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Sem8
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- 2.
- 3.
- 4. Origins of HumanCommunication
- 5. The cultural originsof human cognition
- 6. Why are wedifferent from animals? • Animals mostly in the jungle • We have technology • Communication systems • Organizations • We are different!
- 7. •How did ithappen?
- 8. Noam: Grammar suddenlyappeared in our brains
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14. Sudden and forno reason
- 15. By the way,it also allowed us to THINK
- 16. But it wasRANDOM, and for no reason
- 17. Homo sapiens: wellover 50,000 years ago
- 18. Homo sapiens: atleast 200,000 years ago
- 19. 50,000 years isa short time for evolution
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23.
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27.
- 28.
- 29. Able to makeALL the speech sounds we can
- 30. Able to makeALL the speech sounds we can
- 31.
- 32. ALL the speechsounds!
- 33. Homo sapiens: Anysound you can make …
- 34.
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
- 38. Same hard palate(硬口蓋)
- 39. Same soft palate(軟口蓋
- 40. Same voice box(発声器)
- 41.
- 42.
- 43.
- 44.
- 45.
- 46.
- 47.
- 48.
- 49.
- 50. From two millionyears ago
- 51. NOT exactly thesame as us
- 52. Closer to usthan chimpanzees and gorillas
- 53. But NOT thesame
- 54. CANNOT make allthe sounds yet
- 55. NOT the samelips, tongue etc.
- 56. Homo erectus isON THE WAY to us
- 57.
- 58. From 200,000 yearsago …
- 59. Has the samespeech ability as us!
- 60. … and THENgets grammar!
- 61. … 50,000 yearsago!
- 62.
- 63. … by randommutation!
- 64.
- 65. … and startsspeaking AFTER that!
- 66. Mike: No, that’scomplete nonsense
- 67.
- 68. Mike: humans gotculture
- 69. Human culture startedmillions of years ago
- 70. Mike: humans COOPERATEDto develop culture etc.
- 71. What do humanindividuals have that allows this?
- 72. Why are humanindividuals able to do this?
- 73. How does cultureCHANGE individuals?
- 74. Compare ape learningand human learning
- 75. They can seethings like us and remember
- 76. They understand whythings happen
- 77. They recognize thingsand connections
- 78. They understand theemotions and goals of others
- 79.
- 80.
- 81. 9 month oldbaby
- 82.
- 83.
- 84. Shared Intentionality =worktogether for a goal
- 85.
- 86. Work together andwatch other people
- 87. One year old:Start “showing” things to others
- 88. “Look at this!”at around 12 months
- 89. Look at this!It’s cool!!
- 90.
- 91.
- 92. Show things andcheck out the other person
- 93. Chimpanzees are reallyintelligent
- 94. They are interestedin things
- 95. They play withthings
- 96. But they don’tlook at others
- 97.
- 98.
- 99. They are kindof selfish!
- 100.
- 101. We can seeeye DIRECTION
- 102. Chimpanzee follow HEADmovement
- 103. We also followEYE movement
- 104. Chimpanzee: •You close youreyes and look up •The chimpanzee looks up •You look up with your eyes •The chimpanzee doesn’t look
- 105. Human child • Youclose your eyes and look up • The child just looks at your face • You open your eyes and look with just your eyes • The child follows your eyes
- 106. •Chimps follow thehead •Children follow the eyes
- 107. We evolved todo things together
- 108. We show wherewe are looking
- 109. Because we wantto cooperate
- 110. Chimpanzees HIDE wherethey’re looking
- 111.
- 112. Humans are muchbetter at this
- 113.
- 114.
- 115.
- 116. 共同の目的 • Joint goal •Joint attention • Part of our perspective: • Fairness • Equality • etc
- 117. What makes usHUMAN? •We see from OTHERS’ point of view! •Animals, not so much
- 118. •We share attention •Weeach have our own point of view
- 119. That’s the bigdifference
- 120. Children want toplay together
- 121. Chimpanzees are lessinterested
- 122.
- 123. 1 year oldbabies understand pointing
- 124.
- 125. Chimpanzees don’t understandthat we are trying to help
- 126. There’s something usefulfor YOU
- 127.
- 128.
- 129. Language use inreal situations
- 130.
- 131. Cooperation: I’m tellingyou something useful for you
- 132. So CULTURE --cooperation
- 133. So CULTURE –started a long time ago
- 134.
- 135.
- 136. Lucy: 2 ~4 million years ago
- 137.
- 138.
- 139. More like apes– long arms for tree-life
- 140. Bigger guts thanhumans
- 141. But walking ontwo legs
- 142.
- 143.
- 144. 2 ~ 1.5million years ago
- 145.
- 146.
- 147.
- 148.
- 149.
- 150.
- 151. Can’t make asmany sounds as us
- 152. But culture andcooperation was developing
- 153.
- 154.
- 155. They were evolvingto become like us!
- 156. They didn’t needchimpanzee mouths
- 157.
- 158.
- 160.
- 161.
- 162. Their food wassofter
- 163.
- 164. Less time chewingand eating
- 165. More time forhunting
- 166.
- 167.
- 168. And they gotbetter and better at it
- 169.
- 170. Mike: It wasa slow process
- 171.
- 172.
- 173. Dan: It wasa slow process
- 174.
- 175.
- 176. You don’t knowthey were cooperating!
- 177.
- 178.
- 180.
- 181.
- 182. Their food wassofter
- 183. Their mouths evolvedbecause they were eating cooked food
- 184.
- 186.
- 187. Dick: Cooking helpedus evolve
- 188. Dick: Cooking gaveus Homo Erectus
- 189. Dick: humans havebeen cooking for 2 million years!
- 190. Wonderwerk cave inSouth Africa
- 191. Cooking at least1 million years ago
- 192. Dick: Cooking givesmore calories
- 193. Dick: Less chewing,more free time
- 194. Dick: Our brainsgot bigger
- 195. Dick: Our jawsgot smaller
- 196. Dick: Our gutsgot smaller
- 197. Dick: We couldwalk and run better
- 200. Dick: Our mouthschanged so WE COULD SPEAK
- 201. We started cookinga long time ago
- 202.
- 203. We got morenutrition
- 204.
- 205. Our guts gotsmaller
- 206. We could standup straighter
- 207. We could runbetter
- 208. We could huntbetter
- 209.
- 210.
- 211.
- 212.
- 213.
- 214.
- 215.
- 216. That’s why ourmouths changed
- 218.
- 219.
- 220. Our speech organsDID evolve
- 221. But NOT becausewe were speaking!
- 222. Because we weremaking better tools!
- 223. Because we couldcontrol fire!
- 224.
- 225. We could eatnice SOFT food!
- 226. To get betternutrition!
- 227. So our brainscould grow etc!
- 228.
- 229.
- 230. But do you really believe Wecould cooperate in hunting
- 231. But do you reallybelieve We could cooperate in controlling fire
- 232. But do you really believe Wecould cooperate in toolmaking
- 233. But do you really believe Wecould cooperate in COOKING
- 234. But do you reallybelieve We NEVER tried to speak!
- 235.
- 236. Speech had towait until 50,000 years ago
- 237. When our speechorgans were ALREADY fully developed
- 238. And our brainswere ALREADY fully developed
- 239. Language ability suddenlyappeared •Only 50,000 ~ 100,000 years ago! •By accident! •AFTER we developed modern mouths and tongues!!
- 240. Language ability suddenlyappeared •Only 50,000 ~ 100,000 years ago! •By accident! •AFTER we developed modern brains!!
- 241.
- 242. You can believewhatever you want
- 243. … but ICAN’T believe that