The document provides information on literature produced under U.S. colonialism in the Philippines. It discusses three groups of writers - those who wrote in Spanish and focused on nationalism, those who wrote in Tagalog and addressed social conditions, and those who wrote in English and imitated American styles. Several notable Filipino authors and their works are then described, including poems, short stories, plays and novels written in languages like Tagalog, Ilocano, Cebuano and Spanish during this period that touched on themes of independence, social issues, and love.

1. LITERATURE UNDER
U.S COLONIALISM
Presented by : MA. TERESA A. LOPEZ Bsie-he 3c

2. LITERATURE
Desire for freedom
Love of country
Fight against colonialist and imperialism.
THREE GROUPS OF WRITERS
o The writers in Spanish were accustomed to write on nationalism like honoring Rizal
and other heroes.
o The writers in tagalog continued in their lamentations on the conditions of the coutry
and their attempts to arouse love for one’s native tongue.
o The writers in English imitated the themes and methods of the Americans.

3. THE PERIOD OF SELF-DISCOVERY
o Writers had acquired the mastery of English writing; confident and competent.
LITERARY TYPES
Poetry
Stories/ short story
Plays
Novels
Essay
Drama

4. “TO THE NATIONAL HERO”
By: Cecilio Apostol
• (November 22, 1877 – September 8, 1938)
was a Filipino poet and poet laureate. His
poems were once used to teach the
Spanish language under the Republic Act
No. 1881.
• He was born in Santa Cruz, Manila and
studied at the Ateneo de Manila where he
finished his Bachelor of Arts, before
studying law at the University of Santo
Tomas.

5. • During the early years of American occupation he worked as a journalist for
the revolutionary newspapers Independence, The Brotherhood, The Union,
Renaissance and Democracy.
• Apóstol wrote in English and Spanish, and composed poems that
demonstrated his mastery of Spanish. He composed the poem Al Heroe
Nacional (To the National Hero) which is dedicated to José Rizal. In the book
of poems, Pentélicas, he described landscapes evoking a vivid image. He died
in Caloocan, Rizal.
• His poem were used to teach the Spanish Language (RA no. 1881)

6. “NENENG”
By: Mena Pecson Crisologo
• (November 11, 1844 to July 5, 1927) Born in Vigan, Ilocos. notario ecclesiastico
of the Nueva Segovia Diocese.
• Assigned as the first provincial governor of Ilocos Sur during the American Period
(1901).
• Married to Felipa Florentino, the sister of the poet Leona Florentino, by whom he
had a daughter, Juana. Existed for almost 84 years
• Popular Iloko poet and Dramatist His poems, comedies and zarzuelas were, for a
time, the popular fare in gathering at fiesta time.
• His plays usually focused on historical or contemporary issues and were played in
Vigan between 1908-1915.

7. • It walled Calle Crisologo Street Honored as “Prince of Ilocano Poets" for he
introduced the Ilocano counterpart of the balagtasan and the Tagalog poetical
contest NENENG Excerpt from Act II,
• Neneng, Oeeno Naintaluga-Dingan Pigsa Nga Ayat Scenes 5, 6, 7
• Valeriano Hernandez Peña’s Nena at Neneng ,the story of two women who
happened to be best of friends as they cope with their relationships with the men
in their lives. Nena succeeds in her married life while Neneng suffers from a stormy
marriage because of her jealous husband.
• A Ilocano literature contributed, also he was a dramatist and novalist.

8. “WANTED A CHAPERON”
By: Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero
• Was born in Ermita Manila
• He has extensively observed the theater and
drama school
• National Artist for Philippine theater (1997)
was a Filipino playwright, teacher and &
theatre artist
• The first Filipino to have a theatre name
after him. the Wilfredo Ma. Guerrero theatre
of the UP
• His published plays have either been
broadcast over the radio and staged various
parts of the Philippines.

9. • A play in one act,. When published: 1948
• Jose villa translated it is “ kailangan isang tsaperon’’
• This household comedy tells about conflict among a rich couple and their children because of
their opposing views on behavior and on family norms.
• The play is about the traditional way of courting and accompanying girls on a party and in
other occasions. The portrayal of old customs is seen visibly in the play. Don Francisco, one of
the major characters is strict with his daughter Nena. He doesn’t want Nena go outside for any
occasions without any chaperon. One night, Nena goes out with Fred, her friend. Unfortunately,
rumors right after their date are spread.
• Many people think that something bad is happened to the two of them. And for the
townspeople it’s inevitable. Until Dona Dolores, mother of Fred goes to Nena’s house and she
is insisting that something is happened to his son and to Nena. It is Dona Dolores’ plan to
insist his son Fred to Nena but actually, nothing is really happened. The same situation is
happened also to Roberting, son of Don Francisco. So to avoid these issues Don Francisco and
Dona Dolores look for chaperons for their children to guide them instead of the muchacha.

10. “AND I WAS CARRIED
AWAY”
By: Marcel M. Navarra
• (1914-1984) is known as “The Father of Modern
Cebuano Literature.” He was born in Tuyom, Carcar. He
spent most of his life writing almost 80 short stories
which were published in Cebuano magazines; namely,
Bisaya, Alimyon and Bulak.
• His first story, Tungod sa Kayagang, was published in
Nasud in 1931.
• Marcel Navarra also became editor of two of the most
popular Cebuano magazine – Bisaya and Bag-ong
Suga.
• Marcel Navarra stopped writing after he wrote his last
work entitled Si Zosimo in 1955
• NOVEL

11. “LIFE EVER BITTER”
BY: Faustino S. Aguilar
• A Filipino author whose works were on the side of
social realism.
• He was a member of the Katipunan.
• He was born on February 15, 1882. He was only
14 when he joined the alliance of Filipinos against
the Spanish during the colonization period.
• Aguilar was known during the American
colonization period in the Philippines as a
journalist and editor of Taliba
• He also worked for the Department of Labor.
• -NOVEL

12. • He authored the books entitled Pinaglahuan. Most of his novels talked about
violence and injustice in the society during his time.
• He died in 1955.
• “Kay hirap ng pamumuhay Pinaglahunan” LIFE EVER BITTER (literally "the point or
place where someone or something disappeared" or "fading point") is a Tagalog-
language novel written by Filipino novelist Faustino S. Aguilar. Aguilar completed
the manuscript on September 25, 1906. The novel was published by Manila
Filateco in Manila, Philippines in 1907. The novel was written during the American
period in Philippine history(1898-1946).
• His novel revolves around the rich girl danding whose love for a factory clerk had to
give way to her parent’s wish to marry her off to the business magnate Rojalde
who would organizer in the American firm where he works.

13. “LOVE”
BY: JOSÉ CORAZÓN DE JESÚS
• Buhay Huseng Batute was born on November
22, 1896 in Santa Cruz, Manila and live in
sta, Maria Bulacan.
• He was christened José Cecilio de Jesús but he
later dropped Cecilio and replaced it with the
Spanish name Corazón (heart) because he
said it best described his character.
• A breathtaking Tagalog poem about love
written by the prolific Filipino poet .
• -POEM

14. “WINGS”
BY: JOSÉ CORAZÓN DE JESÚS
• His pen name was Huseng Batute.
• was a Filipino poet who used Tagalog
poetry to express the Filipinos' desire
for independence during the American
occupation of the Philippines, a period
that lasted from 1901 to 1946.
• He was known as the King of the
Balagtasan. .
• He died on May 26, 1932, and is buried
in Manila's North Cemetery.
• -POEM

15. “A VIRGINS HAND”
BY: JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
• “A virgins hand” (1929) is beautiful, touching
Tagalog poem by Jose Corazon de Jesus about
how his love for a woman changed him for the
better. It has been said that the hands of a
virgin have the power to transform even
hardened criminals into good men.
• It is about how his love for a woman change for
him for better person.
• - POEM

16. AGAINTS INVADERS
By: Aurelio Tolentino
• Father of the tagalog drama (Filipino dramatist)
• Aurelio Valenzuela Tolentino (October 13, 1867
– July 5, 1915) was a Filipino playwright and
dramatist whose works at the turn of the 20th
century depict his desire to see Philippine
independence from its colonizers. Born in Santo
Cristo, Guagua, Pampanga, he was the third
and youngest child of Leonardo Tolentino and
Patrona Valenzuela.

17. • A theater at the CCP was name after him – tanghalang Aurelio Tolentino
• A play of struggle vs. imperialist powers
It is an anti-imperialist play attacking the new colonizers (at that time), the
Americans, while not forgiving the old ones – Mother Spain and Old China, who want
to feast on the Philippines’ wealth.

18. “A SON IS BORN”
By: Manuel E. Arguilla
• Manuel Estabilla Arguilla (Nagrebcan, June 17,
1911 – beheaded, Manila Chinese Cemetery,
August 30, 1944)
• was an Ilokano writer in English, patriot, and
martyr.
• He is known for his widely anthologized short
story. Where the finest short story writers of
their time. And between of them wher in (1910-
1944)
• A writer club and editor of the university ,
Literary Apprentice.

19. • The best craftsman among Filipino Fictionist in English, whose voice is only
really authentic voice. He is shamelessly Filipino.
• Republic Cultural Heritage Award -1972 (posthumous).
• A son is born –SHORT STORY was published in 1937.
• Set in a Philippine barrio at Christmastime, it relates the story of the birth of
the third son in a poor provincial family. The eldest son explains to his younger
brother the traditional practices that are involved in the birth of the baby. The
story serves mainly to paint a quaint picture of barrio life by presenting local
color and the rhythms of the lives of simple folk.

20. “SI ANABELLA”
By: Magdalena Jalandoni
• Magdalena Gonzaga Jalandoni (May 27,
1891 in Jaro, Iloilo - September 14, 1978
in Jaro) was a Filipino feminist writer.
• She is now remembered as one of the
most prolific Filipino writers in the
Hiligaynon language. Hailing from
Western Visayas,
• Her works are said to have left
permanent and significant milestones in
Philippine literature.

21. • Anabella” is a nostalgic trip to the ‘30s. The beau serenades his love with a violin
on a moonlit and starry night, they dance in the spacious sala of his palatial
home to the strains of a full orchestra, they are the envy of everyone on the
dancefloor. But he is rich and his mother takes him away from his lover.
Anabella, however, waits patiently for his return and eventually they are
reunited.
• - SHORT STORY

22. “IF/KON”
By: Gardeopatra Quijano
• As a young woman she was inspired to be independent and not shy from every
opportunity that women sparsely had at the time.
• Started writing when she was a teenager,
• She is a poet . A fictionist and an essayist.
• She wrote her poems, stories and essays in cebuano
• ”and if I were the wind, oh I’d tease the flowers. I’d scatter to all corners the
fallen petals. So their fragrance would remain
A trail of scent for the post
• -POEM

23. “THOUGH YOU TELL ME
NOT”
By: Evangelina Guerrero
• Evangelina Guerrero y Entrala de Zacarias (1904-1949) was a poet, journalist in
the Spanish language.
• She was the eldest daughter of the "Prince of Filipino lyric poetry," Fernando Ma.
Guerrero and Doña Remedios Entrala.
• She was born in Quiapo, Manila on 29 May 1904.
• She was educated at the Escuela Catolica de Nuestra Señora de Guia and at the
Centro Escolar de Señoritas. In 1929 she was married to Antonio Zacarias, also a
poet, who became a secretary of the Philippine Senate.
• -POEM

24. -End-
Thank you 