Paper 1
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•16 views
This document provides an overview of biophysical chemistry and biomolecules. It discusses proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and enzymes. Specifically, it describes the four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. It also summarizes the main types of lipids - simple (fats, oils, waxes), complex (phospholipids, glycolipids, lipoproteins), and derived lipids. The document is written by Nikita V. Singh for her M.Sc. semester IV physical chemistry paper and covers biomolecules relevant to bio-physical chemistry.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Lipids
Lipids are organic compounds that include fatty acids, glycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids. They can be classified as saponifiable or nonsaponifiable and polar or nonpolar. Saponifiable lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Nonpolar lipids like triglycerides are used for energy storage while polar lipids form cell membranes. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, cell signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. They are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol during digestion and absorbed into the bloodstream within lipoproteins like chylomicrons and HDL/LDL for transport.
Structure of organic compounds (1)
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic composition and properties of each macromolecule, including that carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide energy; lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are used to store energy and provide structure; proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and serve as the building blocks for tissues and enzymes; and nucleic acids contain genetic information essential for life. Each macromolecule is composed of smaller monomers that polymerize to form the larger macromolecule.
Biomolecules carbohydrate
Biomolecules are organic and inorganic chemicals that occur in living organisms. They include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other molecules. Biomolecules can be classified as either micromolecules, which are small and soluble, or macromolecules, which are large polymers formed from micromolecules. The four major types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins - differ in their composition and functions, which include energy storage, heredity, structure, and catalysis of biological processes.
Carbohydrate polysaccharides
This document discusses different types of polysaccharides. It defines polysaccharides as macromolecules made of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides are divided into homo-polysaccharides containing a single type of monosaccharide (e.g. starch, glycogen) and hetero-polysaccharides containing multiple types (e.g. peptidoglycan, heparin). Key homo-polysaccharides discussed are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and agar. Starch and glycogen function as energy storage, while cellulose provides structure. Key hetero-polysaccharides discussed are mucopolysaccharides, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and peptidoglycan.
The Function Of Macromolecules Notes
The document summarizes key concepts about macromolecules. It discusses how monomers link together through dehydration reactions to form polymers, including carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the structures and functions of important carbohydrates like starch, cellulose, and glycogen. It also discusses lipids, noting that fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids and serve as compact energy stores.
B.Sc. Biochem II Biomolecules I U 1 Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for most organisms and can be separated into simple and complex categories, with simple carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose and complex carbohydrates including polysaccharides like starch and cellulose. Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram and serve important structural and energy storage functions in plants and animals through molecules like glycogen, though some complex carbohydrates like cellulose cannot be digested. The basic units of carbohydrates are monosaccharides that can link together to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and long chains in polysaccharides through dehydr
Biological Molecules
The document discusses the structures and roles of biological macromolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides which serve roles as energy sources and building blocks. Lipids such as triglycerides function as energy stores and membrane components. Proteins have complex structures including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels which allow them to serve diverse functions essential to life.
Session no. 2.1. biological molecules carbohydrates and lipids
This document provides learning objectives and activities about biological molecules. The learning objectives are to categorize molecules as carbohydrates or lipids based on their structure and function, and explain the role of molecules in metabolic processes. Key words like monosaccharides, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and phospholipids are defined. An activity involves analyzing a food nutrition label to determine calories, fats, carbohydrates, and whether the food should be eaten often or sparingly. Basic information about calories, the composition of carbohydrates and lipids, where fats are stored, and examples of carbohydrates and fats are also presented.
Recommended
Lipids
Lipids are organic compounds that include fatty acids, glycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids. They can be classified as saponifiable or nonsaponifiable and polar or nonpolar. Saponifiable lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Nonpolar lipids like triglycerides are used for energy storage while polar lipids form cell membranes. Lipids serve important functions like energy storage, cell signaling, and as structural components of cell membranes. They are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol during digestion and absorbed into the bloodstream within lipoproteins like chylomicrons and HDL/LDL for transport.
Structure of organic compounds (1)
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic composition and properties of each macromolecule, including that carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide energy; lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and are used to store energy and provide structure; proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and serve as the building blocks for tissues and enzymes; and nucleic acids contain genetic information essential for life. Each macromolecule is composed of smaller monomers that polymerize to form the larger macromolecule.
Biomolecules carbohydrate
Biomolecules are organic and inorganic chemicals that occur in living organisms. They include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and other molecules. Biomolecules can be classified as either micromolecules, which are small and soluble, or macromolecules, which are large polymers formed from micromolecules. The four major types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins - differ in their composition and functions, which include energy storage, heredity, structure, and catalysis of biological processes.
Carbohydrate polysaccharides
This document discusses different types of polysaccharides. It defines polysaccharides as macromolecules made of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Polysaccharides are divided into homo-polysaccharides containing a single type of monosaccharide (e.g. starch, glycogen) and hetero-polysaccharides containing multiple types (e.g. peptidoglycan, heparin). Key homo-polysaccharides discussed are starch, glycogen, cellulose, and agar. Starch and glycogen function as energy storage, while cellulose provides structure. Key hetero-polysaccharides discussed are mucopolysaccharides, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and peptidoglycan.
The Function Of Macromolecules Notes
The document summarizes key concepts about macromolecules. It discusses how monomers link together through dehydration reactions to form polymers, including carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the structures and functions of important carbohydrates like starch, cellulose, and glycogen. It also discusses lipids, noting that fats are composed of glycerol and fatty acids and serve as compact energy stores.
B.Sc. Biochem II Biomolecules I U 1 Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for most organisms and can be separated into simple and complex categories, with simple carbohydrates including monosaccharides like glucose and complex carbohydrates including polysaccharides like starch and cellulose. Carbohydrates provide 4 calories per gram and serve important structural and energy storage functions in plants and animals through molecules like glycogen, though some complex carbohydrates like cellulose cannot be digested. The basic units of carbohydrates are monosaccharides that can link together to form disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and long chains in polysaccharides through dehydr
Biological Molecules
The document discusses the structures and roles of biological macromolecules including carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides which serve roles as energy sources and building blocks. Lipids such as triglycerides function as energy stores and membrane components. Proteins have complex structures including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels which allow them to serve diverse functions essential to life.
Session no. 2.1. biological molecules carbohydrates and lipids
This document provides learning objectives and activities about biological molecules. The learning objectives are to categorize molecules as carbohydrates or lipids based on their structure and function, and explain the role of molecules in metabolic processes. Key words like monosaccharides, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and phospholipids are defined. An activity involves analyzing a food nutrition label to determine calories, fats, carbohydrates, and whether the food should be eaten often or sparingly. Basic information about calories, the composition of carbohydrates and lipids, where fats are stored, and examples of carbohydrates and fats are also presented.
The chemistry of life
1. The basic chemical components that make up protoplasm, the substance of life, are water, inorganic compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2. Water is the most abundant component, making up 60-90% of living organisms. It is crucial for transport and as a universal solvent.
3. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are organic compounds that contain carbon and provide structure and energy through molecules like glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
4. These organic molecules form complex macromolecules through condensation reactions, and carry out essential functions like energy storage, structure, catalysis, and heredity
Bio molecules by sohail
This document summarizes the four major classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and perform structural and energy storage roles. Proteins function as enzymes, provide structure, and transport materials. Lipids store energy and form cell membranes. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain the genetic code and are made of nucleotides linked in chains. Overall, biomolecules are essential organic compounds that perform critical functions in living organisms.
Carbohydrate chemistry dr.sohil
This document provides information about carbohydrate chemistry and classification. It discusses:
1) Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common examples like glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch are described.
2) Monosaccharides can further be classified as aldoses and ketoses depending on whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone functional group.
3) Polysaccharides can be homopolymers or heteropolymers. Glycogen is described as an important homopolysaccharide for energy storage in the human body.
Carbohydrates
This covers the topic on Carbohydrates = - its Structure, Composition and Mechanisms of the different Chemical Reactions involved.
Lipids Notes
the slide contain detail note on:
1.Lipids
2.types of Lipids.
3.Function of Lipids
4.Chemical Composition of Lipids
etc etc
Lec 8 level 3-nu(chemistry of lipids)
1. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, sterols and phospholipids and serve important functions like energy storage, structure of cell membranes, and hormone production.
2. Triglycerides are the main form of lipid storage and consist of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids.
3. Digestion of lipids requires bile salts to emulsify fat droplets and increases the action of pancreatic lipase which breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols in the small intestine.
Biomolecules
This document discusses various biomolecules including amino acids, lipids and fatty acids, nucleotides, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and their structure, functions, and importance. It describes the four main types of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. It also summarizes metabolism as the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within cells including catabolism and anabolism.
Introduction of biochemistry
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that make up living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage. Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol and function in energy storage, protection, and insulation. Proteins contain amino acids and perform a variety of functions including growth, energy production, and pH buffering. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and store and transmit genetic information that directs cellular functions. These macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis and broken down through hydrolysis.
Biomolecules – Production and Industrial applications
Biomolecules (Mainly Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids ) Production form Microorganisms and their Industrial applications were discussed....
Biomolecules
Biomolecules are organic compounds needed for life. They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates like starch, glycogen, and cellulose are used for energy storage. Lipids such as fats and oils store energy and act as cell membrane components. Proteins are made of amino acids and have structural and mechanical functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA control cell functions and carry genetic information.
2. biomolecule
The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on the monomers, polymers, and functions of each type. Carbohydrates include sugars such as glucose and polymers like starch. Lipids are made of fatty acids and include fats, waxes, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acid polymers that take on various structures and functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
This document discusses biological molecules, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It focuses on lipids, describing their structure, properties, and main groups including fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides are described as the main form of fat, with fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. Phospholipids are discussed as making up cell membranes. Cholesterol is given as a common steroid molecule that has both water-soluble and water-insoluble ends. Saturated and unsaturated fats are also briefly covered.
Presentation on glyoxisome
Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plant seeds that play key roles in lipid breakdown and gluconeogenesis. They contain the enzymes for beta-oxidation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, the glyoxylic acid cycle which converts acetyl-CoA into succinate, and gluconeogenesis which generates glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon sources. Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipases, then enter the glyoxysome where the fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in four steps to produce acetyl-CoA.
Lesson 7 biomolecules
This document discusses the main biomolecules found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on their building blocks, functions, and examples. Carbohydrates like glucose are a main energy source and include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids store energy and form cell membranes, with examples being triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Proteins have amino acids and roles like structure, defense, and catalysis. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and provide energy, with DNA in the nucleus and RNA in the nucleus or cytoplasm.
Biological molecules
This document discusses biological molecules and biomolecules. It notes that the four most important elements that make up living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Carbon is particularly important as it can form many different structures and molecules due to its ability to form up to four bonds. Biomolecules are organic molecules found in living organisms, including macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The document then discusses specific biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and water in more detail.
Biological Molecules Notes
There are two types of biological molecules: organic and inorganic. Organic molecules come from living things and contain carbon, while inorganic molecules like water and minerals are essential for cellular processes. The four main organic molecules are carbohydrates, which supply energy; lipids, which are found in cell membranes and store energy; proteins, made of amino acids to build and repair the body; and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA that contain sugars, phosphates, and nitrogen bases.
Lipid200 structure and function
Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. The document discusses the structure, function, and classification of various lipids. It describes simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, as well as complex lipids including phospholipids. Phospholipids are important structural components of cell membranes and contain a phosphate group, alcohol, and fatty acids. Glycerophospholipids are the major class of phospholipids, with phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and others playing important roles in cells and tissues.
Introduction to biomolecules (carbohydrates)
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism and related pathways in the human body. It covers:
- The roles of carbohydrates in providing energy and fuel for muscles and the central nervous system.
- Glycogen storage locations and amounts in the body. Glycogen stored in muscles is used directly by that muscle during exercise.
- Key pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, the HMP shunt, and the pentose phosphate pathway.
- Coordination of glycogen synthesis and degradation through regulating enzymes to maintain blood glucose levels.
Chem 45 Biochemistry: Stoker chapter 18 Introduction – Cell Structure
Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances and reactions in living organisms. It examines the molecular basis of life through investigating biochemical substances like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Cells contain complex organelles that carry out specific functions through biochemical reactions. The nucleus stores genetic information, mitochondria generate energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus process proteins. Biochemistry seeks to understand how materials, information, and energy allow cells and organisms to sustain life through thousands of coordinated chemical reactions occurring every minute.
Carbohydrates by Salman Saeed Lecturer Botany UCMS Khanewal
This document provides an overview of the plant biochemistry course taught by Salman Saeed at the University College of Management & Sciences in Khanewal, Pakistan. It covers the key topics of carbohydrates, including their classes (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides), properties, importance for survival, examples (glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose), and the effects of inadequate carbohydrate intake on the body.
Synthesis of Membrane Lipids
Membrane lipids are synthesized in the endomembrane compartments including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. This involves hundreds of enzymes and active transport since the hydrophobic lipids cannot diffuse freely. The major classes of membrane lipids are phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids. Phosphoglycerides are the most abundant and are synthesized from glycerol-3-phosphate with two fatty acid chains and a polar head group. Sphingolipids are derived from sphingosine and include sphingomyelin and gangliosides. Cholesterol is an important steroid component of mammalian plasma membranes.
Carbohydrates
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates, which are one of the four major classes of biomolecules along with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the structures and functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be either aldoses or ketoses depending on whether the carbonyl group is an aldehyde or ketone. Disaccharides are formed from a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides serve important energy storage roles as starch and glycogen. The document also reviews lipid structure including fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols and their role in biological membranes.
More Related Content
What's hot
The chemistry of life
1. The basic chemical components that make up protoplasm, the substance of life, are water, inorganic compounds, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
2. Water is the most abundant component, making up 60-90% of living organisms. It is crucial for transport and as a universal solvent.
3. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are organic compounds that contain carbon and provide structure and energy through molecules like glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.
4. These organic molecules form complex macromolecules through condensation reactions, and carry out essential functions like energy storage, structure, catalysis, and heredity
Bio molecules by sohail
This document summarizes the four major classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates include sugars and perform structural and energy storage roles. Proteins function as enzymes, provide structure, and transport materials. Lipids store energy and form cell membranes. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain the genetic code and are made of nucleotides linked in chains. Overall, biomolecules are essential organic compounds that perform critical functions in living organisms.
Carbohydrate chemistry dr.sohil
This document provides information about carbohydrate chemistry and classification. It discusses:
1) Carbohydrates are classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Common examples like glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch are described.
2) Monosaccharides can further be classified as aldoses and ketoses depending on whether they contain an aldehyde or ketone functional group.
3) Polysaccharides can be homopolymers or heteropolymers. Glycogen is described as an important homopolysaccharide for energy storage in the human body.
Carbohydrates
This covers the topic on Carbohydrates = - its Structure, Composition and Mechanisms of the different Chemical Reactions involved.
Lipids Notes
the slide contain detail note on:
1.Lipids
2.types of Lipids.
3.Function of Lipids
4.Chemical Composition of Lipids
etc etc
Lec 8 level 3-nu(chemistry of lipids)
1. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, sterols and phospholipids and serve important functions like energy storage, structure of cell membranes, and hormone production.
2. Triglycerides are the main form of lipid storage and consist of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids.
3. Digestion of lipids requires bile salts to emulsify fat droplets and increases the action of pancreatic lipase which breaks down triglycerides into fatty acids and monoacylglycerols in the small intestine.
Biomolecules
This document discusses various biomolecules including amino acids, lipids and fatty acids, nucleotides, and macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and their structure, functions, and importance. It describes the four main types of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary. It also summarizes metabolism as the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within cells including catabolism and anabolism.
Introduction of biochemistry
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four major macromolecules that make up living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches and are used for energy storage. Lipids are composed of fatty acids and glycerol and function in energy storage, protection, and insulation. Proteins contain amino acids and perform a variety of functions including growth, energy production, and pH buffering. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and store and transmit genetic information that directs cellular functions. These macromolecules are formed through dehydration synthesis and broken down through hydrolysis.
Biomolecules – Production and Industrial applications
Biomolecules (Mainly Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids ) Production form Microorganisms and their Industrial applications were discussed....
Biomolecules
Biomolecules are organic compounds needed for life. They include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbohydrates like starch, glycogen, and cellulose are used for energy storage. Lipids such as fats and oils store energy and act as cell membrane components. Proteins are made of amino acids and have structural and mechanical functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA control cell functions and carry genetic information.
2. biomolecule
The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on the monomers, polymers, and functions of each type. Carbohydrates include sugars such as glucose and polymers like starch. Lipids are made of fatty acids and include fats, waxes, and phospholipids. Proteins are made of amino acid polymers that take on various structures and functions. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides and carry genetic information.
Chapter 3 Biological Molecules
This document discusses biological molecules, including lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. It focuses on lipids, describing their structure, properties, and main groups including fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. Triglycerides are described as the main form of fat, with fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone. Phospholipids are discussed as making up cell membranes. Cholesterol is given as a common steroid molecule that has both water-soluble and water-insoluble ends. Saturated and unsaturated fats are also briefly covered.
Presentation on glyoxisome
Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found in plant seeds that play key roles in lipid breakdown and gluconeogenesis. They contain the enzymes for beta-oxidation of fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, the glyoxylic acid cycle which converts acetyl-CoA into succinate, and gluconeogenesis which generates glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon sources. Lipids are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol by lipases, then enter the glyoxysome where the fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation in four steps to produce acetyl-CoA.
Lesson 7 biomolecules
This document discusses the main biomolecules found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It provides details on their building blocks, functions, and examples. Carbohydrates like glucose are a main energy source and include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids store energy and form cell membranes, with examples being triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids. Proteins have amino acids and roles like structure, defense, and catalysis. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and provide energy, with DNA in the nucleus and RNA in the nucleus or cytoplasm.
Biological molecules
This document discusses biological molecules and biomolecules. It notes that the four most important elements that make up living things are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Carbon is particularly important as it can form many different structures and molecules due to its ability to form up to four bonds. Biomolecules are organic molecules found in living organisms, including macromolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The document then discusses specific biomolecules like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and water in more detail.
Biological Molecules Notes
There are two types of biological molecules: organic and inorganic. Organic molecules come from living things and contain carbon, while inorganic molecules like water and minerals are essential for cellular processes. The four main organic molecules are carbohydrates, which supply energy; lipids, which are found in cell membranes and store energy; proteins, made of amino acids to build and repair the body; and nucleic acids like DNA and RNA that contain sugars, phosphates, and nitrogen bases.
Lipid200 structure and function
Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. They include fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and phospholipids. The document discusses the structure, function, and classification of various lipids. It describes simple lipids like triglycerides and waxes, as well as complex lipids including phospholipids. Phospholipids are important structural components of cell membranes and contain a phosphate group, alcohol, and fatty acids. Glycerophospholipids are the major class of phospholipids, with phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and others playing important roles in cells and tissues.
Introduction to biomolecules (carbohydrates)
This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism and related pathways in the human body. It covers:
- The roles of carbohydrates in providing energy and fuel for muscles and the central nervous system.
- Glycogen storage locations and amounts in the body. Glycogen stored in muscles is used directly by that muscle during exercise.
- Key pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, the HMP shunt, and the pentose phosphate pathway.
- Coordination of glycogen synthesis and degradation through regulating enzymes to maintain blood glucose levels.
Chem 45 Biochemistry: Stoker chapter 18 Introduction – Cell Structure
Biochemistry is the study of chemical substances and reactions in living organisms. It examines the molecular basis of life through investigating biochemical substances like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Cells contain complex organelles that carry out specific functions through biochemical reactions. The nucleus stores genetic information, mitochondria generate energy, and the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus process proteins. Biochemistry seeks to understand how materials, information, and energy allow cells and organisms to sustain life through thousands of coordinated chemical reactions occurring every minute.
Carbohydrates by Salman Saeed Lecturer Botany UCMS Khanewal
This document provides an overview of the plant biochemistry course taught by Salman Saeed at the University College of Management & Sciences in Khanewal, Pakistan. It covers the key topics of carbohydrates, including their classes (monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides), properties, importance for survival, examples (glucose, fructose, galactose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose), and the effects of inadequate carbohydrate intake on the body.
What's hot (20)
Biomolecules – Production and Industrial applications
Biomolecules – Production and Industrial applications
Chem 45 Biochemistry: Stoker chapter 18 Introduction – Cell Structure
Chem 45 Biochemistry: Stoker chapter 18 Introduction – Cell Structure
Carbohydrates by Salman Saeed Lecturer Botany UCMS Khanewal
Carbohydrates by Salman Saeed Lecturer Botany UCMS Khanewal
Similar to Paper 1
Synthesis of Membrane Lipids
Membrane lipids are synthesized in the endomembrane compartments including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. This involves hundreds of enzymes and active transport since the hydrophobic lipids cannot diffuse freely. The major classes of membrane lipids are phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and steroids. Phosphoglycerides are the most abundant and are synthesized from glycerol-3-phosphate with two fatty acid chains and a polar head group. Sphingolipids are derived from sphingosine and include sphingomyelin and gangliosides. Cholesterol is an important steroid component of mammalian plasma membranes.
Carbohydrates
This document provides an overview of carbohydrates, which are one of the four major classes of biomolecules along with lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the structures and functions of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides can be either aldoses or ketoses depending on whether the carbonyl group is an aldehyde or ketone. Disaccharides are formed from a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides. Polysaccharides serve important energy storage roles as starch and glycogen. The document also reviews lipid structure including fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols and their role in biological membranes.
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 2 biomolecules
Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids are the three main types of biomolecules. Proteins are made of amino acid chains and perform most bodily functions. Carbohydrates are the main energy source and come in simple and complex forms. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and other fatty substances that serve as energy stores and membrane components. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA carry genetic information and aid in protein synthesis. Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up biochemical reactions and have various roles in industrial and biological processes.
Structure of organic compounds ppt
This document provides an overview of biochemistry and the four main types of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the basic composition and properties of each macromolecule type including their monomers, polymers, functional groups, and roles in maintaining life processes. Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and provide energy. Lipids contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and store energy. Proteins contain carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen and serve as the building blocks for tissues and enzymes.
BiologicalMacromolecules_FZD.pptx
The document provides an overview of the key biological macromolecules - carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It defines macromolecules as polymers formed from smaller monomer units, and discusses the monomers that make up each macromolecule type (e.g. glucose for carbohydrates). The structures, functions, and examples of each macromolecule are described, such as how carbohydrates provide energy and structure, the levels of protein structure, and how nucleic acids contain the genetic code. Key differences between DNA and RNA are also highlighted.
Structure of organic compounds
Biochemistry is the study of chemical composition and reactions in living matter. It includes inorganic compounds like water and CO2, as well as organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Organic compounds are made of polymers of monomers like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These macromolecules are essential to life processes in cells and provide structure, energy storage, homeostasis, and genetic information.
Bio chemistry
The document discusses carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. It provides details on:
- The basic structures and components of carbohydrates like monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
- The four levels of protein structure - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta sheets.
- The main types and functions of lipids like triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Triglycerides are the main form of lipids and dietary fats.
Ch6.4 - Building Blocks of Life
Grade 9 Biology: Building Blocks of Life. A introduction to the major macromolecules of the cell. Students are taught polymers, monomers, and the elements typically found in each. Students should be able to identify the basic chemical structure of proteins, lipids, carbohydrate, and nucleic acids and know their basic functions within the cell.
MACROMOLECULES-2023.pptx
This document provides information about macromolecules and their structure and function. It begins by stating the learning objectives of determining the structure and functions of biomolecules. It then defines macromolecules as large organic compounds formed from monomers joining together to create polymers. The four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - are introduced along with their monomer and polymer subunits. Specific examples and functions of each macromolecule type are then described in more detail over several pages.
Macromolecules
- Carbon atoms can form chains and complex structures, allowing for the creation of macromolecules in living things. The four main types of macromolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
- Carbohydrates and lipids are used to store energy, while nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information in the forms of RNA and DNA. Proteins have a variety of functions including catalyzing reactions, forming structures, and transporting materials.
- All macromolecules are polymers formed via polymerization reactions that link smaller monomer units together. They provide structure, energy storage, heredity, and catalysis essential for life.
Lipids: Structure and Functions
This document discusses the structure and classification of lipids. It begins by defining lipids as insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, and containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Lipids are classified based on their structure and functions, which include storage, membrane, and cell signaling roles. Membrane lipids include phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol. Phospholipids are the most abundant membrane lipid and include phosphoglycerides like lecithin, cephalins, and phosphoinositides. Glycolipids link a hydrophobic lipid tail to one or more hydrophilic sugar groups. Cholesterol contains four linked hydrocarbon rings and a hydrocarbon tail, and is present in almost all animal membranes.
Biomolecules1
This document discusses the chemical composition and biomolecules found in living organisms. It begins by describing how to analyze the chemical composition of tissues by grinding them, filtering, and separating organic and inorganic compounds. It then discusses the main biomolecules found in cells, including micro and macromolecules. The rest of the document delves into specific biomolecules such as amino acids, sugars, lipids, nucleotides, and biomacromolecules like polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. It also covers related topics such as metabolism, enzymes, and enzyme classification.
BIOMOLECULES
Proteins are essential biomolecules that serve structural and functional roles in living organisms. They are polymers of amino acids and participate in every process within cells. The four main characteristics of proteins are:
1) They are made up of amino acid building blocks and form complex structures.
2) Proteins provide structure to the body and enable processes like metabolism.
3) They are the most abundant macromolecules and are found everywhere in the cell.
4) Proteins exist in many forms to serve diverse functions such as structure, regulation, catalysis.
REMEDIAL chapter 2 edited 2024. ppt.pptx
This document discusses biochemical molecules. It begins by explaining that all living organisms require biomolecules like organic and inorganic compounds. The four most common elements in living organisms are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Biomolecules can be grouped as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, water, and minerals. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Lipids function as storage, structure, signaling, and pigments. Proteins are made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds that can fold into complex structures.
Physical-Science-6-Biomolecules.pptx
The document discusses the four major classes of biological macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides and serve as an energy source. Lipids are a stored form of energy and insulate the body. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain genetic information and direct protein synthesis. Proteins are made of amino acids and serve important structural and functional roles in the body like muscles, enzymes, and antibodies.
Organic Compounds ppt
The document discusses the four major organic macromolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (sugar, fatty acids and glycerol, amino acids, nucleotides) that make up each macromolecule, their structures, functions in the body (energy storage, structure, catalysis etc.), and examples of each type. Carbon is highlighted as the key element in organic compounds due to its ability to form diverse and complex molecules essential for life.
The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (1).pptx
This document discusses the four major types of organic compounds that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (simple units) that make up each type of compound, their structures, functions, and examples. Carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides and function to store and provide energy. Lipids contain fatty acids and glycerol and form cell membranes and store energy. Proteins comprise amino acids and are essential for cell structure, movement, and chemical reactions. Nucleic acids DNA and RNA contain nucleotides and carry genetic instructions.
Biological molecules
This document provides information on biological molecules. It begins by defining biomolecules as molecules involved in living organisms that are typically made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements. The main types of biomolecules discussed are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and water. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, disaccharides like sucrose, and polysaccharides like starch, cellulose and glycogen. Lipids include fats, waxes, phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols. The properties of water that allow it to act as the universal solvent in living systems are also summarized.
Ch 3 sec 2 ppt
This document provides an overview of the key biomolecules including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes how carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides that join to form disaccharides and polysaccharides. Proteins are made of amino acids that join in chains, and lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. The last section compares the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, which store and transport genetic information.
Chapter 3 - Section 2 - Molecules of Life
This document provides an overview of the key biomolecules including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes how carbohydrates are made of monosaccharides that join to form disaccharides and polysaccharides. Proteins are made of amino acids that join in chains, and lipids include fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. The document also compares DNA and RNA as the two main types of nucleic acids.
Similar to Paper 1 (20)
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 2 biomolecules
B.sc. biochemistry sem 1 introduction to biochemistry unit 2 biomolecules
The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (1).pptx
The Chemical Basis for Life---ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (1).pptx
Recently uploaded
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
原版制作(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版纸张【微信：741003700 】【(carleton毕业证书)卡尔顿大学毕业证】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
This presentation covers the content and information on "Cytokines " and their role in immune regulation .
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Shallowest Oil Discovery of Turkiye.pptx
The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/Thornton ESPP slides UK WW Network 4_6_24.pdf
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingImmersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Particle-In-Cell (PIC) algorithm,
Plasma expansion in the dipole magnetic field.
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Recently uploaded (20)
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
3D Hybrid PIC simulation of the plasma expansion (ISSS-14)
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
mô tả các thí nghiệm về đánh giá tác động dòng khí hóa sau đốt
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Paper 1
- 1. PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY PAPER-I NAME :- NIKITA .V. SINGH COLLEGE-G.N.KHALSA COLLEGE M.Sc. SEMESTER IV ROLLNO-3 TOPIC-BIO-PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.
- 2. CONTENTS Complex Bio-molecules. • Proteins. • Lipids. • Polysaccharides. • Enzymes.
- 3. Introduction to Biomolecules • Organic compounds present in living organism. • Compounds oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen. Biomolecules Organic Inorganic • Biomolecules Micro molecules and Macromolecules
- 4. Proteins • Proteins large biomolecules or macromolecules consisting long chain of amino acids. • most important functioning of cell. • Polymers of amino acids. • Proteins on hydrolysis yield amino acids. • Synthesis controlled by DNA. • Collagen animal protein. • Rubisco plant protein.
- 5. Amino acids • Two functional groups NH2 & COOH. • Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen & some Sulphur. • 20 amino acids present.
- 6. Peptide formation • Amino acid are linked serially by peptide bonds formed between one of amino acid and one of carboxylic acid . • Chain having two amino acids linked by peptide bond is called dipeptide bond.
- 7. Structure of protein 4 basic structural levels are assigned to proteins- primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary Primary • The primary structure refers to number of amino acids in the polypeptide chain and the location of disulphide chain. • The N- terminal amino acid written on left side whereas the C- terminal amino acid is written on the right side.
- 8. Secondary The folding of linear chain specific coiled structure secondary structure.
- 9. Tertiary The helical polypeptide may fold itself and assume a complex but specific form – spherical, rod like. Quaternary Proteins are said to be quaternary in structure if they have 2 or more polypeptide chains . Haemoglobin is best example.
- 10. Lipids • Insoluble in water Lipids Soluble in organic solvents. • Important component of living cell. Lipids Simple Complex Derived Fats and oils Waxes Phospholipids Glycolipids Lipoproteins Steroids Terpenes
- 11. Simple lipids • Fatty acid ester of different alcohols and carries no other substances. • Belong to heterogenous class . Made up C,H,O but O is less. Esters of fatty acids with glycerol. Neutral or true fats Made up of two components Glycerol and fatty acids.
- 12. • It is an simple lipid which are long chain saturated fatty acids a long chain saturated alcohol of high mol weight other than glycerol. • Example : 1) Bees wax : secretion of abdominal glands of worker honey bees. 2) Wool fat : secretion of cutaneous glands and obtained from wool of sheep. 3) Plant wax : coating formed on the plants organs to prevent transpiration. 4) Paraffin wax : A translucent waxy substance obtained from petroleum. Waxes
- 13. Complex lipids They are derivative of simple lipids having additional group like phosphate, N2-base, protein etc Phospholipids Glycolipid Lipoprotein
- 14. • They are made up of a molecule of glycerol or other alcohol having 1) A phos group at 1 of its –OH groups. 2) 2 fatty acid molecules at other 2-OH groups. 3) A nitrogen containing base attached to phos group. • A phospholipid molecule has a hydrophobic tail (fatty acids) and a hydrophilic head (phos group). Phospholipids
- 15. Glycolipid They are components of cell membranes, particularly myelin sheath and chloroplast membranes . CEREBROSIDE are the most simplest form of glycolipids.
- 16. • They contain lipids and proteins in their molecules . • They are main constituent of membranes. • They are found in milk and egg yolk. Lipids are transported in blood and lymph as lipoproteins. • 5 types of lipoproteins : 1. Chylomicrons. 2. VLDL 3. LDL 4. HDL 5. Free fatty acid albumin complex. Lipoprotein
- 17. Derived lipids They are derivatives obtained on the hydrolysis of the simple and complex lipids Steroids Terpenes
- 18. References • Textbook of Biophysical Chemistry, U.N.Dash, Published by Rajiv Beri for Macmillan India Ltd., 2006, Page No. 52 – 64. • Chemistry of Biomolecules, S.P.Bhutani, Published by Ane Books Pvt. Ltd., 2009, Page No. 134 – 142. • Biophysics principles and techniques, M.A.Subramanian, MJP Publishers, Page No. 26 – 41.
- 19. THANKYOU
Editor's Notes
- R can be h in glycine ch3 in alanine hydroxymethyl in serine