The document discusses various drugs used for treating conditions affecting the upper respiratory tract such as cough, nasal congestion, and allergies. It covers categories of drugs like antitussives, decongestants, antihistamines, expectorants, and mucolytics. It also discusses the actions, indications, cautions, adverse effects and nursing considerations for drugs in each category.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit V Drugs used on Respiratory systems and it is most benefited for 2nd yr B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject.
Slides are prepared as per INC Syllabus Unit V Drugs used on Respiratory systems and it is most benefited for 2nd yr B sc Nursing students and faculty of the subject.
Cardiovascular pharmacology
Cardiovascular (=Circulatory) system – heart and blood vessels
Arteries – transport blood to tissues
Capillaries – sites of exchange, fluid O2, CO2, nutrients etc.
Venules – collect blood from capillaries
Veins – transport blood back to heart
Blood moves within vessels – higher pressure to lower pressure
Resistance to flow depends on vessel diameter, length and viscosity of blood
This presentation was delivered over two days to second year pharmacy students enrolled in a course in pharmacology & toxicology. This lecture is designed to accompany Goodman & Gilman's (12e) chapter 11.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
Cardiovascular pharmacology
Cardiovascular (=Circulatory) system – heart and blood vessels
Arteries – transport blood to tissues
Capillaries – sites of exchange, fluid O2, CO2, nutrients etc.
Venules – collect blood from capillaries
Veins – transport blood back to heart
Blood moves within vessels – higher pressure to lower pressure
Resistance to flow depends on vessel diameter, length and viscosity of blood
This presentation was delivered over two days to second year pharmacy students enrolled in a course in pharmacology & toxicology. This lecture is designed to accompany Goodman & Gilman's (12e) chapter 11.
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
▶ Classify Antihistamines
Define mechanism of action and uses of Antihistamines
Enlisting the adverse effects of Antihistamines.
Describe the Pharmacology of Expectorants and Mucolytics
Explain the mechanism of action ,clinical uses and toxicity of cough suppressants
▶ Histamine is a chemical messenger mostly generated
in mast cell that mediates a wide range of cellular responses, Including;
-Allergic and inflammatory reactions,
-Gastric acid secretion
- Neurotransmission in parts of the brain
▶ Histamine has no clinical application but antihistamines have important therapeutic applications.
antitussive drugs, uses, lists, sideffect and many morefcapital
June 15 2016 Antitussives are drugs that suppress coughing, possibly by reducing the activity of the cough center in the brain. Antitussive agents are used to relieve dry cough.
Allergic Rhinitis ppt.
by Vishnuvardhan Thotakura [vishnutv9@gmail.com]
3yr MBBS
i have put BASICS to know all ABOUT ALLERGIC RHINITIS in this ppt. and hope you understand it!
ref: ENT books - Dhingra, Hazarika , pics and video from the internet.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
4. 1. ANTITUSSIVES
ACTION:
Suppress the cough reflex by acting on the medulla’s
cough center
Anesthetize cough receptors of vagal afferent
fibers throughout the bronchi, alveoli and pleura
(Benzonatate)
4
6. 1. ANTITUSSIVES
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
+ hypersensitivity
Pregnancy and lactation
CNS depression
CAUTION:
Asthma and emphysema –secretion can accumulate as a
result of cough suppression
Hx of narcotic addiction = makes sedation and drowsiness
6
7. 1. ANTITUSSIVES
ADVERSE EFFECTS:
Dryness on mucus membranes
Increase viscosity of secretion
CNS effects: drowsiness, sedation and HA
GI: constipation, GI upset, nasal congestion
7
8. 1. ANTITUSSIVES
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Maintain airway patency and suction secretions if necessary
2. Assess breath sounds and determine characteristics of cough
(productive/ nonproductive; viscosity of secretions)
3. Encourage to maintain fluid intake of 2-3 L a day
4. Advise to report to physician id cough persist for > 1wk or if
chest pain occurs.
8
10. 2. DECONGESTANTS
Adrenergic drugs
produce LOCAL VASOCONSTRICTION decreasing
blood flow to the irritated capillaries of the mucus
membrane lining the nasal passages and sinus cavities
10
11. 2. DECONGESTANTS
TOPICAL NASAL DECONGESTANTS
ACTION:
Imitate the effects of SNS
Cause VASOCONSTRICTION
Results to decreased nasal membrane inflammation
INDICATIONS:
Relief from nasal congestion (common cold, sinusitis, allergic
rhinitis)
Dilation of nares for dx procedure
Relief from pain and congestion in otitis media
11
12. 2. DECONGESTANTS
TOPICAL NASAL DECONGESTANTS
CAUTION
Mucous membrane lesions-lead to systemic
absorption
Glaucoma, HPN, DM, thyroid dse, coronary dse and
prostate problems = may exacerbate by
decongestants
12
13. 2. DECONGESTANTS
TOPICAL NASAL DECONGESTANTS
ADVERSE EFFECTS:
Local reaction = stinging & burning
Rebound congestion:
Nasal Congestion- when decongestants are used more than 3-
5 days
Increased pulse, blood pressure and urinary retention
13
14. 2. DECONGESTANTS
TOPICAL NASAL DECONGESTANTS
NURSING CONSIDERATION:
1. Assess for presence of glaucoma, HPN, coronary dse and
prostate problems
Can exacerbate the condition
2. Assess skin
color, temp, orientation, reflexes, respirations, breath
sounds and bladder
To determine sympathomimetic effects of the drug
14
15. 2. DECONGESTANTS
TOPICAL NASAL DECONGESTANTS
NURSING CONSIDERATION:
3. Teach about proper administration to ensure
therapeutic effect
3. Instruct clear nasal passages
4. Keep head tilted backward when applying drops/spray
5. Maintain position for few seconds after drug administration
15
16. 2. DECONGESTANTS
ORAL DECONGESTANTS
ACTION:
Stimulate alpha-adrenergic receptors in nasal mucous membrane
Resulting to decrease membrane size, drainage of sinuses and
improvement of air flow
INDICATION:
Relief from pain and congestion with otitis media
Tx of nasal congestion related to common colds, sinusitis and
allergic rhinits
16
19. 2. DECONGESTANTS
ORAL DECONGESTANTS
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Assess for presence of disorders present in CI
2. Monitor PR, BP and cardiac response to detect adverse effects
3. Instruct that drug should not be used more than a week
4. Caution not to combine topical decongestants with other drugs
with the same components = lead to overdose
19
20. 2. DECONGESTANTS
TOPICAL STEROID NASAL DECONGESTANTS
ACTION:
Exact mechanism of action is not known.
INDICATION:
Tx of allergic rhinitis who do not respond to any other form of
decongestants
Relief of inflammation following nasal polyp removal.
20
21. 2. DECONGESTANTS
TOPICAL STEROID NASAL DECONGESTANTS
PHARMACOKINETICS:
Action is not immediate
Require 1 week of admin to achieve therapeutic effect
CONTRAINDICATION:
Acute infection
Can cause Candida albican infection
Should not be exposed to airborne infection: chickenpox and
measles
21
23. 2. DECONGESTANTS
TOPICAL STEROID NASAL DECONGESTANTS
NURSING CONSIDERATION:
1. Reinforce use of drug even if results are not seen immediately.
Therapeutic effect can take up to 2-3 wks after use
2. Monitor for dev’t of infection.
3. Encourage to avoid areas where airborne infection may be
present.
4. Allow to clear nasal passages prior to drug administration.
23
24. 3. ANTIHISTAMINES / H1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS
ACTION:
Compete with histamine for H1 receptor sites in the client’s
arterioles, capillaries and secretory glands in mucous membrane
They do not inhibit histamine release
Possess anticholinergic and antipruritic effect
24
28. 3. ANTIHISTAMINES / H1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Administer on an EMPTY STOMACH, 1 hr before or 2 hrs
after meal for best absorption
2. Administer with food if + GI upset
3. Monitor cough and viscosity of sputum; effects of drug can
impair expectoration of secretions
4. Encourage adeqaute fluid intake; 8-12 glasses/day
28
29. 3. ANTIHISTAMINES / H1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
5. Instruct to eat ice chips/hard candy
if mouth becomes dry
6. Caution from driving and ambulating without assistance = blurred
vision is 1 SE
7. Instruct to avoid alcohol intake while using the drug
to prevent extreme sedation
8. Have client void before drug administration
to prevent urinary retention
29
30. 3.1 EXPECTORANTS
ACTION:
Decrease viscosity of secretion increasing the fluid
in the respiratory tract
Reduce adhesiveness and surface tension of fluids to
allow easier movement of thin secretions.
30
31. 3.1 EXPECTORANTS
INDICATIONS:
Cough associated with common cold
Bronchial asthma
Relief of dry and non-productive cough
URTI
Bronchitis
Influenza
Sinusitis
Emphysema
31
34. 3.1 EXPECTORANTS
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Caution client not to take drug longer than a week and to
seek medical attention if cough persist
2. Assess breath sounds and evaluate characteristics and
frequency of cough
3. Instruct to maintain oral fluid intake of 2-3liters a day
to enhance effects of expectorants
34
35. 3.1 EXPECTORANTS
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
4. Instruct to check with physician before taking any
OTC/herbal preparation
5. Advise to avoid driving or engaging in dangerous
tasks if drowsiness and dizziness occurs to prevent
injury
35
37. 3.2 MUCOLYTICS
ACTION:
Decreased viscosity of mucus by breaking or altering the
chemical bonds of glycoprotein complexes in mucus
Acetylcysteine protect liver cells from damage during
acetaminophen toxicity by normalizing hepatic glutathione level
and binding with acetaminophen’s hepatotoxic metabolite
Dornase alfa breaks down mucus through separation of
extracellular DNA from protein
37
40. 3.2 MUCOLYTICS
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Avoid combining with other drugs in nebulizer to prevent loss
of effectiveness
2. Client should wipe acetylcysteine residue from their face if
they are receiving the drug by face mask
3. Caution with cystic fibrosis who are taking dornase alfa to
continue with all therapies
the drug serves as a palliative tx for respiratory symptoms associated
with the disorder.
40
42. 1. Bronchodilators/Xanthines
Aminophylline (Truphylline)
Caffeine
Theophylline
(*should not be taken with cimetidine and ciprofloxacin as
they cause toxicity)
42
43. 1. Bronchodilators/Xanthines
ACTION:
Affects smooth muscles of respiratory tract by
releasing 2 prostaglandins, resulting in smooth muscle
relaxation
Inhibit the release of slow-reacting substance of
anaphylaxis (SRSA) and histamine, results in
decreased swelling of the bronchi
43
44. 1. Bronchodilators/Xanthines
INDICATION:
Acute bronchospasms
Prevention and maintenance therapy for clients with
COPD and asthma
Mgt of bronchospasm during anesthesia
44
45. 1. Bronchodilators/Xanthines
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Administer with FOOD/MILK if gastric upset occurs
2. Assess if client is also taking beta-adrenergic blocker because
they can decrease bronchodilating effect
3. Assess if client smoke
Nicotine increases metabolism of xanthenes= higher dosage may be
prescribed
4. Monitor HR and rhythm at regular intervals during the
duration of the therapy
45
46. 1. Bronchodilators/Xanthines
NURSING CONSIDERATION:
5. Instruct to maintain oral fluid intake of 2-3 L
to make secretion less viscous
6. Advise to consult with physician before taking over-the-
counter medications
to avoid possible AE
7. Instruct client to avoid respiratory irritants such as
smoke, dust and strong scents
46
48. 2. Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators
ACTION:
Stimulate beta receptors in the smooth muscle of
the tracheobronchial tree to open airway passages
INDICATION:
Reversal of airway constriction in acute and chronic
bronchial asthma
48
49. 2. Sympathomimetic Bronchodilators
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
Inform the client that the drug of choice may vary for each
individual
Instruct to administer the minimal amount of the drug
necessary
to produce therapeutic effect to avoid occurrence of adverse drug
reaction
Client with exercise-induced asthma should take these drugs
30min to 1 hr before exercise
Encourage small, frequent meal if GI upset occurs
49
51. 3. ANTICHOLINERGIC BRONCHODILATORS
ACTION:
Bronchodilation by inhibiting cholinergic receptors in bronchial smooth
muscle
INDICATION:
Long-term tx of reversible bronchospasm associated with COPD
Initial bronchodilation occurs within 1st few minutes after inhalation
Max therapeutic effects 1-2hrs
51
52. 3. ANTICHOLINERGIC BRONCHODILATORS
NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
Provide small, frequent meals if GI upset occurs.
Instruct not to excess 12 inhalations in 24h to prevent occurrence
of AE
Instruct to avoid driving or operating dangerous machinery to
prevent injury
Have client to void before each dose if urinary retention becomes a
problem.
52
54. 4. INHALED STEROIDS
ACTION:
Decrease swelling by inhibiting the effectiveness of
anti-inflammatory cells
Promote beta-adrenergic receptors activity
resulting to relaxation of smooth muscles and
bronchodilation
54
55. 4. INHALED STEROIDS
INDICATION:
Chronic bronchitis
Bronchial asthma in clients with steroid-dependent
asthma
Tx of allergic rhinitis and prophylactic tx of
exercise-induced asthma
Systemic adverse reactions are reduced , though
rapidly absorbed thru IV
55
57. 4. INHALED STEROIDS
NURSING CONSIDERATION:
Instruct to pt who’s receiving a corticosteroid and bronchodilator to
administer the bronchodilator 1st before steroid
to ensure penetration of steroids in airway
Instruct to perform oral care after using inhaled steroids.
Instruct on the proper use of inhaler
Provide food with oral doses to minimize GI upset
Inform that the drug must not be stopped abruptly, doses must be tapered
to avoid AE
57
59. 5. LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
Compete with receptor sites, thus inhibiting inflammatory
reaction associated with asthma and blocking its s/sx
INDICATION:
Prophylactic and long-term tx of bronchial asthma
Montelukast = for children <1.2mos
59
60. 5. LEUKOTRIENE RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
NURSING CONSIDERATION:
Administer on an empty stomach to facilitate absorption
Inform that the drug should be taken continuously according to
prescribed regimen
Instruct to avoid OTC containing aspirin while taking leukotriene
receptor antagonist
Aspirin may cause decrease effectiveness of drug
Use in caution in administering these drugs if client is taking
propanolol, theophylline and warfarin
Lead to toxicity
60
62. 6. LUNG SURFACTANTS
Naturally occurring lipid compounds that reduce
alveoli surface tension
Expanding the alveoli to allow gas exchange
INDICATION:
Replacement of surfactant in neonates with RDS
62
63. 6. LUNG SURFACTANTS
Onset of action begins immediately after instillation
into the neonate’s trachea
ADVERSE EFFECTS:
PDA, hypotension, IVH, pneumothorax,
hyperbilirubinemia, sepsis
63
64. 6. LUNG SURFACTANTS
NURSING CONSIDERATION:
Monitor neonate continuously during administration and
prepare life support measures
Ensure proper placement of the endotracheal tube to
provide adequate delivery of the drug
Suction the infant before administering the drug.
64
65. 7. MAST STABILIZERS
ACTION:
Cromolyn
inhibit histamine release to prevent allergic response when
respiratory tract is exposed to potential allergens
Neodocromil
Inhibits mediators of inflammatory cells such as
eosinophil, neutrophils, macrophage and mast cells thereby
blocking the overall inflammatory response
65
66. 7. MAST STABILIZERS
Cromolyn
Active in lungs, most of the inhaled dose is excreted during
exhalation
Neodocromil
Excreted unchanged in urine
66
67. 7. MAST STABILIZERS
NURSING CONSIDERATION:
Caution against discontinuing the drug abruptly
May cause rebound adverse effects
Administer oral drugs 30 minutes before meals and at
bedtime
to promote relief from symptoms of asthma
Advise not to wear soft contact lenses if cromolyn eye
drops are used
Cause stain
67
69. Instruct to blow nose gently
Have client lie down with head tilted back ward over the edge
of the bed.
Young children and infants, hold the head over the edge of the bed or
pillow; “football” hold to immobilize the infant
Draw medication from dropper and hold dropper above the
nostril to instill the medication
Have the client turn to the other side and repeat the process
on the other nostril
Instruct to remain in that position for 2-3min, to allow the
drops to reach the nasal mucosa.
69
70. Instruct to blow nose gently
Have client sit upright
Block the client’s right/left nostril
Hold spray bottle and shake. Immediately after
shaking, insert tip of the bottle into the open nostril
Ask the client to inhale through the open nostril as you
squeeze a puff of spray at the same time
70
71. If the medication is a suspension, shake the canister
to disperse and mix the active bronchodilator with
the propellant
Open client’s mouth and place the canister outlet 2-
4 inches in front of the mouth. This space will allow
the propellant to evaporate and will prevent large
particles from settling in the mouth
Activate the metered dose inhaler and instruct the
client to inhale deeply for 10 seconds to open the
airways and disperse the drug
71
72. Instruct to hold breath, and exhale slowly so that the
drug will reach the p.tissue
If prescribed, repeat the procedure after 2-3min. The
use of small dose with 2-3 inhalations enhances deposition
of the drug in the smaller airways.
Rinse mouth taking inhalers
Cleanse the apparatus according to manufacturer’s
instructions.
72