Definition of prescription, Types, Difference between them.
Analyzing some prescriptions and their errors, comparing them with an ideal one.
Methods we should take to minimize those errors.
Basic principles of compounding and dispensing (Prescription) MANIKImran Nur Manik
Weight, measure and units calculation for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operation in compounding. Good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing. Containers and closures for dispensed products. Responding to prescription, labeling of dispensed medications.
Definition of prescription, Types, Difference between them.
Analyzing some prescriptions and their errors, comparing them with an ideal one.
Methods we should take to minimize those errors.
Basic principles of compounding and dispensing (Prescription) MANIKImran Nur Manik
Weight, measure and units calculation for compounding and dispensing. Fundamental operation in compounding. Good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing. Containers and closures for dispensed products. Responding to prescription, labeling of dispensed medications.
Pharmacy compounding - Importance, Non sterile compounding and Sterile compounding, Regulations of US Pharmacoepia, Compounded Products
For any suggestions and questions regarding this ppt please comment below.
Many nurses have difficulty with drug calculations. Mostly because they don’t enjoy or understand math. Practicing drug calculations will help nurses develop stronger and more confident math skills. Many drugs require some type of calculation prior to administration. The drug calculations range in complexity from requiring a simple conversion calculation to a more complex calculation for drugs administered by mcg/kg/min. Regardless of the drug to be administered, careful and accurate calculations are important to help prevent medication errors. Many nurses become overwhelmed when performing the drug calculations, when they require multiple steps or involve life-threatening drugs. The main principle is to remain focused on what you are doing and try to not let outside distractions cause you to make a error in calculations. It is always a good idea to have another nurse double check your calculations. Sometimes nurses have difficulty calculating dosages on drugs that are potentially life threatening. This is often because they become focused on the actual drug and the possible consequences of an error in calculation. The best way to prevent this is to remember that the drug calculations are performed the same way regardless of what the drug is. For example, whether the infusion is a big bag of vitamins or a life threatening vasoactive cardiac drug, the calculation is done exactly the same way.
Pharmacy compounding - Importance, Non sterile compounding and Sterile compounding, Regulations of US Pharmacoepia, Compounded Products
For any suggestions and questions regarding this ppt please comment below.
Many nurses have difficulty with drug calculations. Mostly because they don’t enjoy or understand math. Practicing drug calculations will help nurses develop stronger and more confident math skills. Many drugs require some type of calculation prior to administration. The drug calculations range in complexity from requiring a simple conversion calculation to a more complex calculation for drugs administered by mcg/kg/min. Regardless of the drug to be administered, careful and accurate calculations are important to help prevent medication errors. Many nurses become overwhelmed when performing the drug calculations, when they require multiple steps or involve life-threatening drugs. The main principle is to remain focused on what you are doing and try to not let outside distractions cause you to make a error in calculations. It is always a good idea to have another nurse double check your calculations. Sometimes nurses have difficulty calculating dosages on drugs that are potentially life threatening. This is often because they become focused on the actual drug and the possible consequences of an error in calculation. The best way to prevent this is to remember that the drug calculations are performed the same way regardless of what the drug is. For example, whether the infusion is a big bag of vitamins or a life threatening vasoactive cardiac drug, the calculation is done exactly the same way.
DRUG DOSAGE CALCULATION IN PEDIATRICS BY MANISHA THAKURManisha Thakur
DRUG DOSAGE CALCULATION IN PEDIATRICS:
PEDIATRIC DOSAGE DIFFERENT FROM ADULTS
FORMULAS: YOUNG, CLARK, DILLING, FRIED RULES
BASED ON AGE, BASED ON BODY SURFACE AREA, WEIGHT
EXAMPLES.
DRUG DOSAGE CALCULATION
DAILY FLUID REQUIREMENT
CALCULATION OF DRIP RATE
INFUSION PUMP FLOW RATE CALCULATION.
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Narrated Business Proposal for the Philadelphia Eaglescamrynascott12
Slide 1:
Welcome, and thank you for joining me today. We will explore a strategic proposal to enhance parking and traffic management at Lincoln Financial Field, aiming to improve the overall fan experience and operational efficiency. This comprehensive plan addresses existing challenges and leverages innovative solutions to create a smoother and more enjoyable experience for our fans.
Slide 2:
Picture this: It’s a crisp fall afternoon, driving towards Lincoln Financial Field. The atmosphere is electric—tailgaters grilling, fans in Eagles jerseys creating a sea of green and white. The air buzzes with camaraderie and anticipation. You park, join the throng, and make your way to your seat. The stadium roars as the Eagles take the field, sending chills down your spine. Each play is a thrilling dance of strategy and skill. This is what being an Eagles fan is all about—the joy, the pride, and the shared experience.
Slide 3:
But now, the day is marred by frustration. The excitement wanes as you struggle to find a parking spot. The congestion is overwhelming, and tempers flare. The delays mean you miss the pre-game excitement, the tailgate camaraderie, and even the opening kick-off. After the game, the joy of victory or the shared solace of defeat is overshadowed by the stress of navigating out of the parking lot. The gridlock, honking horns, and endless waiting drain the energy and joy from what should have been an unforgettable experience.
Our proposal aims to eliminate these frustrations, ensuring that from arrival to departure, your experience is extraordinary. Efficient parking and smooth traffic flow are key to maintaining the high spirits and excitement that make game days special.
Slide 4:
The Philadelphia Eagles are not just a premier NFL team; they are an integral part of the community, hosting games, concerts, and various events at Lincoln Financial Field. Our state-of-the-art stadium is designed to provide a world-class experience for every attendee. Whether it's the thrill of game day, the excitement of a live concert, or the camaraderie of community events, we pride ourselves on delivering a fan-first experience and maintaining operational excellence across all our activities. Our commitment to our fans and community is unwavering, and we continuously strive to enhance every aspect of their experience, ensuring they leave with unforgettable memories.
Slide 5:
Recent trends show an increasing demand for efficient event logistics. Our customer feedback has consistently highlighted frustrations with parking and traffic. Surveys indicate that a significant number of fans are dissatisfied with the current parking situation. Comparisons with other venues like Citizens Bank Park and Wells Fargo Center reveal that we lag in terms of parking efficiency and convenience. These insights underscore the urgent need for innovation to meet and exceed fan expectations.
Slide 6:
As we delve into the intricacies of our operations, one glaring issue emer
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Results for LtCol Thomas Jasper, Marine, for the 2010 Marine Corps Marathon held October 31, 2010, marking the 35th annual marathon known as "The People's Marathon."
An impressive finishing time of 3:46:39, placing 324th in the Male division ages 40-44.
2. DEFINITIONS
• Posology
– the pharmacological study of drug
dosage.
– The study of dosage quantity and
prescription.
3. Usual Recommended dose
– the amount of drug that will ordinarily
produce the effect for what is intended.
4. •Minimum dose
- the smallest dose of drug that produces
therapeutic effect.
•Maximum dose
-the largest dose that can safely administered.
Ex. Acetaminophen
10 to 15 mg/kg/dose
5. Toxic dose
•amount of drug that cause harmful effect.
Lethal dose
•amount of substance that will cause death.
6. Single dose
- to be taken at one time.
Daily dose
- amount to be taken in 24 hour period.
7. Maintenance dose
- amount to be taken to maintain the therapeutic effective
dose.
Loading dose
- first dose given to achieve maintenance drug level
quickly.
9. System of Measurement
1. Metric System
– Most widely used system of measurement
– A decimal system based on the power of ten
– Units:
• Gram (weight)
• Liter (volume)
• Meter (length)
10. System of Measurement
2. Apothecary System
– Uses Roman numerals to express quantity
– Old system of measurement
– Uses:
• minim = liquid
• Grains = solid
11.
12. System of Measurement
3. Household System
– Not as accurate as metric system due to lack of
standardization of spoons, cups and glasses
– Teaspoon (tsp) = liquid
– Pound (lb) = solid
13.
14. System of Measurement
ml- milliliter
cc- cubic centimeter
gm- gram
mg- milligram
gr- grain
mEq- milliequivalent
mcg- microgram
15. GENERAL METHODS
FOR DRUG CALCULATION
1. BASIC FORMULA
2. RATIO& PROPORTION
3. FRACTIONAL EQUATION
4. BODY WEIGHT
5. BODY SURFACE AREA
16. 1. Basic Formula:
DxV=A
H
D- desired dose
(drug dose ordered by health care provider)
H- on-hand
(stock on hand/on label of container)
V- vehicle
( Q- quantity/drug form in which drug comes)
A- Amount calculated to be given to client
18. Paracemol 500mg. Q 4 hour Round the Clock
(RTC) p.o. The stock on hand is 250mg/5ml in
60ml bottle. How many ml should be
administered?
DxV=A
H
500 mg x 5 ml =
250 mg
10 ml
20. 3. Banophen 50mg. TID p.o.
a. How many tablet will you give in 1 dose?
b. How many tablets will you give in a day?
21. 2. Ratio and Proportion
H : V = D : x
Where:
H = drug on hand (available)
V = vehicle/drug form (capsule/tablet/liquid)
D = desired dose (as ordered)
x = unknown amount to give
22. Example
Order:
Cefdinir (3rd gen cephalosporin) 100 mg PO q.i.d
*How many mL should the client receive?
23. Order:
Cefdinir (3rd gen cephalosporin) 100 mg PO q.i.d
*How many mL should the client receive?
Solution:
H : V = D : X
250mg : 5mL = 100mg : xmL
24. • Your drug order is for morphine sulfate 5 mg, IV, q3h, PRN. The
drug is available as morphine sulfate 10 mg/mL. Your instructions
are: infuse morphine sulfate 5 mg; not to exceed 10 mg/4mins
– How many mL equal morphine sulfate 5 mg?
– What is the number of minutes to administer morphine sulfate?
Solution:
• a. 0.5 ml
• b. 2 min
27. Order:
Ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO q12h
*how many tablets should the client receive?
Solution:
H=D 750mg = 500mg
V X 1 tablet x
750(x) = 500
x = 0.67 tablets
28. 4. Body Weight (BW)
• Allows individualization of the drug dose
• Involves 3 steps:
1. Convert pounds to kg
– 1 Kg = 2.2 lbs
2. Determine drug dose per BW
– Drug dose x body weight = clients dose per day
3. Follow basic formula, R & P
29. Example
Order:
Fluorouracil (5-FU), 12 mg/kg/day IV, not to exceed 800 mg/day. The
adult weighs 132 lb.
1. Convert pounds to Kg :
132/2.2 = 60kg
2. mg x kg = client’s dose:
12 x 60 = 720 mg/kg/day
Answer:
fluorouracil 720 mg/kg/day
30. 5. Body Surface Area (BSA)
• Most accurate to calculate drug dose for:
– Infants
– Children
– Older adults
– clients who are on antineoplastic agents
– low body weight
• In m2, determined by where the person’s height and weight intersect
the nomogram scale.
• To calculate the drug dosage using the method, multiply the drug
dose by # of square meters.
31. Example
Order:
Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) 100 mg/m2/day, IV; available dosage is 200mg;
client’s height is 70 inches, weight is 160 lbs.
1. 70 inches and 160 lbs intersect the nomogram scale at 1.97 m2 (BSA).
2. 100 mg x 1.97 = 197mg
Answer:
Administer cyclophosphamide 197 mg/day
32. Example
The doctor has ordered an antibiotic whose average adult dose is 250
mg per day. What would the dosage for this medication be on a
child who has a length of 120 cm and weight of 40 kg?
Determine the BSA.
33.
34.
35. The doctor has ordered an antibiotic whose average adult dose is 250 mg per day. What would the dosage
for this medication be on a child who has a length of 120 cm and weight of 40 kg?
Child dose :
surface area in sq m (m2) x ave adult dose (mg)
1.73
Solution:
1.2 m2 x 250 mg
1.73
= 173 mg of medication
would be given.
36. Pediatric considerations
Fried’s rule
– applies to the child younger than 1 year of age.
Child’s dose:
infant age (months) X adult average dose
150 months
38. Pediatric considerations
Clark’s Rule
– Uses the child’s weight to calculate the appropriate
dose and assumes that the adult dose is base on 150
lb person.
Child’s dose:
child’s weight (pounds) X adult average dose
150 lbs (pounds)
39. Calculation of Intravenous Fluid
– 3 different methods
– gtt/min
METHOD I: Three-Step
METHOD II: Two-Step
METHOD III: One-Step
40. Calculation of Intravenous Fluid
• METHOD I: Three-Step
Step 1:
Amt of soln = mL/hr
hrs o administer
Step 2:
mL per hr = ml/min
60 minutes
Step 3:
Ml/min x gtt/ml = gtt/min
41. Calculation of Intravenous Fluid
• METHOD II: Two-Step
Step 1:
Amnt of fluid = ml/hr
Hrs to administer
Step 2:
mL per hr x drops per mL = gtt/min
60 mins
42. Calculation of Intravenous Fluid
• METHOD III: One-Step
Amnt fluid x gtt/mL = gtt/min
Hrs to admin x min/hr
43. Drop factors:
Macro drip – 15/60
Micro drip – 60/60
No. of drops/min= no. of fluids (cc) X drop factor
no. of hours X 60
No of hours= no. of fluids (cc) X drop factor
no. of drops/min X 60
44. • Your drug order is for 1000mL of D5/0.5NSS to run for 8
hours.
– Would you used macrodrip or microdrip IV set?
– Calculate the drops per minute (gtt/min) using the 2-step method
45. Example:
No. of drops/min= no. of fluids (cc) X drop factor
no. of hours X 60
1. D5LR 1L for 12 hours. The drop factor is 15gtts/ml. Compute for
the no. of drops/min.
gtts/min= 1000cc X 15
12 hour X 60
20gtts/min.
46. 2.No. of Hour
No of hours= no. of fluids (cc) X drop factor
no.of drops/min X 60
D5LR 1L at 2ogtts/min. The IV set delivers at 15gtts/ml. Compute for the no. of
hours consumed.
No. of hour= 1000cc X 15
20gtts/min X 60
12 hours = answer
50. Frequency
• OD = once a day • PRN = as needed
• BID = twice a day • H.S = hour of Sleep
• TID = Thrice a day • STAT = immediately
• QID = Four times a day • ASAP = as soon as possible
• Q4hr = every 4 hours • QD = everyday
• Q6hr = Every 6 hours • QOD = every other day
• Q8hr – Every 8 hours • D
• Q12hr = every 12 hour