Patient Counseling is defined as providing medication information Orally or in written form to the patients or their representatives on directions of use, on side effects, precautions, storage, diet, life style modifications.
In this slides included clinical pharmacy introduction and pharmaceutical care, also explanation about the goals and objectives of the clinical pharmacy requirements
Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties. Adulteration in simple words is the debasement of an article. OR Adulteration is broadly defined as admixture or substitution of original or genuine article/ drug with inferior, defective or otherwise useless or harmful substances.
ADULTRANT : The adulterant must be some material which in both cheap and available in fairly large amounts.
Patient Counseling is defined as providing medication information Orally or in written form to the patients or their representatives on directions of use, on side effects, precautions, storage, diet, life style modifications.
In this slides included clinical pharmacy introduction and pharmaceutical care, also explanation about the goals and objectives of the clinical pharmacy requirements
Adulteration is a practice of substituting original crude drug partially or whole with other similar looking substances but the latter is either free from or inferior in chemical and therapeutic properties. Adulteration in simple words is the debasement of an article. OR Adulteration is broadly defined as admixture or substitution of original or genuine article/ drug with inferior, defective or otherwise useless or harmful substances.
ADULTRANT : The adulterant must be some material which in both cheap and available in fairly large amounts.
Laws are rules of legal binding on all persons in a state or nation.
Ethics is related to attitude and morality.
3 pillars for laws and ethics
The appearance of the premises should reflect the professional character of Pharmacy
In Every Pharmacy there should be Q.P .(RPh)
Drugs and other ingredients should be purchased from reputed source.
A pharmacist should not make any attempt to capture the business of fellow competitor by offering unfair discounts
A pharmacist should not show any such emotion on his face
A Pharmacist is a link between medical professionals and public.
A pharmacist should provide efficient and reasonable comprehensive and pharmaceutical services through the medical store or pharmacy.
Introduction to dosage regimen and Individualization of dosage regimenKLE College of pharmacy
Introduction of Dosage regimen, Approaches for design of dosage regimen, Individualization, Advantages, Dosage in neonates, Geriatrics, Renal and Hepatic impaired Patients.
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
pharmacist patient education and counseling Hemat Elgohary
Lack of sufficient knowledge about their health problems and medications cause of patients’ non-adherence to their pharmaco-therapeutic regimens and monitoring plans so pharmacist need to have skills and knowledge to improve patient adherence and reduce medication-related problems
Laws are rules of legal binding on all persons in a state or nation.
Ethics is related to attitude and morality.
3 pillars for laws and ethics
The appearance of the premises should reflect the professional character of Pharmacy
In Every Pharmacy there should be Q.P .(RPh)
Drugs and other ingredients should be purchased from reputed source.
A pharmacist should not make any attempt to capture the business of fellow competitor by offering unfair discounts
A pharmacist should not show any such emotion on his face
A Pharmacist is a link between medical professionals and public.
A pharmacist should provide efficient and reasonable comprehensive and pharmaceutical services through the medical store or pharmacy.
Introduction to dosage regimen and Individualization of dosage regimenKLE College of pharmacy
Introduction of Dosage regimen, Approaches for design of dosage regimen, Individualization, Advantages, Dosage in neonates, Geriatrics, Renal and Hepatic impaired Patients.
Introduction to clinical pharmacy, Concept and Objectives of clinical pharmacy, Function and responsibilities of clinical pharmacist, Clinical Pharmacy services.
pharmacist patient education and counseling Hemat Elgohary
Lack of sufficient knowledge about their health problems and medications cause of patients’ non-adherence to their pharmaco-therapeutic regimens and monitoring plans so pharmacist need to have skills and knowledge to improve patient adherence and reduce medication-related problems
osmotic and secretory diarrhea. acute and chronic diarrhea. small bowel and large bowel diarrhea. amoebic and bacillary dysentery. investigation. treatment.
If you are seeking data about "Control of special classes of dru ",this assignment will be helpful to you and provide more and more information about different potential drugs and medicine with their uses .So hope that assignment will be beneficial for everyone. Please forgive my mistake .
Regulatory Requirements For New Drug Approval.
This topic is from Industrial Pharmacy-II, B.Pharm Final year VIIth semester.
It include rule and regulations related to new drug approval for clinical use.
Dosage Form Design
5
th Grade Pharmacy Students
2
nd Semester
Dr. Khalid Al-Kinani
Main Reference: Ansel’s Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and DDS. 11th
edition.
1.1 Pharmacology- An Introduction
The word pharmacology is derived from two Greek words, pharmacon meaning a drug, and logos meaning an opinion or reason. It can be defined as
“The science which deals with the history, source, physical properties, chemical properties, compounding, biochemical effects, physiological effects, mechanism of action, absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, therapeutic and other uses of drugs, is called pharmacology.”
“The study of a substance that interacts with the living system through chemical processes especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activates or inhibits normal body processes”
“The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease.”
Drug:
The word drug comes from Drogue meaning a dry herb. A drug can be defined as:
“A substance, material or product used for the purpose of diagnosis, prevention and relief of symptoms or cure of disease.”
WHO defines drug as:
“A substance, material or product used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological processes or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient.”
General Features of a Drug:
• Variability in molecular size
• Variability in shape
• Variability in chemical nature
• Variability in lipid/water partition coefficient
• Variability in degree of ionization
• Physical Properties
• Variability in molecular size
Smaller sized molecules are easily absorbed than larger molecules. Normally the molecular weight is between 100-1000 but may be higher or lower. Streptokinase is an example of large molecular weight drug while lithium or nitric oxides are of small molecular weight.
• Variability in shape
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. DRUG EVALUATION
Process of classifying drugs as either
therapeutic or non-therapeutic and are
approved by a governing agency
2
3. DRUG APPROVAL PROCESS
1. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) - US
Agency in-charge of monitoring the use of drugs as well
as its development.
2. Bureau of Food and Drug Administration (BFAD)
– Philippines
Concerns of these agencies are 2-fold:
Whether the drugs are effective
Whether the drug is safe for human use
3
4. Drugs for approval should pass
through
4 Stages of New Drug
Development.
4
5. Stages of New Drug Development
1. Preclinical Study
2. Clinical Study
1. Phase I
2. Phase II
3. Phase III
3. New Drug Application (NDA) review
4. Post Clinical Study
5
6. Stages of New Drug Development
1. Preclinical Study
Starts with the discovery, synthesis and
purification of drug
Functions:
To know if with therapeutic value
Safe in animals
6
7. Stages of New Drug Development
2. Clinical Study
“testing in humans” stage.
3 phases:
Phase I
○ Tested in small # of healthy volunteers.
○ Initial info on the effects in humans
Phase II
○ Tested in small, selected population (10-150 subjects)
○ To evaluate the therapeutic effect in treating specific disease/pathologic condition.
Phase III
○ More cients (several hundredths-thousands)
○ Provides info on proper dosing and safety.
7
8. Stages of New Drug Development
3. New Drug Application (NDA) Review
the drug is submitted to FDA for new drug
application.
8
9. Stages of New Drug Development
4. Post Clinical Study
Known as “postmarketing surveilance”
Final stage of drug approval process
It surveys the drug’s harmful effects.
9
13. Drug Classifications
2. Physiologic/ Chemical Action
Examples:
1. Beta-adrenergic blockers
○ management of cardiac arrhythmias
○ block the action of epinephrine and norepinephrine
○ Ex. propanolol
13
14. Drug Classifications
2. Physiologic/ Chemical Action
Examples:
2. Anticholinergics
○ inhibit parasympathetic nerve impulses
responsible for the involuntary movements of smooth (GI, urinary, etc)
○ Ex. Atropine sulfate
14
15. Drug Classifications
2. Physiologic/ Chemical Action
Examples:
3.Cholinergics
○ drug that functions to enhance the effects mediated
by acetylcholine
4. Calcium channel blockers
○ to decrease blood pressure
○ Antiepileptics
○ Ex. Dihydropyridine
15
17. Drug Classifications
4. Non-prescription (Non-Ethical) Drugs
Drugs available over the counter
Not requiring any prescription for use
Can be purchased directly by consumer
Used to treat relatively minor problems and conditions
Judged to be safe for used by the consumer without direct medical
supervision
17
18. Drug Classifications
5. Illegal Drugs
Use for non-therapeutic purposes.
Also referred as “recreational drugs”
Drugs not approved by FDA/BFAD
18
25. #5
Amphetamines
affecting the amount of dopamine and serotonin in the brain
25
26. #4
Ecstasy
Psycho therapeutic drug
produces euphoria and a feeling of well being, decreased levels of fear
and anxiety and a physical stimulant and sensational effect in users.
26
31. Drug Standards and Legislation
Drug Standards
The United Pharmacopoeia National Formulary (USP NF)
○ the current authoritative source for drug standards (revised every 5 years by a
group of experts in nursing: pharmaceutics, pharmacology, chemistry, and
microbiology)
○ Drugs included in the USP-NF have the standards for:
therapeutic use
client safety
quality
purity
strength
packaging
dosage form
31
32. Drug Standards
International Pharmacopoeia – first published in 1951
by WHO
○ provides basis for standards in strength and
composition of drugs worldwide
○ published in English, Spanish, and French (revised
every 5 years)
32
33. FEDERAL LEGISLATION
Purpose – to ensure safety (drugs that are impure, toxic, ineffective, or not
tested before public sale)
do not include drug effectiveness and drug safety
1938: Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
empowered a governing body—the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and
Cosmetic Act of 1938
Purpose: to monitor and regulate the manufacture and marketing of drugs
FDA’s responsibility is to ensure that all drugs are tested for harmful effects,
have labels with accurate information, drug literature that explains adverse
effects
33
34. FEDERAL LEGISLATION
1952: Durham-Humphrey Amendment
amendment to the FDA and Cosmetic Act of 1938
distinguished between drugs that be sold with or without
prescription and those that should not be refilled without a new
prescription (ex. Narcotics, hypnotics, or tranquilizers; must be
labeled)
It also specified that all other drugs are approved for use to be
considered non-prescription drugs
34
35. 1962: Kefauver-Harris Amendment
tightened controls on drug safety, especially experimental drugs, and required
that adverse reactions and contraindications must be labeled and included in
the literature
it added requirements that both prescription and non-prescription drugs be
shown to be effective as well as safe
thalidomide tragedy1950 – pregnant European women who took the
sedative-hypnotic thalidomide during their first trimester of pregnancy gave
birth to infants with extreme limb deformities.
35
36. A German pharmaceutical company, Chemie Grünenthal at Stolberg,synthesized thalidomide in
West Germany in 1953.
It had accidentally been discovered during a search for cheap antibiotics, but was soon marketed
with little evidence as a sedative.
In 1961 the drug was found to be harmful to the unborn children of pregnant women
36
37. 1978: Drug Regulation Reform Act
This reform act shortened the time in which new drugs could be
developed and marketed.
1992: Drug Relations Act
The regulations were changed to increase the approval rates of drugs
used to treat AIDS and cancer
The pharmaceuticals pay a users fee at the time they file the
application for the new drugs (for FDA approval process).
37
38. 1997: The Food and Drug Administration Modernization Act
5 Provisions included in this act:
Review and use of new drugs is accelerated.
Drugs can be tested in children before marketing.
Clinical trial data is necessary for experimental drug for serious or life-
threatening health conditions.
Drug companies are required to give information on “off-label” drugs (non-
FDA approved drugs) and their uses and costs
Drug companies that plan to discontinue drug must inform health
professionals and clients at least 6 months before stopping drug production
38
39. LEGAL REGULATIONS OF DRUGS
1. Pregnancy Categories
Reviews drug labeling information on
pregnancy and risk effects to the fetus
39
40. Drug Pregnancy Categories
CATEGORY A: No risk to fetus. Studies have not shown evidence for fetal harm.
CATEGORY B: No risk in animal studies, and well-controlled studies in pregnant
women are not available. It is assumed there is little to no risk in pregnant
women.
CATEGORY C: Animal studies indicate a risk to the fetus. Controlled studies on
pregnant women are not available. Risk versus benefit of the drug must be
determined.
CATEGORY D: A risk to the human fetus has been proven. Risk versus benefit
of the drug must be determined. It could be used in life-threatening conditions.
CATEGORY X: A risk to the human fetus has been proven. Risk outweighs the
benefits and drug should be avoided during pregnancy.
40
41. LEGAL REGULATIONS OF DRUGS
2. Controlled Substances
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 known
as “Controlled Substance Act”
○ To improve the administration and regulation of manufacturing,
distribution, and dispensing of drugs found necessary to be controlled
○ Consist of 5 classifications or schedules of controlled substance
○ The degree of control, the condition of record keeping, and the particular
order form required, and other regulation depends on these
classifications.
41
42. LEGAL REGULATIONS OF DRUGS
2. Controlled Substances
Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
Organize to enforce the Controlled Substance Act
To gather intelligence, train and conduct research in the
area of dangerous drug and drug abuse
42
43. LEGAL REGULATIONS OF DRUGS
3. Generic Drugs
Drug which is produced and distributed without patent
protection.
Drugs which may still have a patent on the formulation but not
on the active ingredient
It must contain the same active ingredients as the original
formulation
Identical/bioequivalent to the brand name counterpart since
these drugs should be identical in dose, strength, route of
administration, safety, efficacy and intended use.
43
44. LEGAL REGULATIONS OF DRUGS
4. Orphan Drugs
Drugs that have been discovered but not
financially viable and therefore have not
been “adopted” by any drug company.
44
45. Drug Nomenclature
Chemical Name
describes the drug’s chemical structure
Chemical constitution of the drug & the exact placing of its atoms or molecular
groupings.
Generic Name (nonpropriety names)
Common name or non-proprietary name for the drug
○ this name is not owned by any pharmaceutical (drug) company and is
universally accepted
Brand Name or Trade Name (proprietary name)
○ also chosen by the drug company and is usually a registered trademark owned
by that specific manufacturer
○ Uses the symbol ®
45
46. Drug Name
Chemical Name:
0-[(2S)-3-mercapto-2-
methylpropionyl]-L-
proline[MW217.29]
Generic Name:
captopril
Trade Name:
Capoten
Official Name:
captopril
46
47. Drug Uses
1. Symptomatic treatment.
ANTI-EMETIC DRUGS
2. Preventive drug
helps the body avoid disease.
VACCINES & TOXOIDS
3. Diagnostic drugs
help the physician determine whether a disease is present
4. Curative drugs
eliminate the disease.
ANTICANCER AGENT & ANTIBIOTICS
5. Health maintenance drugs
help the body to function normally.
VITAMINS & MINERALS
6. Contraceptive drugs
prevent pregnancy.
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES/SPERMICIDAL AGENTS
47
48. Properties of Ideal Drug
1. Effectiveness:
A drug that elicits the response it was meant to.
It is the most important property.
No effect=no justification of use (FDA approved with
appropriate experiments).
48
49. Properties of Ideal Drug
2. Safety:
Pharmakon = poison in Greek
Safe even at high concentrations and for long periods of administration
(no such thing as a safe drug)
○ Reduced by proper administration (iv, im, sc, etc…)
○ No habit forming aspects
○ No side effects
( excessive dosage of opoid analgesics carries a risk of respiratory failure, cancer
drugs increase infections, aspirin causes gastric ulcer etc…)
49
50. Properties of Ideal Drug
3. Selectivity:
One that elicits only the response for which it is given
Selective for specific reaction with no side effects (there is no such thing)
○ Drowsiness can be caused by antihistamines
○ Morning sickness, cramps, and depression can be caused by oral
contraceptives
○ Constipation, urinary hesitance, and respiratory depression can be
caused by morphine
50
51. Additional Properties of Ideal Drug (no drug is ideal!)
1. Reversible action
Effects be reversible, i.e., removal/subside w/i
specific time (1/2 life is short but potent during that
time)
Example: General Anesthetic; Contraceptives
51
52. Additional Properties of Ideal Drug (no drug is
ideal!)
2. Predictability
Know how patient will respond
3. Ease of Administration
Number of doses should be low and easy to administer
increase compliance & decrease errors
○ Diabetic patient: Multiple daily injection of insulin
○ Intravenous infusion
52
53. Additional Properties of Ideal Drug (Continued)
4. Freedom from drug interactions
Should not augment or decrease action of other drugs or have
adverse combined effects
○ Respiratory depression caused by diazepam (Valium), which
is normally minimal, can greatly be intensified by alcohol.
○ Antibacterial effects of Tetracycline can be greatly reduced
by taking iron or calcium supplements
53
54. Additional Properties of Ideal Drug (Continued)
5. Low Cost
Easy to afford (especially with chronic illness)
○ Growth hormone (somatrem) costs between $10,000
and $20,000
○ Lifelong medication: hypertension, arthritis, diabetes
54
55. Additional Properties of Ideal Drug (Continued)
6. Chemical Stability
No lose of effectiveness with storage
7. Possession of a simple generic name
Easy to remember and pronounce
○ Example: Viagra (sildenafil); Tylenol (acetaminophen)
55
56. Because No Drug is Ideal……..
Because no drug is ideal…….
No medications are ideal
No drug is safe
All drugs produce side effects
Drug responses may be difficult to predict
Drugs may be expensive
Drugs may be hard to administer
All members of health care team must exercise care to
promote therapeutic effects and minimize drug induced
harm
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57. Therapeutic Objective
To provide maximum benefit
with minimum harm
Factors that determine Intensity of Response
Administration- dosage size and route
Pharmacokinetic processes
Pharmacodynamics
Individual Variations
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58. Therapeutic Objective
1. Administration- dosage size and route
- Because of errors in administration routes and dosage and at wrong time
there are many discrepancies in what patient gets and could cause more
harm than good
- Errors could be made by pharmacists, physicians, or nurses
- Should give patients complete instruction about their medication and how
to take it
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59. Therapeutic Objective
2. Pharmacokinetic processes
- Determines how much of an administered dose
gets to its sites of action
○ 1) drug absorption
○ 2) drug distribution
○ 3) drug metabolism
○ 4) drug excretion
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61. Therapeutic Objective
(continued)
3. Pharmacodynamics
pharmacodynamic processes determine the type of response and
intensity
Once a drug has reached its site of action, it must first bind to its specific
target site at (RECEPTOR)
Receptor
may be a chemical, a protein on a cell or in blood or tissue spaces, or on a
bacteria or virus
Ex. heparin, antibody, leukotriene receptor (new), penicillin, etc
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62. Therapeutic Objective
(continued)
3. Pharmacodynamics
Series of events that result in response such as inhibition of:
1. Clotting
2. Peptidoglycan synthesis
3. Inflammation
4. Blocking of virus
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63. Therapeutic Objective
(continued)
4. Sources of individual variation
Each patient is unique in ability to respond and to how they each
respond, but formation of “IDEAL DRUG” will lessen this variation
○ Age- very important factor
○ Sex- due to hormonal differences
○ Weight
less effective and longer lasting in obese individuals (storage in fat)
○ Kidney & liver functions - elimination of drug
○ Genetic variables- tolerance, allergy (though not always genetic)
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65. Summary
To promote desired effects and minimize adverse
effects, we need to understand
Pharmakokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
In addition
○ Sources of individual variation in drug response
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66. Key Points
The most important properties of an ideal drug are:
effectiveness, safety, and selectivity.
If the drug is not effective, it should not be used.
There is no such drug as safe drug: all drugs can cause harm.
There is no such thing as selective drug: all drugs can cause
side effects.
The objective of drug therapy is to provide maximum benefit
within minimum harm.
Because all patients are unique, drug therapy must be tailored
to each individual.
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67. ASSIGNMENT
GIVE 5 EXISTING LAWS (INTERNATIONAL & LOCAL)
REGARDING FOOD AND DRUG
REGULATION/ADMINISTRATION. THEN, MAKE A REACTION
(AT LEAST 200 WORDS).
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68. ASSIGNMENT
RA 9165
THE COMPREHENSIVE DANGEROUS DRUGS ACT OF 2002
FURNISH A COPY OF THE LAW
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF SUCH LAW AS A NURSING STUDENT AND
AS A CITIZEN OF THE COUNTRY?
2. HOW CAN YOU CONTRIBUTE TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LAW AS A
HEALTH CARE PROVIDER? CITE EXAMPLES IN THE COMMUNITY AND
HOSPITAL SETTING
3. HOW CAN YOU APPLY THIS REPUBLIC ACT TO YOUR SELF AS A CITIZEN?
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