Details about Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) with solved examples. Extra examples are given for homework. You can contact me for details on pratik1516@gmail.com.
Details about Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) with solved examples. Extra examples are given for homework. You can contact me for details on pratik1516@gmail.com.
coagulation and flocculation Processes for waste water treatmentDeep Kotak
After the coagulation and flocculation process, the wastewater is treated up to that parameter (COD, BOD, etc.) which are acceptable as per government criteria to dump into water bodies instead of directly dumping and also to overcome problems like toxicity and health hazard posed by inorganic coagulants, production of large amount of toxic sludge, ineffectiveness in removing heavy metals and emerging contaminants, increase in effluent color, inefficient pollutant removal using natural coagulants, and complexity of scaling up procedure are presented
Presentaion consits of basic idea about the treatment process of the w//w, mainly come from fertilizer industris. Introduction,m types of fertilizers, layout and procees of synthesis includerelevant information about topic.On every unique as well as efficient process for effective reducton of C.O.D and NH3-N. Details of pre as well as post procees effect on every stream is giveing the importance to process importance.
DESIGN OF A 30 MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT(PROJECT REPORT) Ratnesh Kushwaha
This is a project report on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water, various treatment units, design calculations and a layout of sewage treatment plant. This report also includes the future scope of this project.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading power point presentation of this project
water supply engineering, raw water treatment, disinfection, sterilization, killing of micro organism, chlorination, break point chlorination, ozonization, Ultraviolet rays, Iodine and Bromine
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Purifying water from water source that has contaminated by using natural ingredients that do not harm the environment with easy steps to do and affordable to all people.
Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to be riddled with small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.
green concrete preparation and techniques used in manufacturing of green concrete and uses and applications and proportions ratios as explained briefly to the civil engineering field
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Use of Moringa oleifera in water treatmentJac Emanuel
Water treatment in cities and villages can be made easy by application of natural methods which are affordable and easy.
One of them is the use of Moringa oleifera as water treatment agent rather than commercial sold chemicals
coagulation and flocculation Processes for waste water treatmentDeep Kotak
After the coagulation and flocculation process, the wastewater is treated up to that parameter (COD, BOD, etc.) which are acceptable as per government criteria to dump into water bodies instead of directly dumping and also to overcome problems like toxicity and health hazard posed by inorganic coagulants, production of large amount of toxic sludge, ineffectiveness in removing heavy metals and emerging contaminants, increase in effluent color, inefficient pollutant removal using natural coagulants, and complexity of scaling up procedure are presented
Presentaion consits of basic idea about the treatment process of the w//w, mainly come from fertilizer industris. Introduction,m types of fertilizers, layout and procees of synthesis includerelevant information about topic.On every unique as well as efficient process for effective reducton of C.O.D and NH3-N. Details of pre as well as post procees effect on every stream is giveing the importance to process importance.
DESIGN OF A 30 MLD SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT(PROJECT REPORT) Ratnesh Kushwaha
This is a project report on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water, various treatment units, design calculations and a layout of sewage treatment plant. This report also includes the future scope of this project.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading power point presentation of this project
water supply engineering, raw water treatment, disinfection, sterilization, killing of micro organism, chlorination, break point chlorination, ozonization, Ultraviolet rays, Iodine and Bromine
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL course material by Prof S S JAHAGIRDAR,NKOCET,SOLAPUR for BE (CIVIL ) students of Solapur university. Content will be also useful for SHIVAJI and PUNE university students
Purifying water from water source that has contaminated by using natural ingredients that do not harm the environment with easy steps to do and affordable to all people.
Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to be riddled with small, low-volume pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reactions.
green concrete preparation and techniques used in manufacturing of green concrete and uses and applications and proportions ratios as explained briefly to the civil engineering field
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Use of Moringa oleifera in water treatmentJac Emanuel
Water treatment in cities and villages can be made easy by application of natural methods which are affordable and easy.
One of them is the use of Moringa oleifera as water treatment agent rather than commercial sold chemicals
adsorption of methylene blue onto xanthogenated modified chitosan microbeadsSiti Nadzifah Ghazali
Methylene Blue (MB) is thiazine dyes that widely use to color product in many industry such as textile, printing, leather, cosmetic and paper. Xanthogenated-Modified Chitosan Microbeads (XMCM) is use to observe the new alternative adsorbent in removing MB from water body through adsorption process. The interactions between MB and functional group in XMCM were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra. Several parameters that influence adsorption ability such as the effect of adsorbent dosage of XMCM and the effect of initial pH of MB aqueous solution were studied. This study were done at optimum condition which is at pH 4 of initial pH of MB solution, 0.01 g of initial XMCM dosage, 6 hours stirring time and temperature of (30 ± 2 ℃). The adsorption data fit well Langmuir model more than Freundlich model. Based on Langmuir model, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB was 21.62 mg g-1 which indicated that XMCM can be a new alternative adsorbent for removing MB.
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GATOT TRIMULYADI REKSO
E-mail: gatot2811@yahoo.com
CENTER FOR THE APPLICATION OF ISOTOPE AND RADIATION TECHNOLOGY
NATIONAL NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY
DEMONSTRATION OF LARGE SCALE PRODUCTION OF OLIGO CHITOSAN
Particles in the Biotech Product Life Cycle: Analysis, Identification and Con...SGS
This presentation looks at the different technologies available for detection of particles generated during the drug development lifecycle and their control using a formulation approach for particles generated as a result of agitation and freeze/thaw, events commonly observed during sample shipment and temperature excursions.
Alcoguard® H5941 – The sustainable bio-polymerSorel Muresan
Alcoguard® H5941 represents the second generation of hybrid polymers. Hybrid polymers are a marriage of selected polysaccharides and synthetic monomers, designed to prevent scale formation in detergent applications such as automatic dishwash, hard surface cleaning and laundry detergent systems. They are particularly effective at minimizing filming and spotting in zero phosphate automatic dishwash formulations and works as effective as synthetic co-polymers.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption using Low Cost ...ijsrd.com
The present study deals with removal of methylene blue (basic dye)from aqueous solution using a low cost activated carbon prepared from Delonix regia(gulmohar seed pods).Batch adsorption studies were conducted by varying the contact time adsorbent dosage and pH
formulation and evaluation of microbeadsgurleen kaur
Microencapsulation has been employed to sustain the drug release, reduce or eliminate drug related adverse effects, dose intake and improve the bioavailability inspite drug undergo extensive first pass metabolism ultimately improve the compliance in pharmacotherapy of inflammation and pain.
Microencapsulation by ionotropic gelation technique is one of the widely used method for preparation of calcium alginate beads which has ability to form gels reaction with calcium salts .
Microencapsulation has been employed to sustain the drug release, reduce or eliminate drug related adverse effects, dose intake and improve the bioavailability inspite drug undergo extensive first pass metabolism ultimately improve the compliance in pharmacotherapy of inflammation and pain.
Microencapsulation by ionotropic gelation technique is one of the widely used method for preparation of calcium alginate beads which has ability to form gels reaction with calcium salts .
Sustainable Approach Of Recycling Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Integrated Bio...SAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
In Malaysia, oil palm is a very significant crop. In the worldwide, the biggest palm oil exporter and producer is Indonesia and Malaysia is the 2nd exporter and producer. the production of crude palm oil (CPO) was increased significantly from 92,000 tonnes in year 1960 to 17.6 million tonnes in year 2009, The process to extract the palm oil needs massive and huge water quantity to sterilize the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) and clarify the extracted oil.
Case study of Gokarna Multi-village scheme, Kumta, Karnataka_IIM-B_2023.pdfIndia Water Portal
Ensuring sustainability of rural drinking water systems: Case presentation from a national symposium organised by IIM Bangalore, appointed by the center as the JJM chair for O&M, Arghyam and eGovernments Foundation on 2nd November 2023.
Financial sustainability of schemes managed by PHED in Punjab_Krishnakumar Th...India Water Portal
Ensuring sustainability of rural drinking water systems: Case presentation from a national symposium organised by IIM Bangalore, appointed by the center as the JJM chair for O&M, Arghyam and eGovernments Foundation on 2nd November 2023.
Functioning of Single Village Drinking Water Supply Schemes in Rural Odisha_G...India Water Portal
Ensuring sustainability of rural drinking water systems: Case presentation from a national symposium organised by IIM Bangalore, appointed by the center as the JJM chair for O&M, Arghyam and eGovernments Foundation on 2nd November 2023.
Managing drinking water infrastructure in West Bengal Gram Panchayats_Sujata ...India Water Portal
Ensuring sustainability of rural drinking water systems: Case presentation from a national symposium organised by IIM Bangalore, appointed by the center as the JJM chair for O&M, Arghyam and eGovernments Foundation on 2nd November 2023.
Ensuring sustainability of rural drinking water systems: Case presentation from a national symposium organised by IIM Bangalore, appointed by the center as the JJM chair for O&M, Arghyam and eGovernments Foundation on 2nd November 2023.
Social behavioural change to drive community ownership_ Divyang Waghela_Tata ...India Water Portal
Ensuring sustainability of rural drinking water systems: Case presentation from a national symposium symposium organised by IIM Bangalore, appointed by the center as the JJM chair for O&M, Arghyam and eGovernments Foundation on 2nd November 2023.
Karnataka plans to ensure every rural household tap water connection by 2024. In 2021-22, the State plans to provide 25 lakh tap water connections in its rural areas.
Presently, Karnataka has 91.19 lakh rural households, out of which only 28.44 lakh (31.2%) have tap water supply. So far, 23 panchayats and 676 villages in the State have been declared ‘Har Ghar Jal’. 95% schools and 95% anganwadi centres, 84% ashramshalas, 91% gram panchayat buildings and 92% health centres have piped water connections in Karnataka. The State plans to cover the learning centres, GP building and Health centres in next few months. There is urgent need for grey water management and behaviour change among people so that water, which is a limited resource, is used judiciously. The state plans to cover 17,111 villages falling under the priority category i.e. drought prone and desert region, SC/ ST dominated habitations, Aspirational districts, etc. in the current financial year.
This document covers the IEC material being developed to build capacities on water source strengthening/ augmentation, water supply, greywater treatment & reuse, and operation & maintenance of in-village water supply systems, water quality monitoring and surveillance etc.
The state has to involve the local village community/ gram panchayats and or user groups in planning, implementation, management, operation and maintenance of water supply systems in villages to ensure long-term sustainability thereby help achieve drinking water security. It has started IEC campaign through community engagement in all villages.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Community mobilization and institutional framework including monitoring mecha...India Water Portal
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020India Water Portal
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
To arrest the decline in groundwater levels, Atal Bhujal Yojana or Atal Jal - perhaps India’s largest community led groundwater management program till date - was launched in December 2019. This presentation deals with capacity building planned under the scheme, the responsibilities for capacity building, identified needs for capacity building, skill development/ workshop/ handholding, training institutions, awareness creation and IEC.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Use of bio coagulant in wastewater treatment_Kanoj Neeraj_2013
1. Use of Bio-Coagulants in wastewater
treatment and determination of
treatment process efficiency using
model study
BY : KANOJ NEERAJ D.
B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING
F.Y.M.Tech EWRE COEP
3. Modification in the conventional process
Coagulation and
Flocculation
TRICKLING
FILTER
Application of
Biocoagulants
SEDIMENTATION
TANK
SLUDGE
DISINFECTION
AND DISPOSAL
OF EFFLUENT
Figure 2:Proposed modification in the conventional treatment process.
4. What is Coagulation?
• Coagulation: is a process in which dispersed colloidal
particles agglomerate together.
• Coagulants: are substances which bring about
coagulation.
• Bio-coagulants: Natural, bio-degradable coagulants.
In our project study we have used the following biocoagulants:
1)Dried Moringa Oleifera Seed Powder(Drumstick seeds).
2) Chitosan Powder.
7. Why is Coagulation necessary?
Sewage
97% Water
3% Solids
Suspended
Solids
Dissolved
Solids
8. Why is Coagulation necessary?
Particles with
high specific
gravity
Settle under
influence of
gravity
Particles with
low specific
gravity
Do not settle
under influence
of gravity
Coagulation
Helps in Flock
Formation
Increases
sp.gravity of
particles and
helps them to
settle
9. Why use Bio-Coagulants instead of the
conventional treatment processes and
methods ?
ASP
(Activated Sludge
Process)
Used in developing/ed
countries to treat
large magnitudes of
sewage
Because process is
quite expensive to
construct ,operate and
maintain
Aerated
Lagoons,Oxidation
Ponds
Used in economically
weak areas to treat
small magnitudes of
sewage.
Because process is
relatively cheaper to
construct , operate &
maintain.
10. BUT WHAT TO DO WHEN LARGE
MAGNITUDES OF SEWAGE ARE TO BE
TREATED IN ECONOMICALLY WEAKER
REGIONS ????
A GOOD OPTION IS TO USE A BIO-COAGULANT AIDED TF
11. Why use Bio-coagulant aided TF
instead of a normal conventional TF?
Conventional
TF
Attached
growth process
Attached growth
process
Based on formation
a bacterial slime
layer on filter media
12. Why use Bio-coagulant aided TF
instead of a normal conventional TF?
BOD removal
efficiency of a
conventional TF
Maintenance of
aerobic
conditions in
slime layer
Difficult in a
tropical country
like India
Usually 90%
Due to
variations in
atmospheric
conditions
13. Why use Bio-coagulant aided TF
instead of a normal conventional TF?
Due to these
reasons
Inorder to
ensure that:
BOD removal
efficiency of TF
decreases
BOD removal
efficiency of TF
remains high
irrespective of the
conditions
We aid the
TF with Biocoagulants.
This seriously
affects the
quality of
treated effluent
This also
reduces load
on the TF
14. Components of the project
Project
Stage: 1
Determination of
optimum dose of
bio-coagulant
Stage: 2
Determination of
the process
efficiency using
model study
16. Methodology of Stage:1
Wastewater sample
Nephelometer to
determine initial turbidity.
Model
Study
(Stage:2)
Nephelometer to
determine final turbidity.
Jar test to determine
optimum dose of coagulant
17. Stage:1 Test Results
45
30
40
25
35
30
20
%
Reductio
n in
Turbidity
%
Reductio
n in
Turbidity
15
25
20
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
-5
5
15
25
Dosage of Chitosan( mg/l)
Graph 1:optimum dose of coagulant is 15 mg/l
% Reduction in turbidity is 18%.
-5
5
15
25
Dosage of Chitosan and Moringa Oleifera
(mg/l)
Graph 2:optimum dose of coagulant is 20
mg/l
% Reduction in turbidity is 38.92%.
18. Stage:1 Test Results
90
60
80
50
70
60
%
Reductio
n in
Turbidity
40
%
Reductio
n in
Turbidity
50
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
-5
0
5
15
25
Dosages of Moringa Oleifera (mg/l)
Graph 3:optimum dose of coagulant is 15 mg/l
% Reduction in turbidity is 80%.
-10
10
30
50
Dosages of Alum (mg/l)
Graph 4:optimum dose of coagulant is 30
mg/l
% Reduction in turbidity is 24.11%.
19. Stage:1 Test Results
BIO-COAGULANTS
TURBIDITY RANGE (NTU)
REDUCTION IN TURBIDITY(%)
MORINGA OLEIFERA
45 – 50
20 – 48
CHITOSAN POWDER
45 – 70
25 – 40
M.OLEIFERA + CHITOSAN
32 – 70
17 – 47
ALUM
45 – 70
15 – 30
Table 1:Results depicting estimated reduction of turbidity
BIO-COAGULANTS
OPTIMUM DOSE (mg/l)
REDUCTION IN TURBIDITY(%)
MORINGA OLEIFERA
15
38.4
CHITOSAN POWDER
15
32.52
M.OLEIFERA + CHITOSAN
20
27.2
ALUM
30
25.84
Table 2: Optimum dosages of bio-coagulants and actual reduction in turbidity obtained
20. Stage:1 Test Results
SAMPLE
ORIGINAL TURBIDITY
NEW TURBIDITY
REDUCTION IN
TURBIDITY (%)
I
86.1
56.7
34.14
II
87.9
66.7
24.11
III
77.6
44.3
42.91
IV
77.4
39.1
49.48
Table 3: Reduction in Turbidity using Alum as a coagulant.
SAMPLE
ORIGINAL TURBIDITY
NEW TURBIDITY
REDUCTION IN
TURBIDITY (%)
I
86.1
49.5
42.5
II
87.9
54.1
38.4
III
77.6
42.3
45.48
IV
77.4
39.0
49.61
Table 4: Reduction in Turbidity using Moringa Oleifera as a coagulant.
21. Stage:1 Test Results
COAGULANT
DOSAGE(mg/l)
AVERAGE TURBIDITY
REDUCTION( % )
MORINGA OLEIFERA
15
38.4
CHITOSAN
15
32.52
M.OLEIFERA + CHITOSAN
20
27.2
ALUM
30
24.11
Table 5: Reduction in Turbidity using various coagulants.
Maximum reduction in turbidity is obtained
by using Moringa Oleifera at it’s optimum
dosage of 15 mg/l.
24. Stage:2 (Part: A Design Stage)
Design stage
Design of
CLARIFLOCCULATOR
Design of TF
Design of SST
25. Stage:2 (PART:A Design Stage)
•
•
•
•
Click here to view the design data.
1.Design Of Clariflocculator.
2.Design Of Trickling Filter.
3.Design Of Sedimentation Tank.
26. Stage:2 (Part:A Design Stage)
• THE FINALISED DIMENSIONS AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF
VARIOUS TREATMENT UNITS ARE AS FOLLOWS:
A)CLARIFLOCCULATOR:
1. DIAMETER = 0.3 M.
2. DEPTH = 0.15 M.
3. DESIGN DISCHARGE = 10 L/HR.
4. DETENTION PERIOD = 1 HOUR.
5. ORGANIC LOADING RATE = 60,000 L/SQ.M/DAY
27. Stage:2 (Part:A Design Stage)
B)TRICKLING FILTER:
1. DIAMETER = 0.3 M.
2. DEPTH = 1 M.
3. DEPTH OF FILTER MEDIA = 0.7 M.
4. DESIGN DISCHARGE = 10 L/HR.
5. ORGANIC LOADING RATE = 1500 KG/HAM/DAY.
31. Stage:3 (Part:C Testing Stage)
5-DAY BOD OF THE
INFLUENT TO
CLARIFLOCCULATOR IS
CALCULATED (INITIAL BOD)
5-DAY BOD OF THE EFFLUENT
FROM SEDIMENTATION TANK
IS CALCULATED (FINAL BOD)
THE BOD REMOVAL
EFFICIENCY OF THE PROJECT
IS CALCULATED.
32. Stage:3 (Part:C Testing Stage Results)
SR.NO
FILTER MEDIA
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
INITIAL DO
FINAL DO
DILUTION
FACTOR
BOD5 @
20°C
(mg/l)
1
NONE
INFLUENT
21
16.5
20
90
2
AGGREGATE
WITHOUT
COAGULANT
17.2
15.9
20
26
3
AGGREGATE
WITH
COAGULANT
18.2
17.6
20
12
4
PLASTIC
WITHOUT
COAGULANT
18.9
17.5
20
28
5
PLASTIC
WITH
COAGULANT
18.4
17.6
20
16
TRIAL 1:
33. Stage:3 (Part:C Testing Stage Results)
SR.NO
FILTER MEDIA
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
INITIAL DO
FINAL DO
DILUTION
FACTOR
BOD5 @
20°C
(mg/l)
1
NONE
INFLUENT
23
17.9
20
102
2
AGGREGATE
WITHOUT
COAGULANT
17.8
16.4
20
28
3
AGGREGATE
WITH
COAGULANT
18.6
17.9
20
14
4
PLASTIC
WITHOUT
COAGULANT
18.2
16.7
20
30
5
PLASTIC
WITH
COAGULANT
17.9
17.1
20
16
TRIAL 2:
34. Stage:3 (Part:C Testing Stage Results)
SR.NO
FILTER MEDIA
SAMPLE
DESCRIPTION
INITIAL DO
FINAL DO
DILUTION
FACTOR
BOD5 @
20°C
(mg/l)
1
NONE
INFLUENT
23.2
18.9
20
86
2
AGGREGATE
WITHOUT
COAGULANT
17.6
16.3
20
26
3
AGGREGATE
WITH
COAGULANT
18.2
17.7
20
10
4
PLASTIC
WITHOUT
COAGULANT
18.4
17.1
20
26
5
PLASTIC
WITH
COAGULANT
18.6
17.9
20
14
TRIAL 3:
As per BIS the 5-day BOD of the effluent to be released in
rivers is <= 20 mg/l
35. Stage:3 (Part:C Testing Stage Results)
SR.NO
TRIAL NO.
FILTER MEDIA
BOD REMOVAL
EFFICIENCY
WITHOUT
COAGULANT
(%)
BOD REMOVAL
EFFICIENCY
WITH
COAGULANT
(%)
1.
I
AGGREGATE
71.11
86.67
PLASTIC
68.88
82.23
AGGREGATE
72.55
86.27
PLASTIC
70.58
84.31
AGGREGATE
69.76
88.37
PLASTIC
69.76
83.72
2.
3.
II
III
36. Stage:3 (Part:C Testing Stage Results)
WITH
COAGULANT:87.10%
SAND/AGGREGATE
FILTER
WITHOUT
COAGULANT:71.14%
AVERAGE BOD
REMOVAL
EFFICIENCY
WITH
COAGULANT:83.42%
PLASTIC FILTER
WITHOUT
COAGULANT:69.74%
37. RATE ANALYSIS AND COST COMPARISON
1) For A Conventional ASP Based STP Located At Bhatnagar, Chinchwad, Pune:
(Plant Capacity=30MLD).
SR.NO
PARTICULARS
AMOUNT (Rs/MONTH)
1
OVERALL COSTS
5,00,000
2
ELECTRICITY COSTS
1,90,000
3
LABOUR COSTS
2,00,000
TOTAL
8,90,000 OR 30,000 PER
DAY
2) For The Bio-Coagulant Aided Process Based STP: (Plant Capacity=30mld).
SR.NO
PARTICULARS
AMOUNT (Rs/MONTH)
1
OVERALL COSTS
5,00,000
2
ELECTRICITY COSTS
86,450
3
LABOUR COSTS
2,00,000
4
COST OF BIO-COAGULANTS
90,000
TOTAL
8.76,450 OR 29,215 PER
DAY
38. Conclusions
According to the project results it is concluded that:
1) Cost of sewage treatment using bio-coagulants < Cost of sewage treatment
using ASP.
2) Cost of treatment using the natural bio-coagulants < Cost of treatment
using Alum.
3) Efficiency of treatment process using bio-coagulants > Efficiency of
treatment process using Alum.(in terms of turbidity reduction).
4) Efficiency of treatment process using bio-coagulants > Efficiency of
treatment process using no coagulants.( in terms of BOD removal).
5) Efficiency of treatment process using Aggregate/Sand Filter > Efficiency of
treatment process using Plastic Filter.( in terms of BOD removal).
6) Coagulation efficiency of Moringa oleifera and Chitosan powder stock
solution > Coagulation efficiency of Alum.
39. Significance and Future Scope of the
project
The use of bio-coagulants in waste water treatment has the following
benefits:
1 )Reduced expenditure on processing of costly chemicals.
2) Reduced dependency on chemical coagulants.
3) Process is very economical for developing countries.
4) The bio-coagulants are eco-friendly.
5) Development of a new industry of bio-coagulant production.
6) Saving of electricity which is already deficient in India.
41. References
1) John Samia A.A. (1998) , “Using Moringa Oleifera and Chitosan as
coagulant in developing countries.” journal of AWWA Management and
Operations.
2) Prof.M.R.Gidde, Prof.A.R.Bhalerao, Mr.C.P.Pise “Turbidity removal by
blended coagulant Alum and M.Oleifera”, ICER BITS Pilani, Goa campus403726.
3) Hitendra Bhupawat, G.K.Folkard, Sanjeev Chaudhary “Innovative physicochemical treatment of wastewater incorporating Moringa Oleifera seed
coagulant.” CESE, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
4) Suleman A. Muyibi, Lillian Evision et al.(1995), “Optimizing the Physical
Parameters affecting coagulation of turbid waters with Moringa Oleifera
seeds.”
42. References
5. Gassenschmidt U., Jany K. D., Tauscher B. and Niebergall H. (1995)
“Isolation and characterization of a flocculating protein from
Moringa oleifera lam”. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 143, 477-481.
6. Muyibi S.A. and Okufu C. A. (1995) “Coagulation of low turbidity
surface water with Moringa oleifera seeds”. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 48,
263-273.
7. Muyibi S.A. and Evison L.M. (1995) “Optimizing Physical Parameters
Affecting Coagulation of Turbid Water with Moringa Oleifera seeds”.
Wat. Resources, 29(12), 2689-2695.
8. Ndbigengesere, A., Narasiah, K.S. and Talbot, B.G. (1995). “Active
Agent and Mechanism of Coagulation of Turbid Waters Using
Moringa Oleifera”. Wat. Resources, 2, 703-710.
43. THANK YOU!!!!
PROJECT BY : KANOJ NEERAJ D. (F.Y.M.Tech EWRE CoEP)
PROJECT GUIDE: PROF.S.A.NIKAM (M.E. Environmental Engg.),RSCOE,Pune.
Editor's Notes
High levels of pollution in the natural water bodies like rivers,streams,lakes etc. in recent times, is a matter of great concern.The main culprit in this context is the emmission of untreated domestic and industrial wastewater in these natural water bodies.In the rural areas this happens mainly because the rural areas cannot afford the expensive sewage treatment processes, while in the urban areas this happens mainly because of the callousness of the municipal authorities towards environmental standards and laws.It has become necessary to develop a simple and cost effective method yet highly efficient sewage treatament process, so that the untreated sewage is not released into the natural water bodies, in both rural as well as the urban areas.In response to this need we have developed a sewage treatment process using “bio-coagulants”. The process is both simple as well as cost effective.Good morning to all the distinguished guests and all my dear friends, and a very warm welcome to y’all. I am kanojneeraj d. making a presentation on the topic of USE OF BIO-COAGULANTS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND DETERMINATION OF TREATMENT PROCESS EFFICIENCY USING MODEL STUDY.
In order to understand the scope of our project, we should first see how a conventional sewage treatment process really works.The process consists:a) Preliminary treatment: consisting of i) screen: to remove floating impurities from wastewater. ii) grit chamber: to remove sand and grit from wastewater.b) Primary treatment: Primary Sedimentation Tank (PST) to settle down the settleable solids present in the wastewater and to separate them from the wastewater.c) Secondary Treatment: consists of: i) Aeration Tank(AT)- which may employ either Activated Sludge Process(ASP) or Trickling Filter(TF).This unit employs bacterial action to convert non-settleable impurities to settleable impurities. ii) consists of Secondary Sedimentation Tank (SST)- which is used to settle down the settleable solids/floc formed in the AT.d) Tertiary treatment: consists of: i) effluent disinfection unit: which employs chlorination to disinfect the effluent from the SST. ii) sludge thickening, digestion and drying units: used to treat the sludge formed during the treatment process and convert it into a usable form.
We are proposing the following modification to the conventional Sewage Treatment (ST) process.Firstly, it should be noted that in the conventional ST process no coagulant substances are used. We are introducing the use of BIO-COAGULANTS IN THE ST PROCESS.Secondly, we are replacing the PST with a mixing chamber (for mixing the coagulant into the influent) and a clarifocculator.In the AT we are going to use the TF.Other units remain the same.
Let us now study a few basic concepts related to our project.
1) The question arises as to WHY USE A BIO-COAGULANT AIDED TF INSTEAD OF A NORMAL CONVENTIONAL TF ?2) The justification as follows:
1) The BOD removal efficiency of a conventional TF is usually 90%.2) However, this requires the effective formation and efficient functioning of the slime layer.3) This can be ensured by maintaining aerobic conditions in the slime layer.4) Maintenance of aerobic conditions in the slime layer is difficult in a tropical country like India due to drastic variations in the atmospheric conditions.
In the TF, as the thickness of the slime layer increases, the inner part if the slime layer, nearer to the filter media starts becoming anaerobic.Due to this the micro-organisms in this region start entering the endogenous growth phase, leading to a reduction in the BOD removal capacity of the TF.
It should be noted that this is an intermittent flow system designed for a constant discharge of 10 l/hr and not a continuous flow system.
From the test results we can see thatThe BOD of the influent is 90 mg/l. The items in green show the BOD results for treatment process without coagulant use.The items in red show the BOD results for treatment process with coagulant use.From the results it can be inferred that the BOD removal in a ST process employing use of bio-coagulants is more as compared to a ST process not employing the use of bio-coagulants.
We are getting the 5-day BOD of the Effluent from the ST process as 10 and 14 mg/l respectively, which is < 20 mg/l.Therefore, our test results satisfy the BIS norms for releasing the treated effluent in the natural water bodies.
From the above table we can infer that the BOD removal efficiency of a ST process using no coagulants is lesser than that of the ST process using bio-coagulants.Also, the BOD removal efficiency of the aggregate media TF is greater than the BOD removal efficiency of the plastic media TF.
1) The cost comparison table above determines that the operating cost of a bio-coagulant based STP is less than that of a conventional ASP based STP.
POINT 2) Since, alum is more expensive than bio-coagulants.[ Alum is Rs.350/half kg. and moringaoleifera is Rs.200/kg and chitosan is Rs.220/kg].