The document discusses the components of meaning for words, including phonology, syntax, category, valency, semantics, and frames. It uses the word "horse" as an example, breaking down its phonology (/hɔːs/), syntactic category (noun), valency (determiner), semantic index (X), and frames (<Horse-Frame, Entity X>). The high-level summary is that the document outlines the linguistic components that define a word's meaning, using the word "horse" to demonstrate this breakdown.

1. Each boy likes a girl
Boys Girls

2. Each boy likes a girl
Boys Girls

3. ∀x∃y (Likes (x, y))
Boys (x) Girls (y)

4. Each boy likes a girl
Boys Girls

5. There’s one girl all the boys like
Boys Girls

6. All the boys like the same one girl
Boys Girls

7. ∃y∀x (Likes (x, y)
Boys (x) Girls (y)

8. Each girl punched a boy
Girls Boys

9. ∀x∃y (Punched (x, y)
Girls (x) Boys (y)

10. ∃y ∀x (Punched (x, y)
Girls (x) Boys (y)

11. fəˈnɒl.ə.dʒi
• ????
• Phonology

12. kwɒn.tɪ.faɪ.ə
• quantifier

13. naʊn
• Noun
• /dɪˈtɜː.mɪ.nə/
• Determiner
• /vɜːb/
• Verb

14. freɪz
• phrase

15. every book

16. every book
every is a ????????

17. every book
every is a Determiner
or Specifier

18. every book
book is a ????????

19. every book
book is a noun

20. every book
Every book is ??????

21. every book
Every book is a noun phrase (NP)

22. every book

23. every book

24. every book
noun phrase

25. every book
noun phrase

26. every book
noun phrase
????

27. every book
noun phrase
verb

28. every book
noun phrase
verb
read

29. every book
noun phrase
verb
read

30. every book
noun phrase
verb
read

31. every book
noun phrase
verb
read

32. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
?????????

33. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
????? phrase

34. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase

35. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase

36. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase

37. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
????????

38. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence

39. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Verb phrase with a subject

40. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase

41. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase

42. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student

43. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
Meaning?

44. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
Ambiguous

45. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
Do you
care?

46. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
Maybe not

47. Two possible meanings

48. Imagine a simple world

49. Only four students

50. Only five books

51. It’s a very simple world

52. One student read every book

53. What does it mean?

54. What does it mean?

55. What does it mean?

56. What does it mean?

57. What does it mean?

58. One student read every book

59. One student read each book

60. No student read all the books

61. One student read every book

62. One student read every book

63. What about this?

64. One student read every book

65. One student read every book

66. One student read every book

67. One student read every book

68. One student read every book

69. ∃x ∀y (Read (x, y))
Students (x)
Books (y)

70. One student read every book

71. ∀y ∃x (Read (x, y)
Students (x) Books (y)

72. ∃x ∀y (Read (x, y))
Students (x)
Books (y)

73. What do you think?
• Do you think our brains are like computers?

74. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
Quantifier
Raising

75. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
Crazy
name!

76. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
Crazy idea!

77. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀∃

78. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀∃

79. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀∃

80. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀∃

81. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀
∃

82. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀
∃

83. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀
∃

84. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀
∃

85. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀
∃

86. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀
∃

87. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀
∃

88. ∀y ∃x (Read (x, y)
Students (x) Books (y)

89. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀
∃

90. every book
noun phrase
verb
read
verb phrase
Sentence
noun phrase
one student
∀
∃

91. ∃x ∀y (Read (x, y))
Students (x)
Books (y)

92. What do you think?
• Do you think our brains work with computer
code?

93. Review for test

94. applepen
apple-pen

95. applepen
apple-pen
Bare
Phrase
Structure

96. applepen
apple-pen
Minimalism!

97. applepen
apple-pen
Minimalism!

98. noundeterminer
????????

99. noundeterminer
noun phrase

100. noun phraseverb
????????

101. noun phraseverb
verb Phrase

102. verb phraseNoun phrase
(subject)
???????

103. verb phraseNoun phrase
(subject)
Sentence (verb phrase with a
subject)

104. verb phraseNoun phrase
(subject)
???????

105. boysthose
????????????

106. boysthose
Noun Phrase

107. himhit
????????????

108. himhit
Verb Phrase

109. ranwe
????????????

110. ranwe
Sentence

111. ranwe
Sentence = VP: VAL < >

112. boylittle
????????????

113. boylittle
Noun or noun phrase

114. boylittle
Noun

115. read the
book
slowly
????????????

116. read the
book
slowly
Verb Phrase

117. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase

118. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
Why?

119. “dropped
the ball”
“quickly”
quickly dropped the ball
SOUND

120. “dropped
the ball”
“quickly”
quickly dropped the ball
INHERITED FROM
BOTH PARENTS

121. /dropped
the ball/
/quickly/
/quickly dropped the ball/
MEANING

122. /dropped
the ball/
/quickly/
/quickly dropped the ball/
INHERITED FROM
BOTH PARENTS

123. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
GRAMMAR

124. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
SYNTAX

125. Verb PhraseAdverb
Verb Phrase
GRAMMAR IS ONLY
INHERITED FROM ONE
PARENT

126. Bare Phrase Structure
punched the teacher
???? ?????
???????

127. Bare Phrase Structure
punched the teacher
verb ?????
???????

128. Bare Phrase Structure
punched the teacher
verb noun phrase
???????

129. Bare Phrase Structure
punched the teacher
verb noun phrase
verb phrase

130. Bare Phrase Structure
these papers
???????? ?????
???????

131. Bare Phrase Structure
these papers
determiner ?????
???????

132. Bare Phrase Structure
these papers
determiner noun
???????

133. Bare Phrase Structure
these papers
determiner noun
noun phrase

134. Bare Phrase Structure
threw the knife at the professor
???????? ?????
???????

135. Bare Phrase Structure
threw the knife at the professor
verb phrase ????????????
???????

136. Bare Phrase Structure
threw the knife at the professor
verb phrase prepositional phrase
???????

137. Bare Phrase Structure
threw the knife at the professor
verb phrase prepositional phrase
verb phrase

138. Bare Phrase Structure
walk -ed
???????? ?????
???????

139. Bare Phrase Structure
walk -ed
verb (lexeme) ?????
???????

140. Bare Phrase Structure
walk -ed
verb (lexeme) tense marker
???????

141. Bare Phrase Structure
walk -ed
verb (lexeme) tense marker
verb

142. Bare Phrase Structure
Those three boys pushed the
professor
down the
stairs
???????? ?????
???????

143. Bare Phrase Structure
Those three boys pushed the
professor
down the
stairs
Noun Phrase ?????
???????

144. Bare Phrase Structure
Those three boys pushed the
professor
down the
stairs
Noun Phrase verb phrase
???????

145. Bare Phrase Structure
Those three boys pushed the
professor
down the
stairs
Noun Phrase verb phrase
sentence

146. Bare Phrase Structure
Those three boys pushed the
professor
down the
stairs
Noun Phrase verb phrase
verb phrase A sentence is a VP
with an empty
VALENCY list

147. Bare Phrase Structure
猫を なでる
???????? ?????
???????

148. Bare Phrase Structure
猫を なでる
noun phrase ?????
???????

149. Bare Phrase Structure
猫を なでる
noun phrase verb
???????

150. Bare Phrase Structure
猫を なでる
noun phrase verb
verb phrase

151. Bare Phrase Structure
猫 を
???????? ?????
???????

152. Bare Phrase Structure
猫 を
noun ?????
???????

153. Bare Phrase Structure
猫 を
noun marker
???????

154. Bare Phrase Structure
猫 を
noun case marker
???????

155. Bare Phrase Structure
猫 を
noun case marker
Noun phrase

156. Bare Phrase Structure
few books
???????? ?????
???????

157. Bare Phrase Structure
few books
determiner ?????
???????

158. Bare Phrase Structure
few books
determiner noun
???????

159. Bare Phrase Structure
few books
determiner noun
noun phrase

160. A word
•A word is a

161. A word
•A word is a s

162. A word
•A word is a si

163. A word
•A word is a sig

164. A word
•A word is a sign

165. Words, Objects, Concepts

166. Referential Semantics

167. Referential Semantics
• The word (sign)
• The idea (concept)
• The thing (the actual object or action)

168. Complete the Information
Sound /kæt/
Grammar
Is a [ no ]
Needs a [ d ]
Meaning Identity
info x
PERSON rd
NUMBER S
GENDER N
Frame
C Frame
Individual x

169. Sound /kæt/
Grammar
Is a [ noun ]
Needs a [ determiner ]
Meaning Identity
info x
PERSON 3rd
NUMBER Sing
GENDER Neutral
Frames：
Cat Frame
Individual x

170. The word “horse”

171. A word is a sign

172. This picture is also a kind of sign

173. The meaning of “horse”

174. The concept of “horse”

175. The referent

176. Not the word

177. Not the picture

178. Not the concept

179. This actual horse

180. The referent

181. horse
PHON

182. Horse UK
PHON /hɔːs/

183. SYNTAX
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN

184. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN

185. Horse: Category
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT

186. Horse: Valency
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT
VAL

187. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [ ]
VAL

188. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL

189. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [ ]

190. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]

191. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]

192. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]

193. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]

194. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM

195. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM ??????

196. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM [identity of referent (actual thing)

197. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM [identity of referent
+ general meaning ]

198. Horse
PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM [identity of referent
+ general meaning ]

199. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM [identity of referent
+ general meaning ]

200. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM

201. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM ID
GENERAL
MEANING

202. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM ID

203. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM INDEX

204. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM INDEX X

205. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM INDEX Y

206. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM INDEX Z

207. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM INDEX 1

208. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM INDEX 2

209. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM INDEX X

210. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM INDEX 3rd Person
Singular

211. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM INDEX X

212. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM
INDEX X

213. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM
INDEX X
FRAMES

214. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM
INDEX X
FRAMES: GENERAL MEANING

215. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM
INDEX X
FRAMES <
Horse-Frame

216. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM
INDEX X
FRAMES <
Horse-Frame
Entity X

217. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM
INDEX X
FRAMES <
Horse-Frame
Entity X
X = 3rd Person, Singular

218. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM
INDEX X
FRAMES <
Horse-Frame
Entity X

219. PHON /hɔːs/
SYN
CAT [noun]
VAL [Determiner]
SEM
INDEX X
FRAMES <
Horse-Frame
Entity X
>

220. Test January 18th
• Practice January 11th
• Practice is very similar to the test

221. Phonetics questions
• For example:
• Write PHON info for “phonology”
fənɒl.ə.dʒi

222. Grammar/Syntax questions
• For example:
• Show the bare structure (double-branching for
“these papers”

223. Bare Phrase Structure
these papers
determiner noun
noun phrase

224. Information Questions
• For example:
• Complete the information for the word “cat”

225. Complete the Information
PHON / /
SYNTAX
CAT [ ]
VALENCY < >
SEM INDEX
PERSON
NUMBER
GENDER
Frame
Frame
ENTITY

226. Complete the Information
PHON / kæt /
SYNTAX
CAT [ ]
VALENCY < >
SEM INDEX
PERSON
NUMBER
GENDER
Frame
Frame
ENTITY

227. Complete the Information
PHON / kæt /
SYNTAX
CAT [ noun ]
VALENCY < >
SEM INDEX
PERSON
NUMBER
GENDER
Frame
Frame
ENTITY

228. Complete the Information
PHON / kæt /
SYNTAX
CAT [ noun ]
VALENCY < Determiner >
SEM INDEX
PERSON
NUMBER
GENDER
Frame
Frame
ENTITY

229. Complete the Information
PHON / kæt /
SYNTAX
CAT [ noun ]
VALENCY < Determiner >
SEM INDEX
PERSON 3rd
NUMBER
GENDER
Frame
Frame
ENTITY

230. Complete the Information
PHON / kæt /
SYNTAX
CAT [ noun ]
VALENCY < Determiner >
SEM INDEX
PERSON 3rd
NUMBER Sing
GENDER
Frame
Frame
ENTITY

231. Complete the Information
PHON / kæt /
SYNTAX
CAT [ noun ]
VALENCY < Determiner >
SEM INDEX
PERSON 3rd
NUMBER Sing
GENDER
Frame
Cat Frame
ENTITY x

232. Complete the Information
PHON / kæt /
SYNTAX
CAT [ noun ]
VALENCY < Determiner >
SEM x INDEX
PERSON 3rd
NUMBER Sing
GENDER
Frame
Cat Frame
ENTITY x

233. Propositional and Predicate Logic
• Write the Formula for “if p then q”
p  q

234. Propositional and Predicate Logic
• Write the Formula for “x or y”
X v Y

235. Propositional and Predicate Logic
• Write the Formula for “x and y”
X & Y

236. x = boys; y = girls
• Write the formula for “each boy likes a
different girl”
∀x∃y (Likes (x, y)

237. x = boys; y = girls
• Write the formula for “all the boys like the
same girl”
∃y∀x (Likes (x, y)