The document describes the Department of Urology at Government Royapettah Hospital and Kilpauk Medical College in Chennai, India. It provides information on the moderators of the department, a brief history of pyeloplasty techniques, indications for pyeloplasty, goals of the procedure, factors to consider before surgery, principles of pyeloplasty, preoperative preparation and imaging, surgical approaches including open, laparoscopic and robotic techniques, and descriptions of various open pyeloplasty techniques including Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty and Foley's V-Y plasty.
Dr Ho Siew Hong shared his experience on how to perform the ideal puncture for PCNL in a lecture to Asian urologists during the Advanced Urology Course 2008 in Singapore
Dr Ho Siew Hong shared his experience on how to perform the ideal puncture for PCNL in a lecture to Asian urologists during the Advanced Urology Course 2008 in Singapore
The surgical treatment of an injury or defect within the urethra's walls is known as urethroplasty. The three most frequent factors leading to urethral damage that needs to be repaired are trauma, iatrogenic injury, and infections. The gold standard treatment for urethral strictures is urethroplasty, which has a lower recurrence rate than dilatations and urethrotomies. Although recurrence rates are higher for this challenging treatment group, it is likely the only effective treatment option for chronic and severe strictures.
Urethroplasty is not regarded as a small procedure, taking three to eight hours on average in the operating room. Between 20% and 30% of urethroplasty patients may benefit from the ease of going under the knife for a shorter period of time and going home the same day. On average, hospital stays last two to three days. Seven to ten days may be needed for hospitalization for more complicated surgeries.
Fewer than ten percent of patients experience significant complications after urethroplasty, while complications, particularly recurrences, are more frequent in long and complex strictures.
Every upcoming surgeon practising minimal access surgery should know the basics of urology , so that he or she can put his or her,s capabilities as a surgeon
The surgical treatment of an injury or defect within the urethra's walls is known as urethroplasty. The three most frequent factors leading to urethral damage that needs to be repaired are trauma, iatrogenic injury, and infections. The gold standard treatment for urethral strictures is urethroplasty, which has a lower recurrence rate than dilatations and urethrotomies. Although recurrence rates are higher for this challenging treatment group, it is likely the only effective treatment option for chronic and severe strictures.
Urethroplasty is not regarded as a small procedure, taking three to eight hours on average in the operating room. Between 20% and 30% of urethroplasty patients may benefit from the ease of going under the knife for a shorter period of time and going home the same day. On average, hospital stays last two to three days. Seven to ten days may be needed for hospitalization for more complicated surgeries.
Fewer than ten percent of patients experience significant complications after urethroplasty, while complications, particularly recurrences, are more frequent in long and complex strictures.
Every upcoming surgeon practising minimal access surgery should know the basics of urology , so that he or she can put his or her,s capabilities as a surgeon
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
3. HISTORY
1891 - Kuster- divided the ureter and re-anastomosed it to pelvis
1892 - Fenzer – principle of Heineke-Mikulicz – transverse closure of longitudinal incision
1916- Schwyzer – flap technique
1937 – Foley –V-Y plasty
1943- Davis – intubated ureterotomy
1949 - Anderson & Hynes anastomosis of spatulated ureter to a projection of lower aspect
of renal pelvis
1951-Culp & Deweerd – spiral flap
1953-Scardino &Prince - vertical flap
3
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
4. INDICATIONS
Presence of symptoms from obstruction
Impairment of overall renal function
More than 10 % difference in the split renal function
Progressive loss of function
Development of stones, infection or hypertension with obstruction
4
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
5. GOALS
Relief of symptoms
Preservation and improvement of renal function
5
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
6. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE
Presence or absence of crossing vessels
Degree of hydronephrosis
Renal pelvis size
Level of ipsilateral and overall function
Presence of anomalies
Stones
6
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
7. PRINCIPLES OF PYELOPLASTY
Widely patent
Watertight
Tension free
Funnel shaped transition between pelvis and ureter
Dependent drainage
7
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
9. PREOPERATIVE RGP
Identify precisely the position of the UPJ
Aide in the placement of the incision
Rules out concomitant distal obstruction
9
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
10. SURGICAL APPROACHES
Open
Standard flank incision
Anterior subcostal incision
Posterior lumbotomy approach
Laparoscopic
Robotic
10
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
11. ANTERIOR EXTRAPERITONEAL APPROACH
POSITION: Supine with a roll
placed transversely beneath the
patient to elevate the flank
Subcostal incision - Made from
the edge of the rectus muscle to
just below the tip of the 12th rib
11
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
12. ANTERIOR EXTRAPERITONEAL APPROACH
Minimal mobilization of renal pelvis and proximal ureter
Valuable in bilateral disease
Valuable in previous flank incision
Other congenital anomalies
12
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
13. POSTERIOR LUMBOTOMY APPROACH
POSITION: Prone with rolled towels to elevate chest
and abdomen with legs and arms lying lower than the
back
INCISION:
Vertical incision lateral to the paraspinal muscles
with the 12th rib and bony pelvis as the upper and
lower limits.
Curvilinear / horizontal incision midway between
the two bony structures made parallel to the skin
lines 13
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
14. POSTERIOR LUMBOTOMY APPROACH
Direct exposure to PUJ
Thin patients
No previous surgery
14
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
15. FLANK APPROACH
Incision made from the tip of
12th rib anteriorly to the lateral
edge of the rectus muscle
following the skin lines
15
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
16. FLANK APPROACH
Subcostal approach through bed of 12th rib
Avoid injury to subcostal nerve
Advantages:
Familiar
Excellent exposure
16
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
17. SURGICAL EXPOSURE
Skin incision
Dissection through three muscle/fascial layers: External oblique, Internal
oblique and transversus abdominis
Protect Intercostal nerves
Transversalis fascia dissected from underlying Gerota’s fascia and peritoneum
Peritoneum medialised
Gerota’s fascia opened vertically as far posteriorly as possible
Expose renal hilum
No need for complete mobilisation of the kidney
Pelvis cleaned of the fat to expose UPJ
17
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
18. OPEN SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
Anderson Hynes Dismembered pyeloplasty
Foley’sV-Y plasty
Culp DeeWerd spiral flap plasty
Scardino Prince vertical flap plasty
Davis intubated ureterotomy
Ureterocalicostomy
Fenger’s plasty 18
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
19. BASIC SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
Identification of proximal ureter
Preserve Blood Supply
Ureter dissected cephalad to renal pelvis leaving a large amount of
periureteral tissue
Ensure orientation
Marking stitch of fine suture placed on lateral aspect of the proximal
ureter below obstruction
Medial and lateral aspects of the dependent portion of the renal pelvis
marked with sutures 19
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
20. BASIC SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
Excise pathologic UPJ tissue
Proximal ureter is spatulated on its lateral aspect
Watertight anastomosis - Full thickness fine interrupted or running
absorbable sutures, through the ureteral and renal pelvis
Anastomoses over a stent
Reduction pyeloplasty if renal pelvis is exceptionally redundant
20
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
21. ANDERSON HYNES DISMEMBERED PYELOPLASTY
Borne out of necessity in the repair of a retrocaval ureter
(Anderson and Hynes,1949)
21
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
22. DISMEMBERED PYELOPLASTY
ADVANTAGES:
The ureteral insertion is high on the pelvis or already dependent.
Excision of the pathologic UPJ and appropriate repositioning
Permits reduction of a redundant pelvis or straightening of a tortuous proximal
ureter.
Transposition of the UPJ can be achieved when the obstruction is due to accessory
or aberrant lower pole vessels.
Complete excision of the anatomically or functionally abnormal UPJ 22
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
23. DISMEMBERED PYELOPLASTY
NOT IDEAL IN CASES OF
Lengthy strictures
Multiple proximal ureteral strictures
Small pelvis
Inaccessible intrarenal pelvis.
23
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
24. DISMEMBERED PYELOPLASTY
Traction sutures are placed to maintain
proper orientation for the subsequent
repair.
Medial and lateral aspects of the
dependent portion of the renal pelvis
Lateral aspect of the proximal
ureter, below the level of obstruction.
24
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
26. DISMEMBERED PYELOPLASTY
Proximal ureter is spatulated on its lateral aspect.
The apex of this lateral, spatulated aspect of the
ureter is then brought to the inferior border of the
pelvis
The medial side of the ureter is brought to the
superior edge of the pelvis.
26
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
27. DISMEMBERED PYELOPLASTY
Anastomosis performed with fine interrupted
or running absorbable sutures placed full
thickness through the ureteral and renal pelvis
walls in a watertight fashion.
27
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
28. REDUCTION PYELOPLASTY
Excising the redundant portion
between traction sutures.
Cephalad aspect of the pelvis is then
closed with running absorbable suture
down to the dependent portion
Dependent aspect of the pelvis is then
anastomosed to the proximal ureter.
28
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
29. When aberrant or
accessory lower
pole vessels are
present,
dismembered
pyeloplasty allows
transposition of the
UPJ in relation to
the vessels
29
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
30. FOLEYV-Y PLASTY
Indication
High insertion of ureter
Contra indications
Crossing vessels
Redundant pelvis
30
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
31. Base of theV is
positioned on the
dependent, medial aspect
of the renal pelvis and the
apex at the UPJ.
The incision from the
apex of the flap, which
represents the stem of
the y, is then carried along
the lateral aspect of the
proximal ureter well into
an area of normal caliber.
FOLEYV-Y PLASTY
31
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
32. • The apex of the pelvic flap is brought
to the most inferior aspect of the
ureterotomy incision.
• The posterior walls are then
approximated using interrupted or
running fine absorbable suture &
anastomosis is completed with
approximation of the anterior walls of
the pelvic flap and ureterotomy. 32
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
33. CULP-DEWEERD SPIRAL FLAP
Large readily accessible extra renal pelvis
Dependent ureteral insertion
Long segment proximal ureteral narrowing or stricture
Contraindications
In cases of high ureteral insertion
Aberrant vessel crossing
33
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
34. CULP-DEWEERD SPIRAL FLAP
Base situated obliquely on the dependent aspect of the
renal pelvis.
Base of the flap is positioned anatomically lateral to the
UPJ, between the ureteral insertion and the renal
parenchyma.
The flap is spiraled posteriorly to anteriorly or vice
versa.
The anatomically medial line of incision is carried down
completely through the obstructed proximal ureteral
segment into normal-caliber ureter. 34
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
35. CULP-DEWEERD SPIRAL FLAP
Once the flap is developed, the apex is rotated down to
the most inferior aspect of the ureterotomy.
The anastomosis is then completed, usually over an
internal stent.
35
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
36. CULP-DEWEERD SPIRAL FLAP
The site of the apex for the flap is determined by the length of flap
required to bridge the obstruction.
The longer the segment of proximal ureteral obstruction, the farther
away is the apex because this will make the flap longer.
To preserve vascular integrity of the flap, the ratio of flap length to width
should not exceed 3 : 1. 36
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
37. SCARDINO PRINCEVERTICAL FLAP
Used when a dependent ureteropelvic
junction (UPJ) is situated at the medial margin
of a large, box-shaped extrarenal pelvis
37
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
38. SCARDINO PRINCEVERTICAL FLAP
Base of the vertical flap is situated on the dependent aspect of
the renal pelvis, between the UPJ and the renal parenchyma.
The flap is formed by two straight incisions converging from
the base vertically up to the apex on either the anterior or the
posterior aspect of the renal pelvis.
The position of the apex determines the length of the flap
The medial incision of the flap is carried down the proximal
ureter completely through the strictured area into normal-
caliber ureter 38
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
39. SCARDINO PRINCEVERTICAL FLAP
The apex of the flap is rotated down
to the most inferior aspect of the
ureterotomy.
The flap is then closed by
approximating the edges with
interrupted or running fine
absorbable sutures.
39
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
40. DAVIS INTUBATED URETEROTOMY
Lengthy or multiple ureteral strictures
associated with PUJ obstruction
40
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
41. INTUBATED URETEROTOMY
Spiral flap is
developed
The apex of the flap is then
brought as far down as
possible
The distal aspect of the
ureterotomy is left open
to heal secondarily by
ureteral regeneration
41
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
42. INTUBATED URETEROTOMY
Require routine nephrostomy tube
drainage to prevent postoperative
urinoma
Antegrade nephrostogram after 6 weeks
Ureteral stent removed after 6 weeks if
no extravasation
42
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
43. URETEROCALICOSTOMY
Small Intrarenal pelvis
Rotational anomalies – Horseshoe kidney etc
Salvage technique for failed pyeloplasty
43
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
44. URETEROCALICOSTOMY
Ureter is first identified
Dissected proximally with a generous amount
of periureteral tissue
Attempt to identify pelvis may be difficult
Kidney mobilised to gain access to lower pole
44
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
45. URETEROCALICOSTOMY
Parenchyma overlying the lower pole
calyx resected
Proximal ureter spatulated &
ureterocalyceal anastomosis done
over an internal stent
First suture at the apex of ureteral
spatulation and lateral wall of calyx
Second suture 180 degrees away
45
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
46. URETEROCALICOSTOMY
Remainder by interrupted open suture
technique
Nephrostomy tube can also be
considered
46
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
47. URETEROCALICOSTOMY
Renal capsule closed over cut surface
But not over the anastomosis
Anastomosis covered with
perinephric fact or peritoneal or
omental flap
47
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
48. FENGER’S PYELOPLASTY
Small renal pelvis and no crossing
vessels.
Heineke-Mikulicz principle
Long incision along the anterior
renal pelvis and proximal ureter,
ending about 1 cm below the
obstructed area.
Apex of the incision on the renal
pelvis to the inferior apex of the
incision on the proximal ureter
48
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
49. SPLASH PYELOPLASTY
Few multiple small cuts on convex border of pelvis
To relieve tension on anastomosis
Heal by secondary intention
49
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
51. NEPHROPLICATION
Plicating sutures through anterior, lateral and
posterior surface
For efficient drainage of collecting system
51
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
52. NEPHROPEXY
Lower pole sutured to posterolateral
abdominal muscles
Infero-pelvicalyceal angle ≈ 90 degrees
Pelvi-ureteric angle ≈180 degree
52
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
53. LAPAROSCOPIC APPROACH
First introduced in 1993 by Schuessler and colllegues
Techniques:
Standard transperitoneal
Retroperitoneal
Anterior extraperitoneal
Laparoendoscopic single site surgery (LESS)
Robotic assisted approach
53
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
54. ADVANTAGES
Lower patient morbidity
Shorter hospitalization
Faster convalescence
Reported success rates matches that of open pyeloplasty(≥90%)
54
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
55. LAPAROSCOPIC APPROACH
DISADVANTAGES
Greater technical complexity
Steeper learning curve
Absolute contraindications
Uncorrected coagulopathy
Active urinary tract infection
Presence of cardiopulmonary compromise 55
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
56. LAPAROSCOPIC APPROACH
UPJO
Failed endopyelotomy
Anatomical abnormalities
Crossing vessels
Extremely dilated pelvis
Small intra renal pelvis
Multiple intra abdominal surgeries
IDEAL IN UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS
56
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
57. LAPAROSCOPIC APPROACH
Cystoscopy with RGP
Placement of ureteral stent and urethral Foley catheter
45 degree lateral decubitus position
57
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
58. TROCAR PLACEMENT
Conventional three midline trocars
A 10/12-mm trocar is placed at the umbilicus.
The second port (5 mm) is placed midway
between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus.
A third trocar is located midway between the
umbilicus and the symphysis pubis
In obese individuals – all trocars placed laterally
58
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
59. TROCAR PLACEMENT
A 10/12-mm trocar is placed at the
umbilicus.
The second port (5 mm) is placed
midway between the xiphoid process and
the umbilicus.
A third trocar in anterior axillary line at
the level of umbilicus
59
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
61. TRANSPERITONEAL APPROACH
Patient is placed in 70° lateral position without kidney bridge elevation
A 30° telescope may be preferable for better view from different angles
Additional port (5–10 mm convertible) is inserted in the epigastrium or
flank for the retraction or suction if the redundant bowel disturbs the
vision or there is collection
61
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
62. The line ofToldt is incised with
either a hook dissector or
ultrasonic shears.
Colon is reflected medially
until the ureteropelvic junction
and part of the pelvis is well
seen
Pelvis and UPJ are adequately
mobilised.
Stay suture is taken through the pelvis
to stabilise it and avoid frequent
unwanted movements of the
instrument
A nylon suture on a straight needle is
used for this purpose.The suture is
brought out through the flank.
62
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
63. TRANSMESOCOLIC APPROACH
In left sided UPJ obstruction in children and in thin adults
Once the mesocolon is incised, the bulging pelvis can be pulled into the
peritoneal cavity provided that the mesocolic arterial arcade is wide
ADVANTAGES
No need for colonic mobilisation.
Very good illumination as there is not much of raw area with blood clots
UPJ can be quickly accessed.
The mean operative time is reduced by about 15–20 min.
Occasional problem in this approach is injury to left colic vessel.
63
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
64. TRANSMESOCOLIC APPROACH
Bulging pelvis seen through
the mesocolon
Incision of the mesocolon over
the bulge, preserving the
mesocolic vessels
Pelvis seen through the
mesocolic window
64
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
65. RETROPERITONEAL APPROACH
With the patient in the 90° lateral positions, and without the kidney bridge elevated, the
primary (camera) port is inserted by open technique in the renal angle i.e. lateral to erector
spinae just below the tip of 12th rib.
A 1.5 cm long incision is made.
A haemostat is introduced to split the muscles and the lumbodorsal fascia.
The index finger is introduced through the wound into the retroperitoneal space to push
away the peritoneum anteriorly, thus enlarging the potential space.
The space is inflated to the required volume (150–600 ml according to the built and age of
patient) using balloon technique.
Alternatively commercially available balloon trocars can be used directly.
65
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
66. Initial retroperitoneal dissection anterior to psoas
Port placement (Right PUJ obstruction)
Ureter and gonadal vein seen in the retroperitoneum Pelvis dissected and pevi ureteric junction delineated
66
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
67. RETROPERITONEOSCOPIC APPROACH
The first landmark to be identified is the psoas muscle.
Dissection along this plane easily leads to the ureter.
If the Gerota’s fascia with perinephric fat is extensive over the UPJ, it
may be incised (or excised) for free movement of the hand instruments.
A preplaced stent or guidewire in ureter makes identification of ureter
easier (gonadal vessel may be mistaken for ureter).
67
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
68. POSTOPERATIVE CARE
Urethral foley removed after 48 hrs
External drain removed after 12 - 24 hrs following catheter removal
Internal ureteral stents : 4-6 weeks after surgery
If nephrostomy tube – nephrostogram 7-10 days postoperatively
68
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
69. COMPLICATIONS
Anastomotic urine leak
Retroperitoneal urinoma formation
Postoperative ileus – laparoscopic
Bleeding
Infection
Failure – 15% for secondary 5% for primary
69
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
70. Can occur within the 24hrs
Observation
Drain lasting more than 5-7 days should be
investigated
POST PYELOPLASTY LEAK
70
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
71. INCREASED DRAIN OUTPUT
Anastomotic leak
Malpositioned drain
Obstructed or malpositioned
stent
CT scan can help in assessment of
stent positioning
Creatinine level of the drain fluid
is higher than the plasma
creatinine
71
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
72. POST PYELOPLASTY LEAK
Maintain the foley catheter - reduces chance of reflux and thereby reduces leak
First be sure position of drain is not in contact with pelvis - Withdraw or shorten
the drain
If drain lasts more than a week investigate - CT UROGRAM
Done to demonstrate the site of leak
Position of the stent and drain
Additional Drainage – Nephrostomy is placed
STENT MALPOSITION – Repositioning of stent 72
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
73. FOLLOW UP
Stent removal 6 weeks after surgery
Diuretic renal scan 1 month following stent removal
Every 4 to 6 months for 2 years.
Failures usually occur within the first year postoperatively.
73
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
74. POORLY FUNCTIONING KIDNEY
Differential function < 20%
PCN
Assess for recoverability
Function improves > 20%
Pyeloplasty
Differential function < 20% or
deteriorates
Nephrectomy 74
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
75. “SALVAGE” PROCEDURES
Failed open pyeloplasty is a challenging problem
Initial approach should be an endourological procedure
Flap or dismembered techniques could be attempted if endoscopic
approach fails
Technically toughest
Wide mobilisation as much as possible is required
75
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
76. “SALVAGE” PROCEDURES
Other options :
Ileoureteral
Pyelovesicostomy
Autotransplantation
In extreme cases where the opposite kidney is normal – Nephrectomy
can be considered.
76
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
77. HORSE SHOE KIDNEY
ECTOPIC KIDNEY
DUPLICATED COLLECTING SYSTEM
PUJO IN ANOMALOUS KIDNEYS
77
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
78. HORSESHOE KIDNEY - PUJO
High insertion of ureter
Increased likelihood of crossing
aberrant vessels
But not all dilatation is due to
PUJO
Ureter course anterior to
isthmus -mild increased resistance
to urine flow
78
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
79. HORSESHOE KIDNEY - PUJO
IVU/CT UROGRAM
3-D CT is very useful in planning
Calyceal orientation
Vascular relationships
79
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
80. Anterior subcostal extraperitoneal approach.
Dismembered usually done
Non - dismembered (foleyY-V ) -Easy
Isthmus division – Rarely indicated
Allows both kidneys to be rotated into normal position for improved
drainage from pelvis.
PYELOPLASTY IN HORSE SHOE KIDNEY
80
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
82. ECTOPIC KIDNEYWITH PUJO
50% of ectopic kidneys are hydronephrotic
40% of cases due to PUJO
IVU/CT UROGRAM
RGP
DIURETIC RENOGRAM
82
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
83. PUJO IN PARTIAL DUPLICATED SYSTEM
MC – Lower moiety
PYELOURETEROSTOMY
83
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
85. COMPLETE DUPLICATION WITH PUJO
When there is marked
hydronephrosis of the lower-
pole moiety, particularly if the
UPJ is difficult to expose, then a
ureterocalicostomy may be
performed
85
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
86. COMPLETE DUPLICATION WITH PUJO
Ureteropyelostomy
Ureter which needs to be
excised is dissected till the
bladder or as low as possible
and divided.
Refluxing ureters need
complete excision to prevent
stump syndrome.
Single sheath reimplantation
86
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
87. DUPLICATION WITH PUJO
NONFUNCTIONING MOIETY
If the lower pole is poorly
functioning, a lower-pole
heminephrectomy is appropriate.
87
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
88. DUPLICATION WITH PUJO
NONFUNCTIONING MOIETY
If a dysplastic upper pole segment
is present, owing to an ectopic
ureter or ureterocele, it may be
excised at the time of the lower
pole repair.
Alternatively, an upper to lower
pole ureteropyelostomy may be
performed at the time of the lower
pole pyeloplasty 88
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
89. SECONDARY PUJO
SEVEREVUR (grade 4,5)
Kinking of tortous ureter at
relatively fixed PUJ
Stone related scarring
Iatrogenic instrumentation
89
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
90. FACTORS
LEADINGTO
SECONDARY
PUJO IN HIGH
GRADEVUR
High grade reflux result in kinking of
upper ureter and adjacent UPJ
Chronic reflux may stretch the renal
pelvis and result in atonicity of pelvis
UTI – result in inflammation and
ureteritis and contribute to transient
or chronic obstruction at UPJ
90
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
92. VUR ASSOCIATEDWITH PUJO
Correct upper tract obstruction first
InitialVUR correction - Amplifies the upper tract dilatation during the
phase of post operative edema in lower ureter
Simultaneous management ofVUR & PUJO have negative impact on
ureter vascularity
Pyeloplasty can be combined with endoscopic injection of bulk agents
inVUJ 92
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.
93. OUTCOME & PROGNOSIS
Degree of obstruction
Duration of obstruction
Primary or secondary obstruction
Function of the affected kidney
Anatomic considerations
Expertise of the treating surgeon
Overall success
rate > 90%
93
DEPT OF UROLOGY, GRH AND KMC, CHENNAI.