Creating or discovering a new life form by the use of genetic engineering sounds interesting.. but is it actually possible to patent life forms?
Watch out to know.
Creating or discovering a new life form by the use of genetic engineering sounds interesting.. but is it actually possible to patent life forms?
Watch out to know.
RECOMBINANT DNA GUIDELINES DEFINATION, RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND ITS CATEGORIES,BIOSAFETY LEVELS, BSL-1, BSL-II, BSL-III, BSL-IV, WHAT IS BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES, AIM OF BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES, THE R-DNA BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES IN INDIA , COMMITTEES IMPANTED BY DBT, IBSC, ECGM, GEAC, CONTAINMENTS AND ITS TYPES, LEVELS OF CONTAINMENTS,PURPOSE OF THE CONTAINMENTS, ELEMENT OF CONTAINMENTS, IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES,MECHANISM OF IMPLEMENTATION, PHYSICAL CONTAINMENTS, BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENTS, IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOSAFTEY GUIDELINES, RECOMBINANT DNA ADVISORY COMMITTEE, INSTITUTIONAL BIOSAFETY COMMITTEE,
There are two main types of patents granted by the U.S. Patent Office: design patents and utility patents. Determining which type of patent applies to your invention can be crucial to receiving adequate protection for your invention. A utility patent is granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) for inventions that produce a new and useful result. With a utility patent, an inventor is granted the right to prevent anyone else from making, selling, using or importing the invention without the inventor's consent. A utility patent may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers any new and
useful process, machine, article of manufacture, compositions of matter, or any new useful improvement thereof. A design patent may be granted to anyone who invents a new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture.
Revised guideline for research in transgenic plants (Vipin Shukla
In 1998, BDT brought out seperate guidelines for carriying out research in transgenic planst called the Revised Guidelines for research guidelines in Transgenic Plants.
Patents and Biotechnology- A Presentation by Dr. Kalyan Kankanala - BananaIPBananaIP Counsels
Patents and Biotechnology- A Presentation by Dr. Kalyan Kankanala - BananaIP
BananaIP Counsels, formerly Brain League IP Services, founded in 2004 at the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Bangalore’s incubation center (NSRCEL), is recognized as an IP/Patent trailblazer in India. The firm’s mission is to help clients maximize business value from their Intellectual Property (IP)/Patents, and gain competitive advantage in the market place. In its evolution from Brain League, BananaIP carries forward the firm’s core values – Merger of Technology,Management and Law, Swift Adaptation to changes in competitive environment, and business driven approach to Intellectual Property (IP)/Patent Services.
Contact Us for Intellectual Property Services
BananaIP Counsels
Regd Office
No.40,3rd Main Road,JC Industrial Estate,
Kanakapura Road,Bangalore – 560 062.
Email: contact@bananaip.com
Telephone: +91-80-26860414 /24/34
RECOMBINANT DNA GUIDELINES DEFINATION, RESEARCH ACTIVITIES AND ITS CATEGORIES,BIOSAFETY LEVELS, BSL-1, BSL-II, BSL-III, BSL-IV, WHAT IS BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES, AIM OF BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES, THE R-DNA BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES IN INDIA , COMMITTEES IMPANTED BY DBT, IBSC, ECGM, GEAC, CONTAINMENTS AND ITS TYPES, LEVELS OF CONTAINMENTS,PURPOSE OF THE CONTAINMENTS, ELEMENT OF CONTAINMENTS, IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOSAFETY GUIDELINES,MECHANISM OF IMPLEMENTATION, PHYSICAL CONTAINMENTS, BIOLOGICAL CONTAINMENTS, IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOSAFTEY GUIDELINES, RECOMBINANT DNA ADVISORY COMMITTEE, INSTITUTIONAL BIOSAFETY COMMITTEE,
There are two main types of patents granted by the U.S. Patent Office: design patents and utility patents. Determining which type of patent applies to your invention can be crucial to receiving adequate protection for your invention. A utility patent is granted by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) for inventions that produce a new and useful result. With a utility patent, an inventor is granted the right to prevent anyone else from making, selling, using or importing the invention without the inventor's consent. A utility patent may be granted to anyone who invents or discovers any new and
useful process, machine, article of manufacture, compositions of matter, or any new useful improvement thereof. A design patent may be granted to anyone who invents a new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture.
Revised guideline for research in transgenic plants (Vipin Shukla
In 1998, BDT brought out seperate guidelines for carriying out research in transgenic planst called the Revised Guidelines for research guidelines in Transgenic Plants.
Patents and Biotechnology- A Presentation by Dr. Kalyan Kankanala - BananaIPBananaIP Counsels
Patents and Biotechnology- A Presentation by Dr. Kalyan Kankanala - BananaIP
BananaIP Counsels, formerly Brain League IP Services, founded in 2004 at the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Bangalore’s incubation center (NSRCEL), is recognized as an IP/Patent trailblazer in India. The firm’s mission is to help clients maximize business value from their Intellectual Property (IP)/Patents, and gain competitive advantage in the market place. In its evolution from Brain League, BananaIP carries forward the firm’s core values – Merger of Technology,Management and Law, Swift Adaptation to changes in competitive environment, and business driven approach to Intellectual Property (IP)/Patent Services.
Contact Us for Intellectual Property Services
BananaIP Counsels
Regd Office
No.40,3rd Main Road,JC Industrial Estate,
Kanakapura Road,Bangalore – 560 062.
Email: contact@bananaip.com
Telephone: +91-80-26860414 /24/34
Indian act on IPRs, CBD, Copyright Act, 1957
The Patents Act, 1970
The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999
The Trade Marks Act, 1999
The Designs Act, 2000
The Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout-Design Act, 2000
Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001
Biological Diversity Act, 2002
PATENTING AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
PROTECTION OF PLANT VARIETIES AND FARMERS' RIGHTS ACT, 2001
BIOPROSPECTING AND BIOPIRACY
PATENTING ASPECTS OF TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND NATURAL PRODUCTS. CASE STUDY OF
CURCUMA & NEEM
THE FRONTIERS OF MONOPOLIZATION OF HUMAN GENESSaravanan A
This research work critically examines the current trends and future feasibility of gene patents with the help of most celebrated Myriad Genetics Gene Patent Case.
Patenting and Regulatory Requirements of Natural Products.pptxSonaliGadge4
Intellectual property is the property possessed by virtue of one’s intellectual creativity.
Intellectual property rights (IPR) are exclusive rights to make, use and sell a new product or technology for a limited period.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of global commerce and innovation, the
concept of intellectual property (IP) has emerged as a cornerstone of modern
economies. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) serve as the legal foundation upon
which creators, innovators, and businesses safeguard their intangible assets,
ensuring that their ideas, inventions, and creative works are protected, nurtured,
and incentivized. The purpose of this textbook, "Fundamentals of Intellectual
Property Rights," is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles,
theories, and practical applications of intellectual property in today's
interconnected world. Designed for students, professionals, and practitioners alike,
this book offers a structured exploration of the various forms of intellectual
property, the legal frameworks governing them, and the implications for
innovation, commerce, and society. Throughout the chapters, readers will embark
on a journey that delves into the intricacies of patents, trademarks, copyrights,
trade secrets, and other forms of intellectual property. They will gain insights into
the historical evolution of intellectual property laws, the international
harmonization efforts, and the contemporary challenges posed by technological
advancements, globalization, and digitalization. By examining real-world case
studies, landmark legal rulings, and industry best practices, this textbook equips
learners with the analytical tools and critical thinking skills necessary to navigate
the complex terrain of intellectual property rights. Whether grappling with issues
of infringement, licensing, enforcement, or strategic management, readers will
acquire a nuanced understanding of how intellectual property intersects with
business strategy, ethics, public policy, and human rights. Furthermore, this
textbook fosters a multidisciplinary approach, drawing upon insights from law,
economics, technology, sociology, and ethics to elucidate the multifaceted nature
of intellectual property in contemporary society. Through engaging discussions and
thought-provoking exercises, students are encouraged to explore the ethical
dilemmas, cultural dimensions, and socio-economic implications inherent in the
creation, dissemination, and protection of intellectual property. In an era marked
by rapid technological change, disruptive innovation, and global competition, a
firm grasp of intellectual property rights is indispensable for fostering creativity,
promoting economic growth, and advancing human knowledge. This textbook
serves as a valuable resource for educators, policymakers, and practitioners
seeking to navigate the complex terrain of intellectual property with clarity,
insight, and foresight.
As we embark on this intellectual journey, let us explore the dynamic
interplay between law, innovation, and society, and the pivotal role that
intellectual property rights play in shaping our collective future.
Intellectual property, very broadly, means the legal rights which result from intellectual activity in the industrial, scientific, literary and artistic fields.
Intellectual property law aims at safeguarding creators and other producers of intellectual goods and services by granting them certain time-limited rights to control the use made of those productions.
Intellectual property is traditionally divided into two branches, “industrial property” and “copyright.” Patents come under the former category
The yak is one of the most enduring symbols of the high Himalayas. Whether you visit Tibet, Bhutan, India or Nepal, you will inevitably find tourist places with yaks for picture clicking and ride.
As the largest animal on the Tibetan plateau and its surrounding regions, the yak is a “flagship species”, and indicates the health of the ecosystem within which it lives.
DNA sequence analysis of a uniform target gene like the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) to enable species identification has been referred to as “DNA Barcoding”, by analogy with the Universal Product Code (UPC) system barcodes used to identify manufactured goods.
DNA barcoding has the potential to be a practical method for identification of the estimated 10 million species of eukaryotic life on earth.
Microsatellite are powerful DNA markers for quantifying genetic variations within & between populations of a species, also called as STR, SSR, VNTR. Tandemly repeated DNA sequences with the repeat/size of 1 – 6 bases repeated several times
Access and Benefit sharing from Genetic ResourcesKaran Veer Singh
Millions of people depend on biological (genetic) resources and traditional knowledge for their livelihoods. While the concept of an access and benefit sharing (ABS) regime is new, access to biological resources and transfer of associated traditional knowledge is centuries old.
Genome annotation, NGS sequence data, decoding sequence information, The genome contains all the biological information required to build and maintain any given living organism.
The quality of data is very important for various downstream analyses, such as sequence assembly, single nucleotide polymorphisms identification this ppt show parameters for
NGS Data quality check and Dataformat of top sequencing machine
RNA Sequence data analysis,Transcriptome sequencing, Sequencing steady state RNA in a sample is known as RNA-Seq. It is free of limitations such as prior knowledge about the organism is not required.
RNA-Seq is useful to unravel inaccessible complexities of transcriptomics such as finding novel transcripts and isoforms.
Data set produced is large and complex; interpretation is not straight forward.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. Historical Perspective
Patent Act 1970
Amended in 1999, 2002 and recently in 2005
The Act of 1970 has provision for
process
patent. Now amended
Act also covers product patents.
British Era
Patents and designs Act, 1911
4. Cont…(Historical Perspective)
India is socialist country. Constitution
of India guarantee social justice to all.
Reverse Engineering
Involves manipulating an existing process or
method to produce a new process or method.
India was alleged to encourage reverse
engineering by not providing product patents.
5. Cont…(Historical Perspective)
Product patent does not allow
manipulation of existing processes or
methods.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GAAT)
Negotiations started in 1947 and ended in 1993
GATT negotiations signed by WTO Member-States 1994
6. Cont……(Historical Perspective)
Agreement (WTO) including TRIPS came into
being on 1-1-1995.
Article 27 of TRIPS Agreement provides blanket
permission for patents on all types of inventions
including product and process patents.
Patent Act of India 1970 does not provide
granting of product patents. Further food and
pharmaceutical forms were an exception to
patenting.
7. Cont…(Historical Perspective)
India was given 10 years transformation period
to implement provisions of TRIPS, which ended on
1-1-2005.
The objective of amendment was to grant
Exclusive Marketing Rights to the patent
applications claiming food products (agricultural
products) and pharmaceuticals.
The latest amendment to the Patent Act was in
27-3-2005 which brings Patent Act in conformity
with TRIPS Agreement.
8. Patentable Subject Matter
Patent system varies from country to
country.
US Patent Law
What is patentable
“whoever invents or discovers any new and
useful process, machine, manufacture
or
composition of matter, or any new and useful
improvement thereof, may obtain a patent”.
9. Cont…(Patentable Subject Matter)
England Patent Law states
what is not patentable
“Inventions against public interest, public
policy and morality are not patentable”.
As a matter of practice, inventions relating
to life were kept outside the purview of
patentable subject matter.
10. Cont…(Patentable Subject Matter)
Living beings eg. Microorganisms, plants and
animals produced through natural or
biological processes are not patentable.
Non-natural living beings produced through
non-biological
processes
like
biotechnological processes are patentable.
Now genetically modified organisms, which
are non-natural can be patented.
11. LIFE AS A PATENTABLE
MATTER in 1980’s in US
SUBJECT
Patent was filed on a method of breeding
of doves.
The patent was rejected on the ground
that the breeding method was not
repeatable.
The patent office did not answer
question whether living being is patentable
or not.
12. LIFE FORMS
Lower Life Forms
Single cell organisms eg. bacteria, fungi,
algae
Certain multicellular organisms eg. Plants
High Life Forms
Multicellulaur organisms eg. animals and
human beings
Animals and human beings think and express
in contrast to plants
13. Patenting Lower Life-Microorganism
Till 1980’s life was not considered as
patentable.
During that period, German Federal Court
upheld patent of new microorganisms.
Australia- naturally occurring microorganismsnot patentable, but allowed use of naturally
occurring microorganisms to produce new
product.
14. Cont…(Patenting Lower Life-Microorganism)
US Supreme Court
Inventor Dr. Charabarty sought patent on “Genetically
modified bacteria” being capable of eating oil spills”.
It was permitted.
Microorganism in its Claimed Form does not exist in
nature.
It was a product of human ingenuity that can be
patented even if it encompass living being.
This decision resulted in filing of large number of
patents for genetically modified organisms.
15. Plant as Patentable Subject Matter
US patent office did not allow patent for
mutant of maize plant
Board of Patent Appeals
allowed patent of mutant maize
16. Patent on Higher Life: Animal
US patent office allowed
Patenting of Oncomouse. The claim was
for genetically modified mouse susceptible to
cancer disease that is useful for cancer
research and drug development.
16 patents are granted on transgenic mice.
Patents for transgenic pig, rabbit, sheep are
also granted.
17. Patent on Human Genetic Material
1984, human cell line producing cancer-fighter
proteins was isolated from the body of patient
name ‘Moore’.
Now, patents on methods to isolate human
genetic material and also on proteins produced by
human genetic material are allowed.
Patent has been granted for producing foreign
protein in transformed species of bacteria.
18. Cont…(Patent on Human Genetic Material)
Patent has been granted on DNA sequence coding
human protein erythropoietin (EPO) on the
protein itself. (Erythropoietin is a protein that
boosts red blood cell production)
Patent on chimeric gene (combination of human
gene and animal gene) has been granted.
Patent on DNA and RNA for human insulin like
growth factors (mediation of somatic cell growth
on the administration of growth hormone).
19. Cont…(Patent on Human Genetic Material)
Patent on DNA and cDNA encoding HeparinBinding growth factors and & HBGF stimulate cell
division and facilitate the repair or replacement of
damaged or diseased tissue
Human cloning methods of the therapeutic
purpose can be patented
Human cloning is prohibited
20. What is Next.
Will the non-natural human beings be
patented?
European Union’s Directive prohibits
patenting of invention of human cloning and
non-natural human being on ethical grounds
Processes of cloning human being
Processes for modifying the germ line genetic
identity of human being
21. Cont…(What is next)
Use of human embryos for industrial or
commercial purposes
TRIPS agreement gives flexibility to
member-states to prohibit patents on the
basis of public order and morality.
22. Case Study
Recombinant DNA
A patented Research tool, non-exclusively licensed
with low fees.
Cohen-Boyer Technology for recombinant DNA,
most successful patent in University licensing.
It has three patents
Process for making molecular chimeras
Product patent :proteins produced using recombinant
prokaryote DNA.
23. Cont… (Case Study)
Product patent : Proteins
recombinant eukaryotic DNA.
produced
using
Application was filed by Stanford University in Nov.
1974.
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer at together
developed technique at Stanford and the
University of California, San Francisco respectively.
Dec.1980, process patent for making molecular
chimeras was issued.
24. Cont… (Case Study)
In 1984, product patent for prokaryotic DNA was
issued.
Licensing agreement generated $139 million (700
crore Rupee) royalties as on 13-02-1995.
The technology was inexpensive and easy to use.
There was no alternative. The technology was
critical to research in molecular biology.
Technology developed in Universities through
publicly funded research. Licenses inexpensive
and minimum rider. Tremendous volume of sale
26. PCR and Taq Polymerase
PCR allows specific and rapid amplification of target
DNA
Taq polymerase, the heat stable DNA polymerase
used in the amplification
Kary Mullis was primary inventor of PCR working at
Cetus corporation. He won Noble prize in 1985. PCR
is developed in corporate environment.
Cetus corporation sold PCR patent to Hoffman-La
Roche for $300 million in 1991.
27. Cont…(PCR and Taq Polymerase)
The products are to be purchased to provide
rights to use technology.
The product license policy was instituted by
cetus.
Roche established three categories of licences
(i) Research application eg.
project
(ii) Disease diagnosis
(iii) PCR licensing programs
human genome
28. Protein and DNA sequencing Instruments
Highly sensitive DNA and protein sequencers
were developed at California Institute of
Technology. But it required help of substantial
private investment.
Prototype was developed in Hood’s laboratory
during 1970-1986. this laboratory sequenced
lymphokines, platelet-derived growth factor
and interferons. Since middle of 1990’s the
technology became widely available.
29. Cont…(Protein and DNA sequencing Instruments)
Funds for instrumentation by NIH was denied. Dr.
Hood approached 19 companies; all declined
support. Publication by Nature derived and treated it
as a speculation.
Finally Applied Bio System agreed to fund but for
exclusive license. ABI has sold more 3000 DNA
sequencers and more than 1,000 protein sequencers.
LI-COR developed infrared fluorescence DNA
sequencer. The company negotiated cross-licenses to
develop its product
30. Patents for genetic inventions
Three categories
CloningProduction of therapeutic proteins
Advances in plant biotechnology: improving
agricultural productivity
Genes as diagnostic tools: Diagnosis of
genes implicated in disease
of DNA coding sequence enables
31. Molecular Biology Related Patents
Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific
Research
Process for extraction of superior quality of DNA
A high sensitivity assay for molecular tying of
biological samples, Probes and a kit thereof
Tat DNA sequences, Gene constructs, Vaccine
and processes thereof
32. Patenting of Biotechnological Inventions
DNA sequence patents:
• EPO: European Patent Office
• USPTO: United States Patent and Trademark Office
• JPO: Japan Patent Office.
Common position on DNA sequence patents
-Mere determination of DNA sequence is not patentable
- Inventor to identify gene, its useful function, to isolate and
clone the gene and thereby make synthetic copies of gene
that are unavailable for use in diagnosis or therapy – this
can be patented.