Paraneoplastic haematologic syndromes
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This document discusses various paraneoplastic haematologic syndromes that can occur due to underlying cancers. It covers syndromes such as erythrocytosis, anemia, granulocytosis, granulocytopenia, eosinophilia, basophilia, thrombocytosis, thrombocytopenia, thromboembolism, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis. For each syndrome it discusses the associated cancers, symptoms, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment approaches focusing on treating the underlying malignancy.
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Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a blood disorder where the body produces too many red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by problems in bone marrow production of red blood cells, or secondary, caused by factors like lung or heart diseases that result in low oxygen levels triggering high red blood cell production. Symptoms include feeling tired, shortness of breath, headaches, and itchy skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing high red blood cell counts and hematocrit levels. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts through blood removal, along with medications in some cases to suppress bone marrow production of red blood cells.
Causes of Thrombocytopenia in pediatrics other than ITP
This document discusses the various causes of thrombocytopenia in pediatrics other than immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). It identifies two main categories of causes: increased platelet destruction and decreased platelet production. Causes of increased destruction include immune mechanisms like ITP as well as non-immune mechanisms such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and hypersplenism. Causes of decreased production include bone marrow depression/failure from things like chemotherapy, infections like HIV, or infiltration from cancers or storage diseases. Specific congenital syndromes associated with thrombocytopenia like thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome are also mentioned.
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Polycythemia: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
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Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the red blood cell count. There are two types: relative polycythemia, caused by a decrease in plasma volume leading to a higher concentration of red blood cells; and absolute polycythemia, caused by overproduction of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Polycythemia vera is a specific myeloproliferative disorder and type of absolute polycythemia caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene, leading to uncontrolled red blood cell production. Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, and blood flow issues from hyperviscosity. Treatment involves phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts and medications to control bone marrow
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome characterized by widespread activation of coagulation that can occur as a result of various underlying conditions. It results from an imbalance between coagulation and anticoagulation processes in the body. DIC can be acute, with bleeding and shock being dominant symptoms, or chronic, where thrombosis and clotting may predominate. The most common triggers of DIC are infectious diseases, cancer, obstetric complications, and severe tissue injury. Diagnosis involves identifying symptoms of bleeding and thrombosis, abnormal laboratory coagulation test results, and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, replacing coagulation factors, platelets, and fibrinogen, and
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Polycythemia is a blood disorder where the body produces too many red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by problems in bone marrow production of red blood cells, or secondary, caused by factors like lung or heart diseases that result in low oxygen levels triggering high red blood cell production. Symptoms include feeling tired, shortness of breath, headaches, and itchy skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing high red blood cell counts and hematocrit levels. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts through blood removal, along with medications in some cases to suppress bone marrow production of red blood cells.
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This document discusses the various causes of thrombocytopenia in pediatrics other than immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). It identifies two main categories of causes: increased platelet destruction and decreased platelet production. Causes of increased destruction include immune mechanisms like ITP as well as non-immune mechanisms such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and hypersplenism. Causes of decreased production include bone marrow depression/failure from things like chemotherapy, infections like HIV, or infiltration from cancers or storage diseases. Specific congenital syndromes associated with thrombocytopenia like thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome are also mentioned.
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Polycythemia: Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment
Polycythemia is a rare bone marrow disorder, which causes the increase in the production of cells in the blood, mainly red blood cells. The primary function of the red blood cells is to carry oxygen to the different parts of the body.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the red blood cell count. There are two types: relative polycythemia, caused by a decrease in plasma volume leading to a higher concentration of red blood cells; and absolute polycythemia, caused by overproduction of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Polycythemia vera is a specific myeloproliferative disorder and type of absolute polycythemia caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene, leading to uncontrolled red blood cell production. Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, and blood flow issues from hyperviscosity. Treatment involves phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts and medications to control bone marrow
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome characterized by widespread activation of coagulation that can occur as a result of various underlying conditions. It results from an imbalance between coagulation and anticoagulation processes in the body. DIC can be acute, with bleeding and shock being dominant symptoms, or chronic, where thrombosis and clotting may predominate. The most common triggers of DIC are infectious diseases, cancer, obstetric complications, and severe tissue injury. Diagnosis involves identifying symptoms of bleeding and thrombosis, abnormal laboratory coagulation test results, and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, replacing coagulation factors, platelets, and fibrinogen, and
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Thrombocytopenia ppt Health Advice
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What is Thrombocytopenia?
Thrombocytopenia is a medical disorder in which a person suffers from a low level of blood platelets. Platelets (or thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood to clot and stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in the wounds of the blood vessels.
It often occurs as a result of various disorders such as leukemia or an immune system problem. It may be a side effect of taking certain medication and this condition affects both children and adults. It can be a mild and cause few signs or symptoms. In rare cases, the platelets count may occur dangerous internal bleeding.
How is thrombocytopenia treated?
If your doctor feels that there is no serious threat to your health, he or she may choose not to treat thrombocytopenia. Treatment for thrombocytopenia depends on the cause and the effect it has on your health. For example,
Your doctor may switch you to another medication, if you are taking a medication that causes thrombocytopenia
Your doctor may prescribe steroids, immunoglobulin, or other medications, if the cause for thrombocytopenia is problems with your immune system
He may suggest platelet transfusion if your platelet count is extremely low
In some cases, the doctor may remove the patient spleen in order to keep it from destroying platelets. Spleen helps the body fight against infections, removing it may place the person at higher risk for certain types of infections. However several vaccinations are given before the splenectomy to help prevent infection
When to Call the Doctor
Call your healthcare provider if you have:
Headache, confusion, or dizziness
Blood when you cough, or difficulty breathing
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Vaginal bleeding after menopause OR unusually heavy vaginal bleeding.
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia refers to a decrease in platelets in the blood. It can be caused by vitamin deficiencies, medications, liver failure decreasing thrombopoietin production, or conditions like ITP or leukemia. Symptoms include bruising, petechiae, nosebleeds, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check counts, functions, and potential causes. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and sometimes administering platelet transfusions for newborns with thrombocytopenia.
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Polycythemia is a blood disorder characterized by an increased red blood cell count. There are two main types: primary polycythemia vera, which is a stem cell cancer caused by a JAK2 mutation; and secondary polycythemia, caused by inappropriate erythropoietin secretion in response to conditions like high altitudes or lung/heart diseases. Polycythemia vera symptoms include headache, itching, fatigue and bleeding risks. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing increased red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels along with a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy and medications to reduce red blood cell counts.
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Due to factors such as genetics, smoking, and living at high altitudes, polycythemia causes an increased number of red blood cells which leads to elevated levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests and bone marrow tests. Treatment includes phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to decrease blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, administering treatments, providing education, and addressing pain and nutrition needs.
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This document discusses polycythemia, which refers to an increased red blood cell mass. It describes three main types: relative polycythemia caused by decreased plasma volume, secondary polycythemia caused by factors like smoking that stimulate red blood cell production, and polycythemia vera caused by a mutation in the JAK2 protein. Polycythemia vera is a chronic disorder characterized by increased red blood cell, white blood cell and platelet counts. It can cause complications like thrombosis, bleeding, pruritus and splenomegaly. Treatment involves phlebotomy and medications like hydroxyurea to reduce symptoms and risks of complications. Secondary polycythemia is usually caused by lung diseases, tumors
Pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia
This PPT covers pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia which includes causes of thrombocytopenia, symptoms of thrombocytopenia and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia
Polycythemia vera
Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an absolute increase in red blood cells, total blood volume, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and splenomegaly. It is caused by a clonal proliferation of a hematopoietic stem cell. Symptoms include headaches, visual disturbances, thrombosis, pruritus, and splenomegaly. Diagnosis involves meeting certain criteria including elevated hematocrit. Treatment involves phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell mass and hydroxyurea or interferon-alpha to reduce platelet and white blood cell counts and reduce risk of thrombosis.
Cytopenia
INTRODUCTION
TYPES
APLASTIC ANEMIA
CAUSE
SYMPTOMS
PURE RED CELL APLASIA
CAUSE
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
ALGORITHM FOR PANCYTOPENIA
TREATMENT
APLASTIC ANEMIA
PURE RED CELL APLASIA
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by abnormally low platelet counts. It has many potential causes, including decreased platelet production in the bone marrow due to things like cancer, viruses, medications, or liver/kidney disease. It can also be caused by increased platelet destruction, such as in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Symptoms range from bruising and bleeding to internal bleeding in severe cases. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check the platelet count and rule out underlying conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, splenectomy, platelet transfusions, or changing medications that are causing the low platelet count.
Polycythemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
This document discusses polycythemia, a blood disorder characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells. It defines polycythemia and classifies it as either relative, absolute primary, or absolute secondary. Primary polycythemia, also called polycythemia vera, is caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene that results in excessive blood cell production. Signs and symptoms include headache, dizziness, itching and red skin. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts as well as medications to suppress bone marrow activity.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an increased number of red blood cells. There are two main types - primary polycythemia caused by internal problems producing red blood cells, and secondary polycythemia caused by other medical conditions stimulating red blood cell production. Primary polycythemia includes polycythemia vera related to a JAK2 gene mutation and primary familial polycythemia from an EPOR mutation. Secondary polycythemia can result from chronic hypoxia, tumors secreting erythropoietin, or living at high altitudes. Symptoms vary but can include easy bruising, bleeding, fatigue, and dizziness. Diagnosis involves medical history, exam, and blood
Polycythemia
Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by increased red blood cell production which leads to thickened blood and risk of blood clots. Diagnosis is based on criteria including elevated red blood cell count and spleen enlargement. Treatment aims to reduce blood thickness and prevent clots through regular blood removal and medications to suppress bone marrow activity.
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This document summarizes various platelet disorders including their causes, characteristics, diagnosis and treatment. It discusses decreased platelet production from bone marrow issues as well as increased platelet destruction from immune or non-immune causes. Specific disorders covered include idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, sequestration, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, and others. Diagnostic tests and treatment approaches are provided for each condition.
Essential thrombocytosis
This document discusses essential thrombocytosis (ET), a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by overproduction of platelets. It covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ET. The pathophysiology involves clonal mutations like JAK2, CALR and MPL that activate thrombopoietin receptors. Patients may be asymptomatic or experience bleeding, thrombosis, or pregnancy complications. Diagnosis involves sustained thrombocytosis and bone marrow biopsy showing megakaryocyte proliferation. Treatment focuses on reducing platelet count in high risk patients through medications like hydroxyurea or aspirin. Prognosis is generally good with life expectancy near normal.
Essential thrombocythemia (2019) by Dr Shami Bhagat SKIMS
1) Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by overproduction of platelets from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell. It has a tendency for thrombosis and hemorrhage.
2) The main causes of ET are mutations in JAK2, CALR, and MPL genes which lead to autonomous platelet production.
3) Treatment involves low dose aspirin to prevent thrombosis and cytoreductive agents like hydroxyurea or interferon to reduce platelet counts and prevent complications. Treatment is aimed at symptom control and thrombosis prevention rather than cure.
Pediatric thrombocytopenia
This document discusses various causes of thrombocytopenia in pediatrics, including immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), which is the most common cause in children. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopenia associated with conditions like lupus and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are also reviewed. Management strategies for different types of thrombocytopenia are provided, such as observation for mild ITP, IVIG and steroids as first-line ITP treatment, and plasmapheresis and immunosuppression for TTP. Rare causes like Fanconi anemia and bone marrow involvement from cancers are also summarized.
Hemolytic anaemia
This document discusses hemolytic anemia, including its causes, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and investigation. The key points are:
- Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cell destruction exceeds bone marrow production, shortening red blood cell lifespan from the normal 120 days to 20-30 days.
- Causes include red blood cell defects like enzyme deficiencies or structural issues, as well as toxins, trauma, or conditions like thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
- Signs and symptoms include jaundice, pallor, splenomegaly, and dark urine. Diagnosis involves tests to detect hemolysis and determine the type and precise cause through
Thrombocytopenia
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Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by bone marrow abnormalities, or secondary, caused by factors like smoking or lung diseases that result in hypoxia. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin redness or itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell counts. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to suppress blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, managing pain and nutrition, and providing education.
Rbc disorders 8
This document discusses various types of bone marrow failure syndromes including aplastic anemia, Fanconi anemia, pure red cell aplasia, myelophthisic anemia, and polycythemia. Aplastic anemia is a syndrome of chronic primary hematopoietic failure caused by a stem cell defect that results in pancytopenia. Fanconi anemia is an inherited disorder characterized by bone marrow hypoplasia and physical abnormalities. Pure red cell aplasia is a primary marrow disorder where only erythroid progenitors are suppressed. Myelophthisic anemia occurs when solid tumors destroy bone marrow architecture. Polycythemia is a myeloproliferative disorder resulting in increased red blood
Bleeding neonate / child
This document discusses causes and clinical features of bleeding in neonates and children. It covers etiologies such as coagulation disorders like hemophilia, platelet dysfunction including inherited conditions, thrombocytopenia due to various causes, and vascular disorders. Clinical features are described separately for neonates, which can include oozing from umbilical stump or bleeding from procedures, and for others, such as mucosal or joint bleeding, petechiae, or menorrhagia. Distinguishing features between platelet and coagulation disorders are also provided.
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What is Thrombocytopenia?
Thrombocytopenia is a medical disorder in which a person suffers from a low level of blood platelets. Platelets (or thrombocytes) are colorless blood cells that help blood to clot and stop bleeding by clumping and forming plugs in the wounds of the blood vessels.
It often occurs as a result of various disorders such as leukemia or an immune system problem. It may be a side effect of taking certain medication and this condition affects both children and adults. It can be a mild and cause few signs or symptoms. In rare cases, the platelets count may occur dangerous internal bleeding.
How is thrombocytopenia treated?
If your doctor feels that there is no serious threat to your health, he or she may choose not to treat thrombocytopenia. Treatment for thrombocytopenia depends on the cause and the effect it has on your health. For example,
Your doctor may switch you to another medication, if you are taking a medication that causes thrombocytopenia
Your doctor may prescribe steroids, immunoglobulin, or other medications, if the cause for thrombocytopenia is problems with your immune system
He may suggest platelet transfusion if your platelet count is extremely low
In some cases, the doctor may remove the patient spleen in order to keep it from destroying platelets. Spleen helps the body fight against infections, removing it may place the person at higher risk for certain types of infections. However several vaccinations are given before the splenectomy to help prevent infection
When to Call the Doctor
Call your healthcare provider if you have:
Headache, confusion, or dizziness
Blood when you cough, or difficulty breathing
Bloody urine, vomit, or bowel movements
Vaginal bleeding after menopause OR unusually heavy vaginal bleeding.
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia refers to a decrease in platelets in the blood. It can be caused by vitamin deficiencies, medications, liver failure decreasing thrombopoietin production, or conditions like ITP or leukemia. Symptoms include bruising, petechiae, nosebleeds, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check counts, functions, and potential causes. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause and sometimes administering platelet transfusions for newborns with thrombocytopenia.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a blood disorder characterized by an increased red blood cell count. There are two main types: primary polycythemia vera, which is a stem cell cancer caused by a JAK2 mutation; and secondary polycythemia, caused by inappropriate erythropoietin secretion in response to conditions like high altitudes or lung/heart diseases. Polycythemia vera symptoms include headache, itching, fatigue and bleeding risks. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing increased red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels along with a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy and medications to reduce red blood cell counts.
Polycythemia slide
Due to factors such as genetics, smoking, and living at high altitudes, polycythemia causes an increased number of red blood cells which leads to elevated levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cell count. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests and bone marrow tests. Treatment includes phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to decrease blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, administering treatments, providing education, and addressing pain and nutrition needs.
polycythemia by waheed
This document discusses polycythemia, a disease characterized by an increased number of red blood cells. It describes three main types of polycythemia: absolute polycythemia, which is caused by overproduction of red blood cells in the bone marrow; primary polycythemia, where the levels of white blood cells and platelets are also increased; and relative polycythemia, which results from a decreased blood plasma volume. The document lists potential causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatments to lower the number of red blood cells in cases of polycythemia.
Polycythemia iquin
This document discusses polycythemia, which refers to an increased red blood cell mass. It describes three main types: relative polycythemia caused by decreased plasma volume, secondary polycythemia caused by factors like smoking that stimulate red blood cell production, and polycythemia vera caused by a mutation in the JAK2 protein. Polycythemia vera is a chronic disorder characterized by increased red blood cell, white blood cell and platelet counts. It can cause complications like thrombosis, bleeding, pruritus and splenomegaly. Treatment involves phlebotomy and medications like hydroxyurea to reduce symptoms and risks of complications. Secondary polycythemia is usually caused by lung diseases, tumors
Pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia
This PPT covers pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia which includes causes of thrombocytopenia, symptoms of thrombocytopenia and diagnosis of thrombocytopenia
Polycythemia vera
Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an absolute increase in red blood cells, total blood volume, leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and splenomegaly. It is caused by a clonal proliferation of a hematopoietic stem cell. Symptoms include headaches, visual disturbances, thrombosis, pruritus, and splenomegaly. Diagnosis involves meeting certain criteria including elevated hematocrit. Treatment involves phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell mass and hydroxyurea or interferon-alpha to reduce platelet and white blood cell counts and reduce risk of thrombosis.
Cytopenia
INTRODUCTION
TYPES
APLASTIC ANEMIA
CAUSE
SYMPTOMS
PURE RED CELL APLASIA
CAUSE
SYMPTOMS
DIAGNOSIS
ALGORITHM FOR PANCYTOPENIA
TREATMENT
APLASTIC ANEMIA
PURE RED CELL APLASIA
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by abnormally low platelet counts. It has many potential causes, including decreased platelet production in the bone marrow due to things like cancer, viruses, medications, or liver/kidney disease. It can also be caused by increased platelet destruction, such as in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Symptoms range from bruising and bleeding to internal bleeding in severe cases. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check the platelet count and rule out underlying conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, splenectomy, platelet transfusions, or changing medications that are causing the low platelet count.
Polycythemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
This document discusses polycythemia, a blood disorder characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells. It defines polycythemia and classifies it as either relative, absolute primary, or absolute secondary. Primary polycythemia, also called polycythemia vera, is caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene that results in excessive blood cell production. Signs and symptoms include headache, dizziness, itching and red skin. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts as well as medications to suppress bone marrow activity.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an increased number of red blood cells. There are two main types - primary polycythemia caused by internal problems producing red blood cells, and secondary polycythemia caused by other medical conditions stimulating red blood cell production. Primary polycythemia includes polycythemia vera related to a JAK2 gene mutation and primary familial polycythemia from an EPOR mutation. Secondary polycythemia can result from chronic hypoxia, tumors secreting erythropoietin, or living at high altitudes. Symptoms vary but can include easy bruising, bleeding, fatigue, and dizziness. Diagnosis involves medical history, exam, and blood
Polycythemia
Polycythemia vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by increased red blood cell production which leads to thickened blood and risk of blood clots. Diagnosis is based on criteria including elevated red blood cell count and spleen enlargement. Treatment aims to reduce blood thickness and prevent clots through regular blood removal and medications to suppress bone marrow activity.
Quantitative platelet disorders
This document summarizes various platelet disorders including their causes, characteristics, diagnosis and treatment. It discusses decreased platelet production from bone marrow issues as well as increased platelet destruction from immune or non-immune causes. Specific disorders covered include idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, sequestration, Kasabach-Merritt syndrome, and others. Diagnostic tests and treatment approaches are provided for each condition.
Essential thrombocytosis
This document discusses essential thrombocytosis (ET), a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by overproduction of platelets. It covers the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of ET. The pathophysiology involves clonal mutations like JAK2, CALR and MPL that activate thrombopoietin receptors. Patients may be asymptomatic or experience bleeding, thrombosis, or pregnancy complications. Diagnosis involves sustained thrombocytosis and bone marrow biopsy showing megakaryocyte proliferation. Treatment focuses on reducing platelet count in high risk patients through medications like hydroxyurea or aspirin. Prognosis is generally good with life expectancy near normal.
Essential thrombocythemia (2019) by Dr Shami Bhagat SKIMS
1) Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by overproduction of platelets from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cell. It has a tendency for thrombosis and hemorrhage.
2) The main causes of ET are mutations in JAK2, CALR, and MPL genes which lead to autonomous platelet production.
3) Treatment involves low dose aspirin to prevent thrombosis and cytoreductive agents like hydroxyurea or interferon to reduce platelet counts and prevent complications. Treatment is aimed at symptom control and thrombosis prevention rather than cure.
Pediatric thrombocytopenia
This document discusses various causes of thrombocytopenia in pediatrics, including immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), which is the most common cause in children. Drug-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopenia associated with conditions like lupus and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) are also reviewed. Management strategies for different types of thrombocytopenia are provided, such as observation for mild ITP, IVIG and steroids as first-line ITP treatment, and plasmapheresis and immunosuppression for TTP. Rare causes like Fanconi anemia and bone marrow involvement from cancers are also summarized.
Hemolytic anaemia
This document discusses hemolytic anemia, including its causes, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and investigation. The key points are:
- Hemolytic anemia occurs when red blood cell destruction exceeds bone marrow production, shortening red blood cell lifespan from the normal 120 days to 20-30 days.
- Causes include red blood cell defects like enzyme deficiencies or structural issues, as well as toxins, trauma, or conditions like thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.
- Signs and symptoms include jaundice, pallor, splenomegaly, and dark urine. Diagnosis involves tests to detect hemolysis and determine the type and precise cause through
Thrombocytopenia
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https://www.instagram.com/invites/contact/?i=1qo1my1nb2qfx&utm_content=kbo8bi7
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SUBSCRIBE ...
.
Email for inquiries: atifa.ambreen@gmail.com
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by bone marrow abnormalities, or secondary, caused by factors like smoking or lung diseases that result in hypoxia. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin redness or itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell counts. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to suppress blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, managing pain and nutrition, and providing education.
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Essential thrombocythemia (2019) by Dr Shami Bhagat SKIMS
Essential thrombocythemia (2019) by Dr Shami Bhagat SKIMS
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Rbc disorders 8
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This document discusses aplastic anemia, which is a failure of the bone marrow to produce sufficient new blood cells, leading to pancytopenia (low red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). It may be idiopathic or secondary to drugs, radiation, infections, or immune diseases. Symptoms include anemia, infections, and bleeding. Diagnosis involves a bone marrow biopsy showing hypoplastic marrow. Treatment options include supportive care with transfusions, immunosuppressive drugs like antithymocyte globulin, bone marrow transplantation, and growth factors.
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2) Tumor lysis syndrome occurs when cancer cells die off rapidly, releasing electrolytes and metabolites that can overwhelm the kidneys, potentially causing renal failure, arrhythmias or seizures. It is treated by managing individual electrolyte abnormalities and renal failure.
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- Polycythemia vera (PV) is a disorder where the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This leads to an increased thickness of the blood (hyperviscosity), which can cause complications like blood clots, strokes, and heart attacks.
- Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, headaches, dizziness, itching (especially after a warm bath), and redness or a bluish tint to the skin.
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2. **Essential Thrombocythemia (ET):**
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- Symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, tingling or numbness in the hands or feet, vision changes, and easy bruising or bleeding.
- Treatment focuses on reducing the risk of blood clots and managing symptoms. This may involve medications to lower platelet counts, such as hydroxyurea or anagrelide, as well as aspirin therapy.
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- Treatment aims to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. This may involve medications to reduce spleen size and control symptoms, blood transfusions for anemia, and, in some cases, stem cell transplant for eligible patients.
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Paraneoplastic haematologic syndromes
- 3. • Common • Etiology -Unknown
- 4. • Erythrocytosis • Anaemia • Granulocytosis • Granulocytopenia • Eosinophila & Basophilia • Thrombocytosis • Thrombocytopenia
- 5. • Thrombophlebitis • DIC • Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis
- 6. Erythrocytosis • Renal cell Carcinoma – 3% • Hepatoma 10% • Cerebellar Haemagioblastoma- 15% • Increased Ectopic production, Erythropoetin • Asymptamatic
- 7. • To rule out other causes even tumour + • Erythropoetin level • Red cell mass
- 8. treatment Resection of cancer /radiation/chemotherapy Phelobotomy
- 9. Anaemia • Normocytic normochromic anaemia • Secondary to bone marrow invasion • Secondary to chemotherapy/radiation therapy
- 10. • Normocytic normochromic Anaemia: low serum iron,normal or increased S.ferrittin,normal iron stores & low serum erytopoeitun • Pure red cell aplasia: rare cause Associated CLL , solid tumours
- 11. • Autoimmune Hemolytic Anaemia: • Warm: lymphoma, CLL • Cold:Waldenstorms macroglobulenimia • Rare with solid tumours • Direct coombs +ve ,elevated reticulocyte count, d hatoglobin I LDH
- 12. • Corticosteroid treatment less effective • Coombs test may revert to negative
- 13. • Microangiopathic hemolytic anaemia • Adenocarcinoma of GI tract, heart,lung &prostate • Mechanism Unknown • Schistocytes with microspheroctyosis • Reticulocyte cyte I • Leucoerythroblastic blood picture
- 14. • May respond to effective anticacer therapy
- 15. Granulocytosis • Granulocyte count >8000/micro L • Identfieble nonparaneoplastic etiology 50% • Proteins in urine • Lung, GIT,Breast, Brain tumour,ovarian cancer • Hogkins disease , renal clell carcinoma • Nearly all asymptomatic • Differntial count: Shift to immature form of neutrophils
- 16. Granulocytosis • Advance stage Ca: common • No specific treatment • Treat cancer
- 17. Granulocytopenia • Chemotherapy, radition therapy • Tumour infiltration of bone marrow • Large granular lymphocytic leukemia • Lymphoma • Tretment: stimulation with Granulocyte Colony stimulating Factors
- 18. Eosinophilia & basophilia • Hodgkins disesase • Mycosis Fungoides • Solid tumour –rare • High eosinophil (IL-5)- Shortness of breath, Cough, fever ,nodular pulmonary infiltrates • Basophilia- CML – no specific symptoms
- 19. Thrombocytosis • Platlet count> 400000/micro L - Cancer-35% • IL-6 etiology • thrombopoetin • Asymptomatic • Lung , GIT, Breast endometrium, ovarian cancers , lymphoma • Advanced stage &poor prognosis • Treat underlying tumour
- 20. Thrombocytopenia • DIC • Seen CLL ,Lymphoma,lung ,breast • Bleeding,petechiae,purpura • May respond to high dode prednisolone • Rule out other causes
- 21. Thrombophlebitis • Observed by Trousseau • Recurrent DVT, Warfarin resistance,thrmbosis at unusual sites –high suspicion • Pancreatic vancer: migratory thrombophlebitis
- 22. • Activation Of Coagulation factors: V, VII, IX,XI + fibrongen, FDP. • Increased Plasminogen activators • Activation of platelets –increase aggregation • Thrombosis
- 23. risk • Bed rest • Chronic IV catheters • Bleomycin, L-asparginase,cisplatin
- 24. Clinical features • Swelling/pain • Tenderness,warmth ,redness DVT • Dyspnea, chest pain,Syncope Pulmonary • Tachycardia,hypotension,Cyanosis Embolism
- 25. Diagnosis • USG of leg veins • Venography • D-Dimer – negative predictive value • ABG,CHestXRAy,ECG
- 26. • IV unfactioned Heparin Or LMWH atleast 5 days • Warfarin should be started within 1-2 days • INR 2-3 • If relaive contraindication for heparin: IVC filter • Warfarin :3-6 months
- 27. DIC • Solid tumours –adenocarcinoma • Okderage, Male, Breast cancer, advanced stage :risk factors • Thrombocytopenia • Prolonged prothrombin time • Prolonged Partial thromboplastin time • Decrease fbrnogen
- 28. • Increased FDP • Acute promyelocytic leukemia All trans retinoic acis revreses DIC Poor survival Plasma and platelet ransfusion
- 29. Non Bacterial Thrombotic Endo Carditis • Thrombotic/haemorrhagic • Sterile Verrucous fibrin platelet lesion • Left sided heart valves • Ischemic embolic events • Ca Lung and Ca Pancreas
- 30. • Echocardiography • Anticoagulant : Treatment: treat underlying malignancy
- 31. • Acquiree von Willebrand factor • Plasma cell dyscarias, gastric ,adrenal carcinoma,leukemia • Spontaneous mucousal bleeding • Prolonged Partial thrombopastin time • Prolonged bleeding time
- 32. • Decrease vWF antigen levels • ristocetin platelet aggregation • Desmopressin, vWF ,IV Ig -treatment
- 33. • Acquired hemophilia • Factor VIII autoantibodies • Ly,phoproliferative disorders, solid tumours • Mucousal/intramuscular bleeding • Increased thromboplastin time • Normal Prothrombin time
- 34. • Plasmapheresis • Factor VIII • Corticosteroids • Treat undrlying disease
- 35. Refrences • Cancer Principles &practice of oncology 7th edition Chapter 45 page no 2193-2196 • Harrisons principles of internal medicne 19th edition chapter 121 pg no 612-613