewhere) • Idea of apple
- 14. Word • e.g: • Word “unicorn” • Thing “unicorn” (Oh, there is no thing!) • Idea of unicorn • Some “things” are imaginary
- 17. Symbol – thought -- thing
- 19. Referential Semantics: Relates words and objects
- 20. Lexical Semantics Relates words and words
- 21. How does the word “elephant” relate to real-world elephants?
- 22. Plato: words are names for objects
- 23. Direct relationship between words and objects?
- 24. Onomatopoeia
- 25. Applying Theories of Word Meaning
- 26. How do words get meaning?
- 27. How about the Yamura Mushi?
- 28. How about the meaning of that expression?
- 29. One idea: Semantic Fields
- 30. Semantic Fields: meanings are connected to other meanings
- 31. Word: insect • The IDENTITY of the insect • Insect X • It’s not you • It’s not me • It’s Third Person • It’s Singular • It’s gender neutral: may be male or female
- 32. Word: insects • The IDENTITY of the insects • Insects X • They are not you • They are not me • They are Third Person • They are Plural • They are gender neutral: may be male or female
- 33. What is in the Semantic Field for insect? • Fly • Bee • Wasp • Mosquito • Gnat • Etc • An animal with six legs, usually small, a bit creepy, or unpleasant
- 34. Semantics of INSECT ID x x: Person:3rd Num:Sing Gen: Insect-Frame Entity x
- 35. What’s in the Insect-Frame? ID x x: Person:3rd Num:Sing Gen: Insect-Frame Entity x
- 36. All the insect-meaning you can think of!! ID x x: Person:3rd Num:Sing Gen: Insect-Frame Entity x
- 37. What is in the Semantic Field for motor vehicle? • Car • Automobile • Truck • Van • Bus • Etc • Has an engine, wheels, we can control it with a steering wheel or handle
- 38. What is in the Semantic Field for food? • Bread • Rice • Cheese • Sausage • Etc • Something you stick in your mouth, chew, swallow, it fills us up
- 39. What is in the semantic field for kick? • Soccer • Ball games • Fighting • Etc • Hitting something with your foot
- 41. Complete the info: • Word: dog • PHON: • /dɒɡ/ • GRAMMAR: • Category (I am a …): • Noun • Valency (I need a …) • Determiner/Specifier
- 42. Complete the info: • Word: dog • PHON: • /dɒɡ/ • Meaning: • Index (ID): x • X = 3rd, Singular • Frame: • Dog-frame, Entity x
- 43. Complete the Information Sound /dɒɡ/ Grammar Is a [ n ] Needs a [ d ] Meaning Identity info x PERSON rd NUMBER S GENDER N Frames: Frame Individual x
- 44. Sound /dɒɡ/ Grammar Is a [ n ] Needs a [ d ] Meaning Identity info x PERSON rd NUMBER S GENDER N Frames： Frame Individual x
- 45. Information Sound /dɒɡ/ Grammar Is a [ noun ] Needs a [ determiner ] Meaning Identity info x PERSON 3 rd NUMBER Singular GENDER Neutral Frame: Dog Frame Individual x
- 46. Information Sound /dɒɡ/ Grammar Is a [ noun ] Needs a [ determiner ] Meaning Identity info x PERSON 3 rd NUMBER Singular GENDER Frame: Dog Frame Individual x
- 47. Information Sound /dɒɡ/ Grammar Is a [ noun ] Needs a [ determiner ] Meaning Identity info x PERSON 3 rd NUMBER Singular GENDER Frame: Dog Frame Entity x
- 48. Sound /dɒɡ/ • GRAMMAR INFORMATION • Is a? • Noun • Needs a? • Determiner
- 49. Sound /dɒɡ/ • MEANING INFORMATION • PERSON id: 3rd • NUMBER id: SINGULAR • GENDER id:
- 50. Sound /ʃiː/ Grammar Is a [ CASE[ ] ] Valency [ ] Meaning Identity info x PERSON NUMBER GENDER Frame: Frame Individual x
- 51. Sound /ʃiː/ Grammar Is a [ noun CASE[ nom ] ] Valency [ ] Meaning Identity info x PERSON 3rd NUMBER sing GENDER fem Frame: Female -Frame Individual x
- 52. Sound /ʃiː/ Grammar Is a [ noun CASE[ nom ] ] Valency [ ] Meaning INDEX x PERSON 3rd NUMBER sing GENDER fem Frame: Female - Frame Individual x
- 53. PHONOLOGY /sliːps/ Syntax Category [ ] Valency [ [nom], [ , sing ] Semantics Frames: Frame SLEEPER x
- 54. PHONOLOGY /sliːps/ Syntax Category [ verb ] Valency [ Noun Phrase [nom], [ 3rd , sing ]] Semantics Frames: Sleeping Frame SLEEPER x
- 55. Individual’s ID INDEX x PERSON 3rd NUMBER sing GENDER fem
- 56. May identify an actual thing or person INDEX x PERSON 2nd NUMBER GENDER
- 57. May be an actual group INDEX x PERSON 1st NUMBER plural GENDER
- 60. PHON /wiː/ “we” PERSON 1st NUMBER Plural GENDER
- 61. PHON /wiː/ “we” PERSON 1st NUMBER Plural GENDER neutral
- 62. PHON /wiː/ “we” PERSON 1st NUMBER Plural GENDER
- 64. PHON /juː/ “you” PERSON 2nd NUMBER neutral GENDER neutral
- 67. PHON /aɪ/ “I” PERSON 1st NUMBER singular GENDER
- 69. PHON /ðeɪ/ “they” PERSON 3rd NUMBER plural GENDER
- 70. What about a verb’s ID? • Nouns have IDs • Don’t verbs have IDs? • Well, a noun’s ID is an individual or individuals • Entities • A verb’s ID is a SITUATION • Or an action
- 71. PHONOLOGY /sliːps/ Syntax Category [ verb ] Valency [ Noun Phrase [nom], [ 3rd , sing ]] Semantics Frames: Sleeping Frame SLEEPER x
- 73. PHONOLOGY /sliːps/ Syntax Category [ verb ] Valency [ Noun Phrase [nom], [ 3rd , sing ] Semantics Frames: Sleeping Frame SLEEPER x SITUATION s situation s INDEX
- 74. PHONOLOGY /slept/ Syntax Category [ ] Valency [ ] Semantics Frames: -Frame SLEEPER x SITUATION s , -tense-Frame PAST-EVENT s
- 75. PHONOLOGY /slept/ Syntax Category [ verb ] Valency [ NP ] Semantics Frames: Sleeping -Frame SLEEPER x SITUATION s , Past-tense-Frame PAST-EVENT s
- 76. PHONOLOGY /slept/ Syntax Category [ verb ] Valency [ NP ] Semantics Frames: Sleeping -Frame SLEEPER x SITUATION s , Past-tense-Frame PAST-EVENT s situation s Index
- 77. Verb meaning • Part of a verb’s meaning: • It’s a kind of SITUATION • It has some kind of MEANING (kicking, sleeping etc) • It could be in a certain time (past, present etc)
- 78. PHONOLOGY /kɪkt/ Syntax Category [ ] Valency [ ] Semantics Frames: -Frame , -tense-Frame -EVENT Situation:
- 79. • /kɪkt/ • CATEGORY: • verb
- 80. • /kɪkt/ • VALENCY [ ] • VALENCY [ NP[nom]; NP[acc] ]
- 81. • /kɪkt/ • MEANING (INDEX) • INDEX: • Situation s
- 82. • /kɪkt/ • MEANING (Frames) • Kicked-frame • Past-tense-frame
- 83. PHONOLOGY /kɪkt/ Syntax Category [ verb ] Valency [ NP ] Semantics Frames: Kick -Frame KICKER x KICKED y SITUATION s , Past-tense-Frame PAST-EVENT s situation s
- 84. MEANING OF VERBS Frames: Verb-Frame DOER x DID y Situation s , Past-tense- Frame PAST- EVENT s situation s INDEX
- 85. Kick-frame • Kicker x • Kicked y • Situation s
- 86. Walk-frame • Walker x • Situation s
- 87. Give-frame • Giver x • Receiver y • Given z • Situation s
- 88. Hit-frame • Hitter x • Hit y • Situation s
- 89. Dog-frame • Entity X • What’s X? • X comes from the INDEX • INDEX = • 3rd • Sing
- 90. PHON /ɡɜːl/ • What’s that? • Girl • CATEGORY? • Noun • Valency • Determiner (Specifier)
- 92. PHON /ɡɜːl/ • Frame? • Girl-frame • What’s in the girl-frame? • All the meaning of “girl” that you can think of!! • Entity? • Some girl X
- 98. Entity x? Girl-frame Entity x INDEX x PER
- 99. Entity x? Girl-frame Entity x INDEX x PER 3rd
- 100. Entity x? Girl-frame Entity x INDEX x PER 3rd NUM
- 101. Entity x? Girl-frame Entity x INDEX x PER 3rd NUM sing
- 102. Entity x? Girl-frame Entity x INDEX x PER 3rd NUM sing GEN Fem
- 103. Entity x? Girl-frame Entity x INDEX x PER 3rd NUM sing GEN ???
- 104. Entity x? Girl-frame Entity x INDEX x: 3rd, sing