This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the urinary bladder. It describes the bladder's location, shape, relations to surrounding structures, blood supply, innervation, and histological layers. Key points include that the bladder is a hollow, retroperitoneal organ located in the pelvis that stores and empties urine. It has multiple ligaments attaching it to surrounding structures. The document also summarizes the normal filling and voiding functions of the lower urinary tract and the roles of the detrusor muscle, urethral sphincter, and neural control.
location, length, and relation of right an left ureter, raletion of male an female ureter, n physiological site of ureteric constriction, bloo supply an inerve supply of ureter, clinical sinificance of ureter with hysteriectpomy
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
HUMAN ANATOMY
regional anatomy
regional anatomy of pelvic
changsha medical university lecture
csmu lecture by an chen
uploaded by Prabesh raj jamkatel
pelvics
location, length, and relation of right an left ureter, raletion of male an female ureter, n physiological site of ureteric constriction, bloo supply an inerve supply of ureter, clinical sinificance of ureter with hysteriectpomy
Anatomy of urinary bladder. surfaces, border of urinary bladder its relation , ligament support, peritoneal relation in male and females, pouches, blood supply of bladder, nerve supply of bladder, true and false ligament of urinary bladder,
HUMAN ANATOMY
regional anatomy
regional anatomy of pelvic
changsha medical university lecture
csmu lecture by an chen
uploaded by Prabesh raj jamkatel
pelvics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
2. Moderators:
Professors:
Prof. Dr. G. Sivasankar, M.S., M.Ch.,
Prof. Dr. A. Senthilvel, M.S., M.Ch.,
Asst Professors:
Dr. J. Sivabalan, M.S., M.Ch.,
Dr. R. Bhargavi, M.S., M.Ch.,
Dr. S. Raju, M.S., M.Ch.,
Dr. K. Muthurathinam, M.S., M.Ch.,
Dr. D. Tamilselvan, M.S., M.Ch.,
Dr. K. Senthilkumar, M.S., M.Ch.
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai. 2
3. ➢Hollow, retroperitoneal organ
➢Pyramidal in shape
➢Capacity about 400-500ml
➢When empty bladder, tetrahedral in shape
➢Apex, base, superior, two inferolateral surface, &
neck
3
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
4. RELATIONS
➢Apex - pointed anterior
- lies behind upper
margin of pubic
symphysis
- connected to
umbilicus by umbilical
ligament
4
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
5. ➢Base (posterior) -triangular
- superolaterally joins by the ureter
- inferior angle rise to urethra
- two vas lie side by side on posterior
- upper part- covered by peritoneum, forms
ant wall of rectovesical pouch
- lower part – seperates from rectum by
seminal vesicles & recto vesical fascia
5
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
7. ➢Superior ;
covered with peritoneum
when bladder fills , bladder becomes
contact with anterior abdominal wall
➢ Inferolateral-
related to front of retro pubic, perivesical pad of
fat & loose connective tissue- SPACE OF RETZIUS
7
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
9. ➢Neck-
lies inferiorly
rests on prostate
held in positions – puboprostatic ligament
➢ Interior-
mucous membrane are thrown into folds-
empty bladder,
disappears on full bladder
9
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
10. LIGAMENTS OF BLADDER
➢TRUE LIGAMENTS
1. Median umbilical ligament( Urachus) -
dome of bladder to umbilicus
2. Lateral umbilical ligament - lateral wall of
bladder to tendinous arch of pelvic fascia
3. Medial umbilical ligament – inguinal ligament
( OBLITERATED UMBILICAL ARTERY)
4. Medial & lateral Pubo prostatic ligament -
pelvic wall to prostate gland
10
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
12. ➢False ligaments
Superior false ligament – course the urachus
Lateral false ligament - bladder to wall of
pelvis
Lateral superior ligament – covers the medial
umbilical ligaments
Posterior ligament - around rectum to ant
aspect of sacrum
12
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
13. PERITEONAL RELATIONS
➢Covers superior &
posterior surface of
bladder
➢Continues along surface
of bladder as
rectovesical pouch of
douglas
13
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
14. TRIGONE
➢ Triangle of smooth urothelium between two
ureteric orifice and internal urethral meatus
➢ Firmly adherent to muscular coat
➢ superior angle- corresponds to ureteric orifice
➢ inferior angle – internal urethral orifice
➢ muscular thickened between ureteric orifice –
INTERURETERIC CREST or MERCIER BAR
➢ between ureters and internal urethral meatus
BELL MUSCLE
14
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
15. ➢ Three distinct layers
➢ SUPERFICIAL-
derived from longitudinal
layers of ureteric smooth
muscle and inserts to
verumontenum.
➢ DEEP –
Continues from waldeyer’s
sheath(fibroelastic tissue)
which inserts into bladder
neck.
15
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
16. ➢ Detrussor layers –
from outer longitudinal
& middle circular and inner longitudinal.
These fibers form a network that enables coor-dinated
emptying of the bladder.
Longitudinal fibers are continuous with the prostatic
urethra.
The circular fibers form the internal urethral sphincter.
16
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
17. URETEROVESICAL JUNCTION
➢ Spiral fibres of ureter becomes longitudinally
& enchased in waldeyer’s sheath
➢ enters the bladder postero inferiorly course about
2 cm as intramural ureter & terminates at ureteric
orifice
➢ unique anatomy of intramural ureter & trigone
contributes intrisinic continence, prevents UV reflex
17
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
18. BLOOD SUPPLY
ARTERIAL
- Superior & inferior vesical artery
through 1. Lateral
2. Posterior pedicle
- branch of internal iliac artery
multiple other branches arising from the hypogastric
artery also contribute to the vascular pedicles of the
bladder,
18
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
20. 1.Superior vesical artery :
-supplies the superior part of bladder
2.Inferior vesicle artery:
-supplies the lower ureter ,bladder base , prostate
and the seminal vesical in male
-in female supply the ureter ,bladder base and
vagina
3.Trigone is mainly supplied by
-vesiculo-deferential artery in male
-uterine artery in female
20
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
21. VENOUS
-The veins form a plexus within these pedicles and drain
to the internal iliac vein
LYMPHATIC
-lymphatics from the bladder start in the lamina propria
layer and then drain largely to the external iliac lymph
nodes, with some drainage to the internal iliac and
obturator lymph nodes as well.
significant cross-drainage of lymphatics from the
bladder, with drainage to both sides of the pelvis .
21
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
22. Peripheral Nerve Supply
Somatic (S2-S4)
Pudendal nerves
Excitatory to external
sphincter
Parasympathetic (S2-S4)
Pelvic nerves
Excitatory to bladder,
relaxes sphincter
Sympathetic (T10-L2)
Hypogastric nerves to
pelvic ganglia
Inhibitory to bladder body,
excitatory to bladder
base/urethra
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
23. Efferent fibers come from the anterior portion of the pelvic plexus.
The bladder has a high density of parasympathetic cholinergic nerve
endings, with relatively little sympathetic innervation.
There are also nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) fibers that
innervate the bladder and are thought to use purines as
neurotransmitters (Yoshida et al., 2001).
The bladder neck has dense alpha 1-receptors in males, enabling
closure of the bladder neck for antegrade ejaculation and aiding
continence.
Nitric oxide synthase containing neurons can also be found in the
bladder neck and trigone, which may promote relaxation during
micturition.
The afferent nerves from the bladder travel with the hypogastric
plexus to reach the dorsal root ganglia in the spine.
23
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
24. HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE
➢Urothelium
- lined by transitional epithelium
- characterized by outer layer of umbrella
cells sealed closely together communicate
via tight junctions
➢ Lamina propria
- connective tissue
24
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
30. Bladder compliance (C) is defined as the change in
volume (V) relative to the corresponding change in
intravesical pressure (P).
C = ΔV/ΔP
When there is decreased compliance of the bladder
(steep filling curve), it may be the result of multiple
factors including (1) fast filling rate; (2) change in
composition of the bladder wall (e.g., more
collagen, less elastin); (3) hyperactivity of the
smooth muscle; and (4) a combination of any of
these factors.
30
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
31. Neural pathway
Pelvic parasympathetic nerves arise at the sacral level
of the spinal cord, excite the bladder, and relax the
urethra.
Lumbar sympathetic nerves inhibit the bladder body
and excite the bladder base and urethra.
Pudendal nerves excite the EUS.
Afferent fibers innervate the LUT via pelvic,
hypogastric (lumber splanchnic), and pudendal nerves
31
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
37. Bladder in Filling Phase
Bladder accommodation –
passive
dependent on visco-elastic property
Increase in collagen leads to decreased compliance
37
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
38. Outlet in Filling phase
“Guarding reflex”
Urethral wall tension is not only a product of Smooth
and striated muscle but also of the elastic, collagenous,
and vascular components of the urethral wall
soft or plastic inner layer capable of being compressed
to a closed configuration
“Mucosal seal mechanism”
38
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
39. Bladder in Voiding phase
inhibition of the spinal somatic and sympathetic
reflexes
activation of the vesical parasympathetic pathways
the organizational center is in the rostral brainstem
shaping or funneling of the relaxed outlet- smooth
muscle continuity between the bladder base and the
proximal urethra
39
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
40. Bladder Compartments
Urothelium
Lamina propria and vasculature
Stroma – Collagen
Elastin and Matrix
Smooth muscle
40
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
41. Smooth muscle - Detrusor
Detrusor cells contraction- “crossbridge cycling”
between the thick and thin filaments
Thick filaments (15nm diameter) – myosin. Thin
filaments (6 to 8nm diameter) - actin.
41
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
42. Action potential
Rise in intracellular Calcium
Calcium binds to CaM
Activation of MLCK
MLCK phosphorylates MLC20
Phosphorylated MLC20 forms crossbridges
42
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
44. • Phase 1 fast upstroke of the
AP is composed of a Ca2+
inward current
• Phases 2 repolarization and
3 hyperpolarization of AP
are the result of a K+
outward current
• Blockage or inhibition of any
of these K+ channels would
promote myocyte
contractility and increase the
propensity of spontaneous
myocye activity. 44
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
45. Propagation of Electrical Responses
Specialized proteins called connexin 43 (gap-junction
proteins) are expressed between the membranes of
connected smooth muscle cells.
Detrusor is less well coupled electrically than other
smooth muscles.
Poor coupling could be a feature of a normal detrusor
that prevents synchronous activation of the smooth
muscle cells during bladder filling.
45
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
47. Key Points
Muscarinic receptors induce detrusor contraction, in
response to ACh released from parasympathetic nerve
terminals, by calcium entry through Ca2+ channels
The contractile response is slower and longer lasting
than that of skeletal and cardiac muscle
Interstitial cells or myofibroblasts- pacemaking role in
spontaneous activity of the bladder.
47
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
48. In addition to smooth muscle, the human bladder is
composed of roughly 50% collagen and 2% elastin.
With injury, obstruction, or denervation, collagen content
increases
When collagen levels increase, compliance falls.
Bladder wall thinning during filling is the result of a
rearrangement of the muscle bundles and also alteration of
collagen coil structure
During filling, the detrusor reorganizes and muscle
bundles shift position from a top-to-bottom to a side-to-
side configuration
48
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
49. External urethral sphincter
Twitch type – slow twitch and fast twitch
Slow-twitch fibers -maintaining sphincter tone for
prolonged periods
Fast-twitch- add to sphincter tone rapidly to maintain
continence when intra-abdominal pressure is abruptly
increased.
49
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.
50. Male - 35% fast-twitch and 65% slow-twitch fibers.
Female - 87% slow-twitch and 13% fast-twitch fibers.
50
Dept of Urology, GRH and KMC, Chennai.