this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
this presentation gives the knowledge about the decongestants are a type of medication that can provide short relief for a blocked nose ................
My all and slides mostly try to simplify pharmacy knowledge. Any time you are free to connect me. It's my pleasure to help you to get simplified pharmacy concepts. You may suggest topics needs to simplify the terminolog
this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
My all and slides mostly try to simplify pharmacy knowledge. Any time you are free to connect me. It's my pleasure to help you to get simplified pharmacy concepts. You may suggest topics needs to simplify the terminolog
this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that is characterized by increased responsiveness of the tracheobranchial tree to a variety of stimuli resulting in widespread spasmodic narrowing of the air passages which may be relieved spontaneously or by therapy.
Cough is a protective reflex, its purpose being expulsion of respiratory secretions or foreign particles from air passages.
It occurs due to stimulation of mechano or chemoreceptors in throat,
respiratory passages or stretch receptors in the lungs.
Act peripherally in the respiratory tract to reduce tussal impulses.
They aim to control rather than eliminate cough.
Many H-1 anti histamines have been conventionally added to antitussive /expectorant formulations.
Antihistamines afford relief in cough due to their sedative and Anticholinergic actions but lack selectivity for cough centre.
Analeptics stimulate respiration and can have resuscitative value in
Coma or fainting.
They stimulate respiration in sub convulsive doses,
but margin of safety is narrow.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
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ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
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How to Give Better Lectures: Some Tips for Doctors
Expectorants and anti tussives
1. Expectorants
(Mucokinetics)
"Expectorants are oral drugs that are increase bronchial
secretion or reduce its viscosity, facilitating its removal by
coughing simply they enhance the clearance of mucus."
3. Bronchial secretion enhancers
• Potassium iodide secreted by bronchial glands and can irritate the airway mucosa are
considered to increase bronchial secretion by salt action If potassium iodide given
externally for prolong use can affect thyroid function and produce iodism.
• Guaiphenesin, vasaka, tolu balsum are plant products enhance bronchial secretion
and mucociliary function.
• Ammonium salts are nauseating - reflex increase respiratory secretions so US-FDA
has stopped marketing of all expectorants, except guaiphenesin.
• Now a days steam inhalation and proper hydration may be more helpful in clearing
airway mucus
4. Mucolytics
• Several agents can reduce the viscosity of sputum in vitro but clinical studies in
chronic bronchitis, asthma, and bronchiectasis not showing much activity.
• Mucolytic drugs (ex-derivatives of cysteine) reduce the disulphide bridges that bind
glycoproteins to other proteins such as albumin and secretory IgA.
• These drugs also act as antioxidants and may therefore reduce airway inflammation.
• Only N-acetylcysteine (MUCOMYST. others) is available in the U.S.; carbocysteine,
methyl cysteine, erdosteine, and bromhexine are available elsewhere.
5.
6. Antitussives
"These are drugs that act in the CNS to raise the threshold of
cough center or act peripherally in the respiratory tract to
reduce tussal impulses, or both these actions."
7. Introduction
• Actually cough is a common symptom of airway disease, but its mechanisms are
poorly understood. Viral infections of the upper respiratory tract are the most
common cause of cough; post-viral cough is usually self-limiting and commonly
patient-medicated.
• Antitussives should be used only for dry nonproductive cough or if cough is unduly
tiring, disturbs sleep or is hazardous (hernia, piles. cardiac disease, ocular surgery).
• Before treatment with antitussives, it is important to identify underlying causal
mechanisms that may require therapy.
9. Opioids
• "Opiates have a central mechanism of action on µ opioid receptors in the
medullary cough center, they may have additional peripheral action on cough
receptors in the proximal airways.“
• Codeine and pholcodine are commonly used derivatives in post-viral cough
but they produces side effects like sedation and constipation.
• Morphine and methadone are effective but indicated only for intractable
cough associated with bronchial carcinoma.
10.
11. Nonopioids derivatives:
• "These are the agents used in reducing cough without causing any
hallucinations or narcotic action it less abuse potential.“
Noscapine,
Dextromethorphan,
Chlophedianol.
12.
13. Antihistamines
• Many H1 antihistamines have been conventionally added to antitussive/
expectorant formulations.
• They relieves cough due to their sedative and anticholinergic actions, but lack
selectivity for the cough centre.
• They have no expectorant property, may even reduce secretions by
anticholinergic action.
• They have been specially promoted for cough in respiratory allergic states,
though their lack of efficacy in asthmatic conditions.
14. Antihistamines
• Chlorpheniramine (2-5 mg).
• Diphenhydramine (15-25 mg) and
• Promethazine (15-25 mg:
• PHENERGAN 5 mg/5 ml elixir)
• Second generation antihistamines like fexofenadine, loratadine, etc. are
ineffective.
15. Peripherally acting antitussives
• Prenoxdiazine In contrast to other antitussives, it acts peripherally:
• It desensitizes the pulmonary stretch receptors and reduces tussal impulses
originating in the lungs.
• It is indicated in cough of bronchial origin.
• Efficacy, however, is not impressive.
16. Bronchodilators
• Bronchospasm can induce or aggravate cough. Stimulation of pulmonary
receptors can trigger both cough and bronchoconstriction, especially in
individuals with bronchial hyperreactivity.
• Bronchodilators relieve cough in such individuals and improve the
effectiveness of cough in clearing secretions by increasing surface velocity of
airflow during the act of coughing.
• Fixed dose combinations of a centrally acting antitussive with a
bronchodilator or with an antihistaminic having high atropinic activity.