Parts of the brain
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The document summarizes key parts of the brain and nervous system. It discusses the brain stem which controls vital functions. It then explains the cerebellum which controls movement and may be involved in cognitive functions. It further explains the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the brain and controls important cognitive skills and communication in humans. The cerebrum can be divided into regions involved in sensation/perception and integrating sensory input. The temporal and occipital lobes are also summarized as processing auditory and visual information respectively.
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Comparision of brain in vertebrates
The vertebrate brain
The vertebrate brain is the main part of the central nervous system. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system,
In most of the vertebrates the brain is at the front, in the head. It is protected by the skull and close to the main sense organs.
Brains are extremely complex and the part of human and animal body. The brain controls the other organs of the body, either by activating muscles or by causing secretion of chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Muscular action allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment.
The brain of an adult human weights about 1300–1400 grams .
In vertebrates, the spinal cord by itself can cause reflex responses as well as simple movement such as swimming or walking. However, sophisticated control of behaviour requires a centralized brain.
The structure of all vertebrate brains is basically the same.
At the same time, during the course of evolution, the vertebrate brain has undergone changes, and become more effective.
In so-called 'lower' animals, most or all of the brain structure is inherited, and therefore their behaviour is mostly instinctive.
In mammals, and especially in man, the brain is developed further during life by learning. This has the benefit of helping them fit better into their environment. The capacity to learn is seen best in the cerebral cortex.
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The brain and nervous system is essentially a system which makes connections. It has input from sense organs and output to muscles. It is connected in several ways with the endocrine system, which makes hormones, and the digestive system and sex system. Hormones work slowly, so those changes are gradual.
The brain is a kind of department store. It has, all inter-connected, departments which do different things. They all help each other gather senses.
Much of what the body does is not conscious. Basically, much of the body runs on automatic (breathing, heart beat, hungry, hair growth) adjusted by the autonomic nervous system. The brain, too, does much of its work without a person noticing it. The unconscious mind refers to the brain activities which are hardly ever noticed.
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The nervous system consists of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system processes information from the senses and controls and coordinates the body's activities, while the peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the limbs and organs. Key components include neurons, which transmit signals; the brain, which controls the body's responses; and the spinal cord, which connects the brain to the rest of the body. The nervous system allows for voluntary and involuntary responses through reflex arcs that transmit signals from sensors to effectors.
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The document discusses the cerebrum, which is the largest part of the human brain. It is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes - the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes. Each lobe controls different functions, such as reasoning and movement for the frontal lobe, and vision for the occipital lobe. The cerebrum works with other parts of the brain like the hypothalamus, amygdala and insula to influence emotions and learning. Emotions originate in the brain's limbic system and impact learning and memory through the cortex.
Nervous system
The nervous system has three main functions: receiving information, interpreting information, and making the body respond. It is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (nerves throughout the body). The peripheral nervous system is further divided into the somatic nervous system (controls voluntary muscles and skin sensation) and autonomic nervous system (controls involuntary functions like heart rate through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions). Neurons are the basic functional units and transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes. Common nervous system ailments include multiple sclerosis, polio, brain tumors, meningitis, rabies, stroke, and encephalitis.
The Biological MindChapter 4Biological Psycholog.docx
The document provides an overview of the biological mind and the nervous system. It discusses the central nervous system which includes the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system includes nerves that carry sensory and motor information between the CNS and body. Key parts of the brain are described, including the brainstem, subcortical structures like the thalamus and amygdala, and the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. Methods for studying brain activity and function like EEG, PET, and fMRI are also summarized.
Chapter 2 nervous system
The nervous system is comprised of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, and is responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating voluntary and involuntary actions. The highly complex brain is the control center and consists of different regions that perform specialized functions like memory, vision, and motor control. The PNS connects the CNS to the rest of the body and includes the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary body functions. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals throughout the nervous system, enabling it to coordinate all activities and maintain homeostasis.
the brain ,parts and functions
The document summarizes key aspects of biology and behavior related to the brain, nervous system, and glands. It discusses:
- The structure and functions of neurons, glial cells, synapses, and neurotransmitters.
- The two main divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (CNS) composed of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which connects to the rest of the body.
- An overview of the major regions and structures of the brain including the cerebral cortex, lobes, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and how they contribute to functions like memory, movement, sensory processing and language.
Nervous system
The nervous system coordinates the body's actions and transmits signals between parts. It controls voluntary and involuntary activities to help the body adjust. The nervous system includes the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The peripheral system includes the somatic system for voluntary movement and the autonomic system for involuntary functions like breathing and digestion. Within the autonomic system are the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric systems that regulate internal organs. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit electrochemical signals through the nervous system.
Brain and Spinal Cord
The nervous system is the body's command center that controls functions like movement, thoughts, digestion and breathing. It has four main functions - receiving sensory information, integrating sensory information, processing information, and generating responses. The nervous system can be divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The brain is divided into three main parts - the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain controls higher functions like thought and language. The midbrain controls eye movement and processes sensory information. The hindbrain regulates vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
BRAIN.pptx
The brain uses a significant amount of the body's blood and oxygen. It contains around 100 billion neurons that connect to around 10,000 other neurons each. While scientists still have more to learn, it is known that the brain is split into left and right hemispheres that each control the opposite side of the body. The cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum are the three main areas of the brain, with the cerebrum responsible for senses, thinking, and memory.
nervoussystemanditsmajorparts-160421144112.pptx
The nervous system is made up of two major parts - the brain and spinal cord. The brain is composed of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata. The cerebrum is responsible for complex sensory and neural functions and voluntary activity. The cerebellum regulates fear, pleasure responses, and some cognitive functions. The medulla oblongata controls involuntary functions. The spinal cord connects to the medulla and runs down the spinal column, carrying information between the brain and body and controlling muscle movement. Nerve cells form networks to receive and transmit messages throughout the nervous system.
Brain
The document summarizes key facts about the human brain. It notes that the brain uses 20-30% of the body's blood and oxygen. It contains around 100 billion neurons that each connect to around 10,000 other neurons. The average brain weighs 1.4 kg and is roughly 15 cm long. The document then discusses the different lobes of the cerebrum and their functions, as well as other areas of the brain like the cerebellum and brain stem.
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Parts of the brain
- 8. 1. BRAIN STEM It connects the spinal cord and the brain. It controls functions that keep people alive such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and food digestion.
- 10. 2. CEREBELLUM It controls voluntary movement. The cerebellum (Latin for "little brain") is a major feature of the hindbrain of all vertebrates. In humans, the cerebellum plays an important role in motor control, and it may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language as well as in regulating fear and pleasure responses, but its movement- related functions are the most solidly established.
- 11. 2. CEREBELLUM The human cerebellum does not initiate movement, but contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing: it receives input from sensory systems of the spinal cord and from other parts of the brain, and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity.
- 13. It is also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is a cell that carries electrical impulses.[1] Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system and its most important part is the brain.
- 14. 1. NERVE CELL BODY The cell body (soma) is the factory of the neuron. It produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and polysomes to provide energy and make the parts, as well as a production line to assemble the parts into completed products.
- 15. 2. AXON It is the main conducting unit of the neuron, capable of conveying electrical signals along distances that range from as short as 0.1 mm to as long as 2 m.
- 16. 3. DENDRITES These structures branch out in treelike fashion and serve as the main apparatus for receiving signals from other nerve cells. They function as an "antennae" of the neuron and are covered by thousands of synapses.
- 17. 3. CEREBRUM
- 18. 3. CEREBRUM It is the largest of the three main sections, accounts for about 85 percent of the brain’s weight, and has four lobes.
- 21. It is the part of the brain that controls important cognitive skills in humans, such as emotional expression, problem solving, memory, language, judgment, and sexual behavior. It is, in essence, the “control panel” of our personality and our ability to communicate.
- 23. It can be divided into two functional regions. One involves sensation and perception and the other is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system. The first function integrates sensory information to form a single perception (cognition).
- 25. It mainly revolves around hearing and selective listening. It receives sensory information such as sounds and speech from the ears. It is also key to being able to comprehend, or understand meaningful speech. In fact, we would not be able to understand someone talking to us, if it wasn't for the temporal lobe. This lobe is special because it makes sense of the all the different sounds and pitches (different types of sound) being transmitted from the sensory receptors of the ears.
- 27. It is important to being able to correctly understand what your eyes are seeing. These lobes have to be very fast to process the rapid information that our eyes are sending. Similar to how the temporal lobe makes sense of auditory information, the occipital lobe makes sense of visual information so that we are able to understand it. If our occipital lobe was impaired, or injured we would not be able to correctly process visual signals, thus visual confusion would result.