Pars Planitis is a disease of the eye that is characterized by inflammation of the narrowed area (pars plana) between the colored part of the eye (iris) and the choroid. This may lead to blurred vision; dark, floating spots in the vision; and progressive vision loss.
Exudative retinal detachment develops when fluid collects in the subretinal space.
The subretinal space between the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium is the remnant of the embryonic optic vesicle.
In the developed eye the subretinal space is of minimal size, but it can reopen under pathological conditions that disrupt the integrity of blood-retinal barrier.
Inflammatory, infectious, infiltrative, neoplastic, vascular, and degenerative conditions may be associated with blood-retinal barrier breakdown and the sequential development of exudative retinal detachment.
This elaborate on the pathogenesis and the differential diagnosis of exudative retinal detachment and specifically discuss the spectrum of diseases associated with exudative retinal detachment in uveitis clinics.
Exudative retinal detachment develops when fluid collects in the subretinal space.
The subretinal space between the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium is the remnant of the embryonic optic vesicle.
In the developed eye the subretinal space is of minimal size, but it can reopen under pathological conditions that disrupt the integrity of blood-retinal barrier.
Inflammatory, infectious, infiltrative, neoplastic, vascular, and degenerative conditions may be associated with blood-retinal barrier breakdown and the sequential development of exudative retinal detachment.
This elaborate on the pathogenesis and the differential diagnosis of exudative retinal detachment and specifically discuss the spectrum of diseases associated with exudative retinal detachment in uveitis clinics.
Congenital Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of irreversible childhood blindness. This presentation covers this topic in detail that can aid physicians in effective patient care.
PS: The slides in the preview look skewed, download the presentation to view the font used in Office 2012 and upwards.
Coats' disease, (also known as exudative retinitis or retinal telangiectasis, sometimes spelled Coates' disease), is a rare congenital, nonhereditary eye disorder, causing full or partial blindness, characterized by abnormal development of blood vessels behind the retina.
Congenital Glaucoma is one of the most common causes of irreversible childhood blindness. This presentation covers this topic in detail that can aid physicians in effective patient care.
PS: The slides in the preview look skewed, download the presentation to view the font used in Office 2012 and upwards.
Coats' disease, (also known as exudative retinitis or retinal telangiectasis, sometimes spelled Coates' disease), is a rare congenital, nonhereditary eye disorder, causing full or partial blindness, characterized by abnormal development of blood vessels behind the retina.
uveitis condition mainly focusing on its basic anatomy, basic general classification and its clinical features including common symptoms and signs along with pathology, common complications, investigations including both systemic and ocular, treatment and a short summary.
A detailed description of sarcoidosis, pulmonary in specific but also covering the other systems. a rare entity in india or a better way to say, often an overlooked disease.
Vitreous hemorrhage is the extravasation, or leakage, of blood into the areas in and around the vitreous humor of the eye.[1] The vitreous humor is the clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina of the eye. A variety of conditions can result in blood leaking into the vitreous humor, which can cause impaired vision, floaters, and photopsia.
It's an indepth presentation by Dr. Shah-Noor Hassan.
The retina is the internal layer of the eyeball , which is a thin membrane having a purplish red color in living subject. This is a presentation by Dr. Shah-Noor Hassan regarding ANATOMY OF RETINA
Eye prophylaxis for retinal detachment (RD) is still a controversial issue since opinions are not unanimous regarding the kind of lesions to be treated or the method of treatment. This prospective clinical study aimed to follow the course of vitreoretinal conditions in 150 high risk fellow eyes.
Diabetic Macular Edema (DME) is an accumulation of fluid in the macula—part of the retina that controls our most detailed vision abilities—due to leaking blood vessels. In order to develop DME, you must first have diabetic retinopathy.
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a form of cancer that rapidly develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye. It is the most common primary malignant intraocular cancer in children, and it is almost exclusively found in young children.
Surgical management of Uveal Effusion Syndrome-A Case Report Dr. Shah Noor Hassan
The response to surgery in these eyes suggests that the approach is justified and provides further evidence that a scleral abnormality is the underlying cause of uveal effusion syndrome.
Fluorescein angiography, fluorescent angiography, or fundus fluorescein angiography is a technique for examining the circulation of the retina and choroid using a fluorescent dye and a specialized angiographic camera.
Endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the interior of the eye. It is a possible complication of all intraocular surgeries, particularly cataract surgery, with possible loss of vision and the eye itself.
Approach to Disc Pallor and Automated Fields in Neuro-ophthalmology Dr. Shah Noor Hassan
Visual field assessment is important in the evaluation of lesions involving the visual pathways and should be performed at baseline and periodically in the follow-up. Standard automated perimetry has been shown to be adequate in neuro-ophthalmic practise and is now the technique of choice for a majority of practitioners.
Retinoblastoma is known to be a rare eye cancer, which occurs from the immature retina cells. It is one of the most common malignant cancer found in young children.
Endophthalmitis is an inflammation of the vitreous and the inner coats of the eye. This inflammation leads to infection which is caused by fungi or bacteria.
Diabetic maculopathy is a form of damage to the eye causing by diabetic macular oedema where fluids build up on the macula. It can be cured by laser surgeries.
Ocular Ultrasound is an ultrasound for eyes that uses high frequency sound waves to get detailed pictures of your eye and it's orbit. This procedure is usually done by Ophthalmologists.
Central Serous Retinopathy is known to be an idiopathic, sporadic, self-limiting collection of fluid at posterior pole which causes mild to moderate visual loss.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
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Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. History
• Cyclitis- Fuchs in 1908, Duke-Elder 1941
• Peripheral uveitis- Schepens-1950
• Peripheral cyclitis- Brockhurst et.al. - 1960
• Pars planitis- Welch et.al. - 1960
• Chronic cyclitis- Hogan & Kimura in 1961
• Vitritis- Gass et.al. - 1968
• Intermediate uveitis- IUSG- 1987
• SUN working group-2004
3. Nomenclature
• Standardization of Uveitis
Nomenclature working
group classification
• Idiopathic form of
intermediate uveitis
• Includes snowballs and
snowbanking
• If associated with diseases
like Sarcoidosis and Lyme
disease then included in
intermediate uveitis
4. Epidemiology
• 10-25 % of all the uveitis cases
• Children and young adults
• Can occur at any age
• Both sexes are equally affected
• 80% are bilateral
• Less in Chinese and Japanese population
5. Etiology
• Idiopathic
• No known hereditary or environmental factors
• Some isolated cases of familial pars planitis
• Associated with various systemic diseases
• Most common- multiple sclerosis, sarcoidosis
6. Pathogenesis
• Immune mediated response
• But the antigenic stimulus remains speculative
• Davis and colleagues
– Stage 1- immunologically mediated
– Stage 2- Non specific breakdown of intraocular
regulatory mechanisms
(Not necessarily an autoimmune mechanism but
even exogenous viral or bacterial antigens
may be responsible)
7. Pathogenesis
• Escape from regulatory control of Helper T cells
directed against these antigens
• Defective intraocular T cell regulation of B cells
• Decreased helper to suppressor T cell ratios in aqueous
and peripheral blood
• Other mechanisms
– Anterior chamber associated immune deviation
– Auto retinal antibodies
– Related to Demyelination
– HLA-DR15 and HLA-A28 positivity
– Nucleoporin like protien-nup36
8. Pathology
• Peripheral retina and ciliary body
demonstrate condensed vitreous ,
fibroblasts, spindle cells, lymphocytes
and blood vessels
• Prominent lymphocyte cuffing of retinal
veins
• Pars plana exudates
– Loose fibrovascular layer containing
scattered mononuclear inflammatory cells
and a few fibrocyte like cells
– Fibroglial tissue consists of vitreous
collagen, mullers cells and probable
fibrous astrocytes
9. Clinical features
• Floaters and hazy vision
• No pain, photophobia, redness
• First episode is associated with a more
severe and symptomatic iridocyclitis
• Subsequent episodes have a chronic
course…….
• One eye symptomatic other eye may be
asymptomatic and even show signs of
active disease
13. Effect on macula
• Macular edema (CME) and maculopathy (12-
82 %)
• Most common cause of visual loss
• Incidence increases with duration and severity
of disease
15. Retinal involvement
• Retinal vascular changes
– Tortuosity of arterioles and venules
– Peripheral vascular sheathing
(Periphlebitis-16-36 %)
– Neovascularizations (6.5%)
– Retinal detachment (2.2-51 %)
• Causes of RD
– Vitreous traction due to long standing
inflammation and subsequent hole
formation
– Exudative detachment secondary to
uvietis inflammation
16. Optic nerve involvement
• Disc edema- 3-38%
• Optic neuritis with or without multiple
sclerosis was seen in 7.4 %
17. Complications
• Glaucoma
– Acute uveitis- 7.6 %
– Chronic – 6.5% at one year, 11.1 at 5 years
• Causes of glaucoma
– Active inflammation
– Steroid usage
– Increasing age
– Number of years since diagnosis
18. Cataract
• 15-50% of eyes
• Posterior or anterior subcapsular
• At times posterior cortical even posterior
polar have been reported
• Incidence increases with duration and
severity of disease
• If treated earlier with immunosuppressive
rather than corticosteroids cataract
formation is less severe
19. Types Of Retinal Detachment
• Exudative RD in 5-17%
• Vitreoretinal traction - in 3-22% TRRD
• Brockhurst and Schepens – 4 types of RRD
Type I:
- Low lying, chronic, associated with demarcation
lines
- Small breaks near ora with exudates
- Benign course
20. Types Of Retinal Detachment
Type II:
- Large dialysis at the posterior edge of the pars plana exudate
- Slowly progressive
- May resolve spontaneously if VR exudation occludes the break
- Seen in pts with a mild chronic inflammatory course
Type III:
- Rapidly progressive
- Large breaks associated with NVVB and circumferential pars
plana exudates.
- Associated with severe chronic uveitis.
21. Pars planitis in children
• More so as an intermediate uveitis
• JIA most common cause (30%)
• 1.8-29% of all uveitis
• Of which 25 % are pars planitis
• Mean age 8.5-10.9 years
• Male preponderence
• Bilateral 84-94 %
• Resolves over several years
• Severe visual loss is uncommon
25. Diagnosis: Clinical
• History
• Clinical findings
• Duration of symptoms, recurrences
• Fever , fatigue or night sweats are typical signs -
Sarcoidosis & TB
• Loss of sensitivity or paresthesias of hands, arms
or legs - Multiple sclerosis
• Dermatitis, Arthritis– Lyme
• Contact with cats – possibility of Bartonella
infection
27. • OCT - Macular oedema
• Fluorescein Angiogram-
Vasculitis ,CNP areas ,
New vessels & CME
• B scan (Hazy media)
• UBM
• Diagnostic vitrectomy
Ophthalmic investigations
28. To rule out secondary causes…
• Complete hemogram
• ELISA for tuberculosis and toxoplasma
• CXR
• Galium Scan and Chest CT
Lab Inv:
- ACE levels- elevated in 60-90% of active sarcoid
patients
- Lysozyme level - Elevated in granulomatous disorders
viz sarcoid, TB, and leprosy
- Elevated antibody titre against Borrelia burgdorferi
• Sarcoidosis
• Tuberculosis.
32. Modified 5 step program: S.Foster et al
Topical +/ Periocular corticosteroids
Oral +/ Topical NSAID
After 3rd injection
Systemic C steroids
Inflammation persists or recurs
Peripheral retinal cryopexy /BIOL
Recur following 6th regional steroid injection
PPV/ Immunosupression
Recalcitrant inflammation
33. Addition of systemic steroid or
immunosuppressive agents
Periocular
steroid
Cryo or
peripheral LASER
Vitrectomy
34. Corticosteroids
• Drop in VA due to vitritis, CME, progression of
neovascularization at the vitreous base
• Periocular steroids-
– Long acting Methyl prednisone (40 mg )
– Triamcinolone acetonide (20 mg)
• Complications-
– Glaucoma
– Cataract
– Aponeurotic ptosis
– Enophthalmos
– Orbital scarring
35. Corticosteroids
• IVTA can be given in cases of severe macular
edema
• Complications
Cataract
Glaucoma
Endophthalmitis
36. Oral steroids
• Indicated if the disease activity is not controlled with
periocular steroids
• Prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day tapered once response occurs
38. Methotrexate
• Folate analogue which inhibits dihydrofolate
reductase
• 7.5-25 mg per week oral/subcutaneous
• Can also lead to pneumonitis
• Effective and safe for chronic anterior and IU
in children
39. Azathioprine
• Purine nucleoside analogue
• Alters purine metabolism
• 50-150 mg per day
• GI upset and hepatotoxicity
Mycophenolate mofetil
• Inhibits purine synthesis
• Prevents replication of T and B lymphocytes
• 1-3 mg per day
• Mycophenolate is faster amongst the 3 in controlling
inflammation
40. Inhibitors of T-cell signaling
• Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus
– Inhibit NF-AT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells )
– Nephrotoxicity and hypertension are important
complications
• Biological response modifiers
– Daclizumab
– Infliximab
– Eternacept
– Interferon alpha
41. Biological response modifiers
• Daclizumab
– Humanized monoclonal ant-IL-2 receptor alpha
antibody
– Suppresses auto reactive T-cells
– 1 mg/kg IV every 2 weeks for 5 doses
– Increase risk of infection
42. Biological response modifiers
• Infliximab
– Binds to TNF and prevents its action on
target tissues
• Eternacept
– Dimeric, fully human, soluble TNF receptor
– Binds tightly and specifically to circulating
and cell-bound TNF
• Adalimumab
– Can be self administered as a subcutaneous
injection
– Fully humanized so less chances of
antibody formation
• Disseminated tuberculosis is one of the
fatal complications
44. Ablative procedures
• Failed drug therapy
• At times cryotherapy is preferred before
immunosuppressive Rx
• Aim
– To treat neovascularization associated with the
exudates
– To destroy the peripheral vessels which bring in
the inflammatory mediators
45. • Double row ,single freeze
• Apply to pars plana and posterior to it
• CONFLUENT BURNS
• Extend 1 clock hr on either side of all areas
affected by inflammation
• EFFECTS
– Decreases vitritis and improves VA
– Decrease in fluorescein in the treated area
– Induce regression of this NVVB and
consequently stabilize inflammation
Cryo ablation
46. LASER ablation
• LASER photocoagulation works as effective as
cryo
• 3-4 rows of burns are placed at the pars plana
and peripheral retina
• Works on the same mechanism as cryo
47. Vitrectomy
• Vitrectomy for uveitis began in late 1970s
• Aims
– Get rid of inflammatory mediators and immunologically
competent cells
– Clear the media
• Indications
– Refractory uveitis
– Vision loss due to densely opacified vitreous
– Scar tissue pulling on ciliary body causing hypotony
– CME, ERM
– Dense PCO
– TRD
48. MANAGEMENT OF CATARACT:
• Eye - quiet for 3 months
– Preoperative – Start steroids 3 days prior
– Postoperative - slow taper.
• Technique –
– As preferred by surgeon
– Minimal trauma
– Preferably heparin coated IOL
49. What’s new….
• Anti VEGF agents are being evaluated in cases
of uveitis with macular edema
• Lucentis and Avastin have been proved to be
effective in cases of uveitic CME
50. Nevanac in pars planitis
• Case 1: - Short term benefit in cases of
recurrent intermediate uveitis
51. Case 2
• Rapid resolution of vitritis in uncomplicated
case of intermediate uveitis
52. Case 3
• Fresh case of pars planitis with CME
• Nevanac improved the CME
53. Summary
• Examination of pars plana
• Diagnose macular edema
• Rule out secondary causes
• Plan appropriate treatment modility
• Bold use of steroids and immunosuppressive
agents to prevent vision loss due to macular
involvement
• Look out for complications
• Surgical management in resistant cases and to
clear the media