This document discusses the development of the periodic table and periodic trends. It explains that early scientists like Aristotle proposed that matter is made of earth, water, air and fire. [It then summarizes key contributors like] Dmitri Mendeleev who published the first recognizable periodic table and organized elements by atomic mass, noticing that elements with similar properties recur at regular intervals. The document also discusses how the periodic table is arranged based on the atomic structure of elements and how properties vary periodically based on proton number and the filling of electron shells.

1. MODULE 4:
MATTER AND MATERIALS

3.  Earth:
 Water:
 Air:
 Fire:
 Aether:

6.  Wrote the first
chemistry textbook
 Contained a list of 33
elements

7.  Formulated the law of
triads

8.  1862
 Wrote the elements on a piece
of ribbon
 Ordered elements by atomic
weight
 Rolled ribbon into a cylinder with
16 units circumference
 Noticed that elements with
similar properties were aligned
vertically
 Called it the “telluric helix”

10. Modern day Telluric Helix: Alexandre Arrangement

11.  Formulated the Law of Octaves

12.  Law of octaves fail beyond Calcium
John Newlands was told that his arrangement was as
arbitrary as arranging the elements alphabetically
and his paper was rejected for publication

13.  Published the first version of
the periodic table
 Formulated the periodic law

14. “I saw in a dream a table where all the elements fell
into place as required. Awakening, I immediately
wrote it down on a piece of paper”
– Dimitri Mendeleev

15. Sb
51
121,76
Te
52
127,60
I
53
126,91
Ar
18
39,95
K
19
39,10
Ca
20
40,08
 “Corrected” the atomic
weights if it caused the
element to be placed in
the wrong group

16. Property Eka-aluminium Gallium
Atomic mass 68 69.72
Density (g/cm³) 6.0 5.904
Melting Point (°C) Low 29.78
Oxide's Formula
Ea2O3 (density:
5.5 g/cm³)
(soluble in both
alkalis and acids)
Ga2O3 (density:
5.88 g/cm³)
(soluble in both
alkalis and acids)
Chloride's
Formula
Ea2Cl6 (volatile) Ga2Cl6 (volatile)

19.  Recognised relationship
between x-ray wavelength and
nuclear charge
 Also predicted new elements

20.  Was sent to serve as foot
soldier in WWI before his
research was finished
 Was killed by a snipers
bullet
 Britain now assign non-
combat duties to their
scientists during war time

21.  Co-discovered 10 new
elements
 In 1944 he moved the
actanoids out of the main
body of the periodic table
to its current position

22. “This is the greatest
honour ever bestowed
upon me – greater even, I
think, than winning the
Nobel Prize.”
– Glenn T. Seaborg

43. I

49. I

50. I
II

52. I
II III

53. I
II III IV

54. I
II III IV V

55. I
II III IV V VI

56. I
II III IV V VIVII

57. I
II III IV V VIVII
VIII

58. I
II III IV V VIVII
VIII

59. I
II III IV V VIVII
VIII

60. I
II III IV V VIVII
VIII

61. I
II III IV V VIVII
VIII

62. I
II III IV V VIVII
VIII

63.  The chemical and physical properties of elements
 Periodicity:

64. Increase
 Decrease from left to right (increase from right to
left)
 Increase from top to bottom

65. The distance between the nucleus
and the outer most stable orbital

66.  Decrease from left to right
3p+
e-
5p+
e-
e-
e-4p+
e-
e-

67.  Increase from top to bottom

68. 2p+
e- e-4p+
e-
e- e-e- 12p+
e-
e- e-
e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-e-
e-e-

69. 12p+
e-
e- e-
e-
e-
e-
e-e-
e-e-
e-e-
e-
e-
 Outer e- attracted
by nucleus
 Outer e- repelled
by inner e-
 Experience a
smaller net
attractive force
 Inner e- “shields”
outer e- from
nucleus

70. The energy required to remove an
electron from an atom
12p+
e- e- e-
e-e-
e-
e-e-
e-e-
e-
e-
MgMg+

71.  Increases from left to right
 Decreases from top to bottom
Increase

72.  Increase from left to right

73.  Decrease from top to bottom

74.  Borons ionization energy is less than that of
Beryllium

75.  Oxygen has a lower ionization energy than
Nitrogen