Polycythemia
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Polycythemia is a blood disorder characterized by an increased red blood cell count. There are two main types: primary polycythemia vera, which is a stem cell cancer caused by a JAK2 mutation; and secondary polycythemia, caused by inappropriate erythropoietin secretion in response to conditions like high altitudes or lung/heart diseases. Polycythemia vera symptoms include headache, itching, fatigue and bleeding risks. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing increased red blood cells, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels along with a bone marrow biopsy. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy and medications to reduce red blood cell counts.
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Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the red blood cell count. There are two types: relative polycythemia, caused by a decrease in plasma volume leading to a higher concentration of red blood cells; and absolute polycythemia, caused by overproduction of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Polycythemia vera is a specific myeloproliferative disorder and type of absolute polycythemia caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene, leading to uncontrolled red blood cell production. Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, and blood flow issues from hyperviscosity. Treatment involves phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts and medications to control bone marrow
Polycythemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
This document discusses polycythemia, a blood disorder characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells. It defines polycythemia and classifies it as either relative, absolute primary, or absolute secondary. Primary polycythemia, also called polycythemia vera, is caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene that results in excessive blood cell production. Signs and symptoms include headache, dizziness, itching and red skin. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts as well as medications to suppress bone marrow activity.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by bone marrow abnormalities, or secondary, caused by factors like smoking or lung diseases that result in hypoxia. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin redness or itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell counts. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to suppress blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, managing pain and nutrition, and providing education.
Pathophysiology of polycythemia
This PPT cover the pathophysiology of Polycythemia which includes types of polycythemia, pathophysiology, symptoms and diagnosis.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a blood disorder where the body produces too many red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by problems in bone marrow production of red blood cells, or secondary, caused by factors like lung or heart diseases that result in low oxygen levels triggering high red blood cell production. Symptoms include feeling tired, shortness of breath, headaches, and itchy skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing high red blood cell counts and hematocrit levels. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts through blood removal, along with medications in some cases to suppress bone marrow production of red blood cells.
Thrombocytopenia
This document provides definitions and information about thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/ml). It discusses increased bleeding risk with very low platelet counts and common clinical presentations. Potential causes of thrombocytopenia include decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, dilutional effects, and pseudothrombocytopenia. Specific conditions covered in detail include immune thrombocytopenic purpura, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are outlined for the different conditions.
Polycythemia
This document discusses polycythemia, which refers to an increased red blood cell mass. It is classified as either relative, due to decreased plasma volume, or absolute, which can be primary or secondary. Primary polycythemia, also known as polycythemia vera, results from a stem cell mutation and autonomous red blood cell proliferation. It presents with symptoms like cyanosis, headaches, and thrombosis risk. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing increased red blood cells, hematocrit, and neutrophils. Bone marrow biopsy may show fibrosis. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy and medication to control the excessive red blood cell count.
Polycythemia
This document discusses polycythemia, which is an increase in red blood cells. It can be primary (polycythemia vera) or secondary to other causes like tissue hypoxia or abnormal erythropoietin production. Polycythemia vera is a clonal disorder associated with a JAK2 mutation and is typically managed through phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell mass and prevent complications like thrombosis. Symptoms can include splenomegaly, aquagenic pruritus, erythromelalgia, and hyperuricemia. Treatment may also include chemotherapy or splenectomy in severe cases.
Recommended
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in the red blood cell count. There are two types: relative polycythemia, caused by a decrease in plasma volume leading to a higher concentration of red blood cells; and absolute polycythemia, caused by overproduction of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Polycythemia vera is a specific myeloproliferative disorder and type of absolute polycythemia caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene, leading to uncontrolled red blood cell production. Symptoms include headaches, dizziness, and blood flow issues from hyperviscosity. Treatment involves phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts and medications to control bone marrow
Polycythemia by Dr. Sookun Rajeev Kumar
This document discusses polycythemia, a blood disorder characterized by the overproduction of red blood cells. It defines polycythemia and classifies it as either relative, absolute primary, or absolute secondary. Primary polycythemia, also called polycythemia vera, is caused by a mutation in the JAK2 gene that results in excessive blood cell production. Signs and symptoms include headache, dizziness, itching and red skin. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts as well as medications to suppress bone marrow activity.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a condition characterized by an abnormal increase in red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by bone marrow abnormalities, or secondary, caused by factors like smoking or lung diseases that result in hypoxia. Symptoms include headache, dizziness, and skin redness or itching. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing elevated red blood cell counts. Treatment may include phlebotomy to reduce blood volume, medications to suppress blood cell production, and lifestyle changes like exercise and avoiding tobacco. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for blood clots, managing pain and nutrition, and providing education.
Pathophysiology of polycythemia
This PPT cover the pathophysiology of Polycythemia which includes types of polycythemia, pathophysiology, symptoms and diagnosis.
Polycythemia
Polycythemia is a blood disorder where the body produces too many red blood cells. It can be primary, caused by problems in bone marrow production of red blood cells, or secondary, caused by factors like lung or heart diseases that result in low oxygen levels triggering high red blood cell production. Symptoms include feeling tired, shortness of breath, headaches, and itchy skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing high red blood cell counts and hematocrit levels. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell counts through blood removal, along with medications in some cases to suppress bone marrow production of red blood cells.
Thrombocytopenia
This document provides definitions and information about thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/ml). It discusses increased bleeding risk with very low platelet counts and common clinical presentations. Potential causes of thrombocytopenia include decreased platelet production, increased platelet destruction, dilutional effects, and pseudothrombocytopenia. Specific conditions covered in detail include immune thrombocytopenic purpura, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment approaches are outlined for the different conditions.
Polycythemia
This document discusses polycythemia, which refers to an increased red blood cell mass. It is classified as either relative, due to decreased plasma volume, or absolute, which can be primary or secondary. Primary polycythemia, also known as polycythemia vera, results from a stem cell mutation and autonomous red blood cell proliferation. It presents with symptoms like cyanosis, headaches, and thrombosis risk. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing increased red blood cells, hematocrit, and neutrophils. Bone marrow biopsy may show fibrosis. Treatment focuses on phlebotomy and medication to control the excessive red blood cell count.
Polycythemia
This document discusses polycythemia, which is an increase in red blood cells. It can be primary (polycythemia vera) or secondary to other causes like tissue hypoxia or abnormal erythropoietin production. Polycythemia vera is a clonal disorder associated with a JAK2 mutation and is typically managed through phlebotomy to reduce red blood cell mass and prevent complications like thrombosis. Symptoms can include splenomegaly, aquagenic pruritus, erythromelalgia, and hyperuricemia. Treatment may also include chemotherapy or splenectomy in severe cases.
Polycythemia vera
Polycythemia Vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells from bone marrow due to a mutation in the JAK2 gene. This leads to thickening of the blood and complications like blood clots and spleen enlargement. It is diagnosed through blood tests showing increased red blood cells. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on reducing blood cell counts through regular blood removal and medications to suppress bone marrow production and stimulate the immune system.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a pathological condition where widespread blood clot formation occurs throughout the small blood vessels of the body. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic. DIC results from the activation of coagulation pathways due to factors like sepsis, trauma, malignancy, or obstetric complications. This leads to fibrin deposition, thrombosis, multi-organ failure, and bleeding manifestations as clotting factors are depleted. Treatment involves controlling the underlying condition, replacing clotting factors, and using anticoagulants.
Haemolytic anemia
Hemolytic anemia is characterized by accelerated red blood cell destruction and vigorous blood regeneration. It can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic, congenital or acquired. The site of red blood cell destruction can be intravascular or extravascular. Common causes of hemolytic anemia include hereditary spherocytosis, thalassemias, sickle cell anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Evaluation of hemolytic anemia involves determining whether the anemia is hemolytic, the site of red blood cell destruction, the etiology, and severity through blood smears, reticulocyte counts, LDH and
Hemolytic anemia ppt presentation
Hemolytic anemias are caused by increased red blood cell destruction. They are characterized by normochromic, normocytic anemia with reticulocytosis, increased indirect bilirubin and LDH, and absent haptoglobin. Causes include membrane defects, metabolic abnormalities, hemoglobinopathies, and immune or non-immune mechanisms. Specific conditions discussed include hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, drug-induced hemolysis, alloimmune hemolytic anemia, and warm or cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Management depends on the underlying cause and may involve transfusions, medications, or splenectomy.
Platelet disoders
Thank you for the informative presentation on platelet disorders. Please let me know if you need any clarification on the concepts covered.
Aplastic anaemia
This document summarizes a seminar on aplastic anemia in children. It defines aplastic anemia as a rare condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient blood cells. Causes can include inherited conditions, infections, medications, radiation, and environmental toxins. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, easy bruising, and bleeding. Diagnosis involves blood tests and bone marrow examination. Treatment may include blood transfusions, bone marrow transplant, immunosuppressive drugs, and antibiotics. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, providing support, and educating patients and their families.
Hemolytic anemia
This document discusses hemolytic anemia and focuses on sickle cell disease. It defines hemolytic anemia as increased destruction of red blood cells outside the bone marrow. Key diagnostic findings include increased reticulocyte count, hyperbilirubinemia, decreased haptoglobin, and increased lactate dehydrogenase. Hemolytic anemias are classified as hereditary defects within red blood cells or acquired external causes. Sickle cell disease results from a hereditary hemoglobinopathy and causes chronic hemolytic anemia. Complications include infections, acute chest syndrome, stroke, leg ulcers, splenic sequestration, and retinopathy. Diagnosis is made by finding sickle cells on peripheral smear and abnormal hem
Thrombocytopenia
When your blood has too few platelets, mild
to serious bleeding can occur. Bleeding can occur inside your body (internal
bleeding) or underneath your skin or from the surface of your skin (external
bleeding).
A normal platelet count in adults ranges
from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. A platelet count of
less than 150,000 platelets per microliter is lower than normal. If your blood
platelet count falls below normal, you have thrombocytopenia.
However, the risk for serious bleeding
doesn't occur until the count becomes very low—less than 10,000 or 20,000
platelets per microliter. Mild bleeding sometimes occurs when the count is less
than 50,000 platelets per microliter.
Many factors can cause a low platelet
count, such as:
-- The body's bone marrow doesn't make enough
platelets.
-- The bone marrow makes enough platelets, but
the body destroys them or uses them up.
-- The spleen holds on to too many platelets.
The spleen is an organ that normally stores about one-third of the body's
platelets. It also helps your body fight infection and remove unwanted cell
material.
-- A combination of the above factors.
-- How long thrombocytopenia lasts depends on
its cause. It can last from days to years.
The treatment for this condition also
depends on its cause and severity. Mild thrombocytopenia often doesn't require
treatment. If the condition causes or puts you at risk for serious bleeding,
you may need medicines or blood or
platelet transfusions. Rarely, the spleen may need to be removed.
Pernicious anemia
A decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough red blood cells.It is an organ specific autoimmune diseases in which the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the stomach.
It was considered as a deadly disease due to the lack of available treatment.
Pernicious anemia is most common in caucasian persons of north European ancestry than in other racial groups.
Leukopenias
This document discusses leukopenia, which is a low white blood cell count. It defines leukopenia and outlines its various causes such as cancer, infections, medications, and nutritional deficiencies. Symptoms are related to an increased risk of infection. Diagnosis involves a complete blood count showing low white blood cell levels. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, using medications to stimulate white blood cell production, following an immunocompromised diet, and preventing infections.
Haemolytic anaemias
Haemolytic anaemias are a group of anemias caused by the premature breakdown of red blood cells in the bloodstream or spleen. There are two main types - intrinsic defects that cause red blood cell damage from within, such as hereditary spherocytosis, and extrinsic defects that cause damage from outside factors like immune mediated hemolysis. Symptoms include anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly and gallstones. Laboratory tests show signs of increased red blood cell breakdown like elevated bilirubin and LDH, as well as signs of the bone marrow attempting to compensate with reticulocytosis and nucleated red blood cells. Intravascular hemolysis specifically causes hemoglobinemia,
Megaloblastic anaemia
Megaloblastic anemias are caused by impaired DNA synthesis due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. The summary examines megaloblastic anemias, including causes such as vitamin B12 or folate metabolism defects, clinical features like pallor and neurological symptoms, investigation findings in peripheral blood and bone marrow showing megaloblasts and macroovalocytes, and treatment involving vitamin B12 or folate supplementation.
Hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic anemia is a condition where red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them, leading to anemia. In hemolytic anemia, red blood cells have a significantly shortened lifespan of around 15 days compared to the normal 120 days. Clinical features include pallor, jaundice, an enlarged spleen, gallstones, and skeletal abnormalities. Examination of the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow can provide clues to the underlying cause by revealing abnormalities in red blood cell shape.
Hemolytic Anemia Investigation - By Mohan kumar
This document summarizes hemolytic anemia, including its causes, characteristics, laboratory tests used for evaluation, and specific types like hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, G6PD deficiency, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia. Key tests discussed are serum bilirubin, urine urobilinogen, fecal stercobilinogen, serum haptoglobin, LDH, reticulocyte count, and the Coombs test for immunohemolytic anemia. Causes of hemolytic anemia include blood loss, increased red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), and increased red blood cell production.
Coagulation disorders
This document discusses coagulation disorders and provides information on hemophilia A, hemophilia B, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It notes that hemophilia A is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII, while hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency in factor IX. Von Willebrand disease is described as the most common inherited bleeding disorder involving a quantitative or qualitative abnormality of von Willebrand factor. DIC is defined as an acquired syndrome characterized by systemic intravascular coagulation that can lead to thrombosis and bleeding complications.
Anemia of chronic disease
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD), also known as anemia of inflammation, is a common type of anemia associated with chronic infections, inflammatory disorders, and some cancers. It is characterized by inadequate red blood cell production, low serum iron levels, and low iron binding capacity. The anemia is usually mild to moderate in severity. Treatment involves addressing the underlying chronic condition causing the inflammation.
Hemostasis Disorders
Hemostasis is the process of blood clotting and subsequent dissolution of the clot following tissue repair. It involves 3 main events: 1) vascular constriction, 2) platelet aggregation forming a temporary plug, and 3) fibrin formation creating a stable clot. The clot must later dissolve for normal blood flow to resume. Von Willebrand disease is a bleeding disorder caused by deficient or abnormal von Willebrand factor, which helps platelets bind to collagen. It ranges from mild to severe and is diagnosed based on bleeding history and lab tests of von Willebrand factor and coagulation factors. Treatment depends on severity but may include desmopressin or coagulation factor replacement.
Polycythemia
THE PRESENTATION INCLUDES INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION( PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA), ETIOLOGY & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL MENIFESTATIONS AND MANAGEMENT(MEDICAL AND NURSING) OF POLYCYTHEMIA.
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This a series of notes on hematology useful for undergraduate and postgraduate medical and paramedical students. Notes are prepared from standard texts and are easy to reproduce in exams.
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by abnormally low platelet counts. It has many potential causes, including decreased platelet production in the bone marrow due to things like cancer, viruses, medications, or liver/kidney disease. It can also be caused by increased platelet destruction, such as in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Symptoms range from bruising and bleeding to internal bleeding in severe cases. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check the platelet count and rule out underlying conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, splenectomy, platelet transfusions, or changing medications that are causing the low platelet count.
Bleeding and coagulation disorders.pptx
This document provides an overview of bleeding and coagulation disorders. It begins with an introduction to blood and then discusses disorders of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and coagulation. Specific conditions covered in detail include polycythemia vera, various types of anemia (such as iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia), and coagulation disorders. The document provides information on clinical manifestations, oral manifestations, laboratory findings, and treatment for many of these conditions.
Bloodkb 160720181259
This document provides an overview of blood disorders and their classification. It discusses red blood cell disorders such as polycythemia vera, iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. It also covers white blood cell disorders, platelet disorders, coagulation disorders, and disease-related coagulopathies. The document defines each disorder, describes their signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, treatment considerations, and oral health implications.
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Polycythemia vera
Polycythemia Vera is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an overproduction of red blood cells from bone marrow due to a mutation in the JAK2 gene. This leads to thickening of the blood and complications like blood clots and spleen enlargement. It is diagnosed through blood tests showing increased red blood cells. While there is no cure, treatment focuses on reducing blood cell counts through regular blood removal and medications to suppress bone marrow production and stimulate the immune system.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a pathological condition where widespread blood clot formation occurs throughout the small blood vessels of the body. It can be acute, subacute, or chronic. DIC results from the activation of coagulation pathways due to factors like sepsis, trauma, malignancy, or obstetric complications. This leads to fibrin deposition, thrombosis, multi-organ failure, and bleeding manifestations as clotting factors are depleted. Treatment involves controlling the underlying condition, replacing clotting factors, and using anticoagulants.
Haemolytic anemia
Hemolytic anemia is characterized by accelerated red blood cell destruction and vigorous blood regeneration. It can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic, congenital or acquired. The site of red blood cell destruction can be intravascular or extravascular. Common causes of hemolytic anemia include hereditary spherocytosis, thalassemias, sickle cell anemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Evaluation of hemolytic anemia involves determining whether the anemia is hemolytic, the site of red blood cell destruction, the etiology, and severity through blood smears, reticulocyte counts, LDH and
Hemolytic anemia ppt presentation
Hemolytic anemias are caused by increased red blood cell destruction. They are characterized by normochromic, normocytic anemia with reticulocytosis, increased indirect bilirubin and LDH, and absent haptoglobin. Causes include membrane defects, metabolic abnormalities, hemoglobinopathies, and immune or non-immune mechanisms. Specific conditions discussed include hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, drug-induced hemolysis, alloimmune hemolytic anemia, and warm or cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Management depends on the underlying cause and may involve transfusions, medications, or splenectomy.
Platelet disoders
Thank you for the informative presentation on platelet disorders. Please let me know if you need any clarification on the concepts covered.
Aplastic anaemia
This document summarizes a seminar on aplastic anemia in children. It defines aplastic anemia as a rare condition where the bone marrow fails to produce sufficient blood cells. Causes can include inherited conditions, infections, medications, radiation, and environmental toxins. Symptoms include fatigue, pale skin, easy bruising, and bleeding. Diagnosis involves blood tests and bone marrow examination. Treatment may include blood transfusions, bone marrow transplant, immunosuppressive drugs, and antibiotics. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for complications, providing support, and educating patients and their families.
Hemolytic anemia
This document discusses hemolytic anemia and focuses on sickle cell disease. It defines hemolytic anemia as increased destruction of red blood cells outside the bone marrow. Key diagnostic findings include increased reticulocyte count, hyperbilirubinemia, decreased haptoglobin, and increased lactate dehydrogenase. Hemolytic anemias are classified as hereditary defects within red blood cells or acquired external causes. Sickle cell disease results from a hereditary hemoglobinopathy and causes chronic hemolytic anemia. Complications include infections, acute chest syndrome, stroke, leg ulcers, splenic sequestration, and retinopathy. Diagnosis is made by finding sickle cells on peripheral smear and abnormal hem
Thrombocytopenia
When your blood has too few platelets, mild
to serious bleeding can occur. Bleeding can occur inside your body (internal
bleeding) or underneath your skin or from the surface of your skin (external
bleeding).
A normal platelet count in adults ranges
from 150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood. A platelet count of
less than 150,000 platelets per microliter is lower than normal. If your blood
platelet count falls below normal, you have thrombocytopenia.
However, the risk for serious bleeding
doesn't occur until the count becomes very low—less than 10,000 or 20,000
platelets per microliter. Mild bleeding sometimes occurs when the count is less
than 50,000 platelets per microliter.
Many factors can cause a low platelet
count, such as:
-- The body's bone marrow doesn't make enough
platelets.
-- The bone marrow makes enough platelets, but
the body destroys them or uses them up.
-- The spleen holds on to too many platelets.
The spleen is an organ that normally stores about one-third of the body's
platelets. It also helps your body fight infection and remove unwanted cell
material.
-- A combination of the above factors.
-- How long thrombocytopenia lasts depends on
its cause. It can last from days to years.
The treatment for this condition also
depends on its cause and severity. Mild thrombocytopenia often doesn't require
treatment. If the condition causes or puts you at risk for serious bleeding,
you may need medicines or blood or
platelet transfusions. Rarely, the spleen may need to be removed.
Pernicious anemia
A decrease in red blood cells when the body can't absorb enough red blood cells.It is an organ specific autoimmune diseases in which the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the stomach.
It was considered as a deadly disease due to the lack of available treatment.
Pernicious anemia is most common in caucasian persons of north European ancestry than in other racial groups.
Leukopenias
This document discusses leukopenia, which is a low white blood cell count. It defines leukopenia and outlines its various causes such as cancer, infections, medications, and nutritional deficiencies. Symptoms are related to an increased risk of infection. Diagnosis involves a complete blood count showing low white blood cell levels. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying cause, using medications to stimulate white blood cell production, following an immunocompromised diet, and preventing infections.
Haemolytic anaemias
Haemolytic anaemias are a group of anemias caused by the premature breakdown of red blood cells in the bloodstream or spleen. There are two main types - intrinsic defects that cause red blood cell damage from within, such as hereditary spherocytosis, and extrinsic defects that cause damage from outside factors like immune mediated hemolysis. Symptoms include anemia, jaundice, splenomegaly and gallstones. Laboratory tests show signs of increased red blood cell breakdown like elevated bilirubin and LDH, as well as signs of the bone marrow attempting to compensate with reticulocytosis and nucleated red blood cells. Intravascular hemolysis specifically causes hemoglobinemia,
Megaloblastic anaemia
Megaloblastic anemias are caused by impaired DNA synthesis due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. The summary examines megaloblastic anemias, including causes such as vitamin B12 or folate metabolism defects, clinical features like pallor and neurological symptoms, investigation findings in peripheral blood and bone marrow showing megaloblasts and macroovalocytes, and treatment involving vitamin B12 or folate supplementation.
Hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic anemia is a condition where red blood cells are destroyed faster than the bone marrow can replace them, leading to anemia. In hemolytic anemia, red blood cells have a significantly shortened lifespan of around 15 days compared to the normal 120 days. Clinical features include pallor, jaundice, an enlarged spleen, gallstones, and skeletal abnormalities. Examination of the peripheral blood smear and bone marrow can provide clues to the underlying cause by revealing abnormalities in red blood cell shape.
Hemolytic Anemia Investigation - By Mohan kumar
This document summarizes hemolytic anemia, including its causes, characteristics, laboratory tests used for evaluation, and specific types like hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, G6PD deficiency, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia. Key tests discussed are serum bilirubin, urine urobilinogen, fecal stercobilinogen, serum haptoglobin, LDH, reticulocyte count, and the Coombs test for immunohemolytic anemia. Causes of hemolytic anemia include blood loss, increased red blood cell destruction (hemolysis), and increased red blood cell production.
Coagulation disorders
This document discusses coagulation disorders and provides information on hemophilia A, hemophilia B, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It notes that hemophilia A is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII, while hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency in factor IX. Von Willebrand disease is described as the most common inherited bleeding disorder involving a quantitative or qualitative abnormality of von Willebrand factor. DIC is defined as an acquired syndrome characterized by systemic intravascular coagulation that can lead to thrombosis and bleeding complications.
Anemia of chronic disease
Anemia of chronic disease (ACD), also known as anemia of inflammation, is a common type of anemia associated with chronic infections, inflammatory disorders, and some cancers. It is characterized by inadequate red blood cell production, low serum iron levels, and low iron binding capacity. The anemia is usually mild to moderate in severity. Treatment involves addressing the underlying chronic condition causing the inflammation.
Hemostasis Disorders
Hemostasis is the process of blood clotting and subsequent dissolution of the clot following tissue repair. It involves 3 main events: 1) vascular constriction, 2) platelet aggregation forming a temporary plug, and 3) fibrin formation creating a stable clot. The clot must later dissolve for normal blood flow to resume. Von Willebrand disease is a bleeding disorder caused by deficient or abnormal von Willebrand factor, which helps platelets bind to collagen. It ranges from mild to severe and is diagnosed based on bleeding history and lab tests of von Willebrand factor and coagulation factors. Treatment depends on severity but may include desmopressin or coagulation factor replacement.
Polycythemia
THE PRESENTATION INCLUDES INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION( PRIMARY AND SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA), ETIOLOGY & PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, CLINICAL MENIFESTATIONS AND MANAGEMENT(MEDICAL AND NURSING) OF POLYCYTHEMIA.
Sickle cell Anemia
This a series of notes on hematology useful for undergraduate and postgraduate medical and paramedical students. Notes are prepared from standard texts and are easy to reproduce in exams.
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia is a condition characterized by abnormally low platelet counts. It has many potential causes, including decreased platelet production in the bone marrow due to things like cancer, viruses, medications, or liver/kidney disease. It can also be caused by increased platelet destruction, such as in immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Symptoms range from bruising and bleeding to internal bleeding in severe cases. Diagnosis involves blood tests to check the platelet count and rule out underlying conditions. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include medications, splenectomy, platelet transfusions, or changing medications that are causing the low platelet count.
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Polycythemia, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis are three distinct myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) that affect the bone marrow's production of blood cells. Here's a brief overview of each condition:
1. **Polycythemia (Polycythemia Vera):**
- Polycythemia vera (PV) is a disorder where the bone marrow produces too many red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This leads to an increased thickness of the blood (hyperviscosity), which can cause complications like blood clots, strokes, and heart attacks.
- Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, headaches, dizziness, itching (especially after a warm bath), and redness or a bluish tint to the skin.
- Treatment aims to reduce the risk of blood clots and manage symptoms. It may include phlebotomy (removing blood to lower red cell count), medications to suppress bone marrow activity, and aspirin to reduce clotting.
2. **Essential Thrombocythemia (ET):**
- Essential thrombocythemia is characterized by the overproduction of platelets in the bone marrow. This condition can lead to abnormal blood clotting or bleeding.
- Symptoms may include headaches, dizziness, tingling or numbness in the hands or feet, vision changes, and easy bruising or bleeding.
- Treatment focuses on reducing the risk of blood clots and managing symptoms. This may involve medications to lower platelet counts, such as hydroxyurea or anagrelide, as well as aspirin therapy.
3. **Myelofibrosis:**
- Myelofibrosis is a condition where the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue, leading to a decrease in the production of normal blood cells. It is often associated with anemia, enlarged spleen, and abnormal blood cell counts.
- Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, abdominal discomfort due to an enlarged spleen, easy bruising or bleeding, and frequent infections.
- Treatment aims to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. This may involve medications to reduce spleen size and control symptoms, blood transfusions for anemia, and, in some cases, stem cell transplant for eligible patients.
These conditions are chronic and require ongoing monitoring and management by healthcare professionals, often including hematologists or oncologists. Treatment plans are tailored to each individual based on factors such as age, overall health, disease progression, and risk of complications.
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- 1. POLYCYTHEMIA Dr . T.Arivazhagan Post Graduate Department of Pathology
- 2. DEFINITION • Polycythemia is a blood disorder in which the body produce too many blood cells • Due to problem in the bone marrow or increased production of erythropoietin • It is also defined as increase in the HB level • > 17gm/dl – Male • >15gm/dl – Female
- 4. RELATIVE Low volume state: 1. Dehydration 2. Burns 3. Prolonged vomiting 4. Diarrhea 5. Excessive diuretics 6. Stress
- 5. ABSOLUTEPOLYCYTHEMIA 1. PRIMARY : • Polycythemia vera 2.SECONDARY : • Compensatory EPO increase • Inappropriate EPO increase
- 7. Polycythemiavera • It is one of the myeloproliferative disorder • PV is a slow growing type of blood cancer in which bone marrow produce too many blood cells. • PV is a clonal stem cell disorder in which there is an alteration in the pluripotent progenitor cell leading to excessive proliferation of erythroid progenitor cells
- 8. Etio pathogenesis • Due to change or mutation to DNA in a single cell in the bone marrow • JAK2 V617F mutation within exon 14 • JAK2 – important for promotes the growth & proliferation of the cells. • Also important for controlling the production of RBC’s • DNA mutation occurs after the conception • It means it’s only acquired not inherited.
- 9. Riskfactors 1. Age > 60 years 2. M > F 3. Family history
- 10. Clinical features • Early stage – No signs & Symptoms • Later stage • Head ache • Dizziness • Itchiness • Redness of skin • Shortness of breath • Breathing difficulty • Numbness , tingling • Chest pain • Fatigue • Bleeding complications < 1%
- 13. Diagnosis Blood test : • ^ RBC’s, WBC’s & Platelets • ^ Hematocrit • ^ HB • Reduced EPO level
- 15. Bonemarrow • ^ amounts of blood cells • Hyper cellular • Trilineage hyperplasia • Nil iron stores : Because of utilization of the iron by norm oblast • Analysis for DNA mutation
- 17. Treatment • Chronic condition that can’t be cured • Aim to reduce the amount of red cells • Phlebotomy • Medicine – Hydroxyurea , INF – alpha • Ruxolitinib
- 18. Differential diagnosis 1. Secondary polycythemia 2. Geisbock syndrome – Stress erythrocytosis 3. Relative polycythemia
- 19. Course of PV 1. Myelofibrosis – Period of 5 to 25 years 2. AML 3. MDS
- 20. SECONDARYPOLYCYTHEMIA The term is used for erythrocytosis where cause is known • High altitude • Chronic cor pulmonale • Cyanotic heart disease • Kidney tumours • Uterine leiomyoma • Cerebellar haemangioblastoma • Hepatocellular carcinoma EXCESSIVE EPO PRODUCTION • Hepatic Haemangioma • Adrenal adenoma
- 21. PATHOGENESIS High altitude Decreased O2 pressure Reduced O2 tension Reduced tissue oxygenation Reduced kidney oxygenation Increased erythropoietin production Increased erythropoiesis Increased red cell mass Secondary polycythemia
- 22. Symptoms 1. Digital ischemia 2. Head ache 3. Visual disturbances 4. Hypertension
- 23. POLYCYTHEMIA VERA SECONDARY POLYCYTHEMIA Stem cell disorder Secondary to various cause Not associated with hypoxia Associated hypoxia EPO – Reduced EPO – increased Splenomegaly positive Negative Uric acid increased Normal Trilineage hyperplasia Not present DNA mutation Underlying cause NAP SCORE increased Normal Red cell mass increased Normal