This presentation will discuss about biomolecules

2. MACROMOLECULES
biologica
l
PH YSICAL SCIENCE
GRADE 12

3. BIOMOLECULES
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
• The term molecule refers to very large molecules and something that consists of
more than one atom. Herman Staudinger coined it in 1920. Macromolecules are
so huge that these are made up of more than 10,000 atoms.
• Macromolecules are also termed as polymers. They are formed by the
polymerization of molecules such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The
monomer units of macromolecules are polar in nature, with their heads and tails
with different physical and chemical properties.

4. MONOMERS POLYMERS
A monomer is a small molecule A polymer is a long-chain molecule
made up of a repeated pattern of
monomers.
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

5. ESSENTIAL SOURCES OF ENERGY
ENERGY STORAGE
INSTRUCTIONS

6. PROPERTIES OF BIOMOLECULES
Organic Molecules
(Carbon, Hydrogen
and other
elements)
Contain mainly carbon
forming 4 bonds, usually with
a tetrahedral arrangement.
○The carbon skeleton can be linear,
branched, cyclic.
“chemistry in three
dimensions”
GENERAL PROPERTIES COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE STEREOCHEMISTRY
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES

10. CARBOHYDRATES
LIPIDS
NUCLEIC ACID
PROTEINS

11. BIOMOLECULES STRUCTURES
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
LIPIDS
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
NUCLEIC ACID
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
PROTEIN
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus

13. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are major sources of energy for the
body. These includes sugar, starch, and cellulose. All
carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER CARBOHYDRATES

15. CARBOHYDRATES
MONOSACCHARIDES
Monosaccharide carbohydrates are those
carbohydrates that cannot be hydrolyzed further to
give simpler units.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER CARBOHYDRATES

16. MONOSACCHARIDES
Used in dextrose,
blood sugar, the
form utilized by the
human body
Found in milk and milk
products
Found in fruits and
honey
GLUCOSE GALACTOSE FRUCTOSE
CARBOHYDRATES

18. CARBOHYDRATES
DISACCHARIDES
Two monosaccharides combine to form a
disaccharide. Examples of carbohydrates having two
monomers include- Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose, etc.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER CARBOHYDRATES

19. Glucose +
Galactose
Found in milk and
milk products
DISACCHARIDES
Glucose + glucose
Found in malt
Glucose + Fructose
Found in regular table sugar,
sugarcane and sugar beet
MALTOSE SUCROSE LACTOSE
CARBOHYDRATES

21. CARBOHYDRATES
POLYSACCHARIDES
Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most
abundant carbohydrates found in food. They are
long chain polymeric carbohydrates composed of
monosaccharide units bound together.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER CARBOHYDRATES

22. Storage form of
glucose animal;
stored in the liver
and muscles
POLYSACCHARIDES
Storage form of
glucose in plants
Storage form of
glucose in plants
STARCH AMYLOPECTIN CELLULOSE
CARBOHYDRATES
GLYCOGEN
Structural material
in plants-cell wall in
wood, wood fiber
cannot be digested
by humans

24. Starch is a carbohydrate commonly found in nature and one of the primary
sources of food energy for human beings. It is regularly eaten in the form of
wheat, rice, potatoes, and other foods cultivated throughout the world.

25. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
LIPIDS
Lipids come from the Greek word lipos meaning fat.
Lipids are family of biomolecules group together
because of its property of being hydrophobic (water-
fearing). Lipids are non-polar molecules mak?ing it
soluble to non-polar solvents like acetone, ether and
benzene.
LIPIDS

27. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
LIPIDS
• They are a great source of STORED ENERGY so we
have it in the future.
• They INSULATE the body to maintain normal body
temperature and they CUSHION the internal
organs for preotection.
• They produce hormones for the body called
STEROIDS.
• They WATERPROOF surfaces of animals, plants,
and fruits- these are waxes.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER

28. FATTY ACID
Lipids come from the Greek word
lipos meaning fat. Lipids are family of
biomolecules group together
because of its property of being
hydrophobic (water-fearing). Lipids
are non-polar molecules mak?ing it
soluble to non-polar solvents like
acetone, ether and benzene.
• LIPIDS
LIPIDS

29. SATURATED UNSATURATED
Saturated fatty acid is a straight
chain where all the carbon atoms in
the chain have two hydrogen singly
bonded to making the molecules to
form a strong attraction.
Unsaturated fatty acid on the other
hand, tends to bend due to the
presence of a double bond in one of
the carbon in the chain. The
molecule will not be as close as that
of the saturated fatty acid.
LIPIDS

32. THREE TYPES OF LIPIDS
It make up more
than 95 percent of
lipids in the diet and
are commonly
found in fried foods,
butter, milk, cheese,
and some meats
They are water-soluble and
are found in both plants and
animals. Phospholipids are
crucial for building the
protective barrier, or
membrane, around your
body’s cells.
Though cholesterol has a
notorious reputation, the
body gets only a small
amount of its cholesterol
through food—the body
produces most of it.
TRIGLYCERIDES Phospholipids Sterols
LIPIDS (COMPLEX LIPIDS)

33. LIPIDS
TRIGLYCERIDES
Are lipids that contain glycerol backbone and 3 fatty
acids. The 3 fatty acids connected to the glycerol
backbone are not necessarily of the same kind. Fat
and oils are example of triglycerides. Fats are usually
from animal sources contain mostly saturated fatty
acid making it solid at room temperature. Oil refers
to a triglyceride from plant sources. It contains
unsaturated fatty acid and is liquid at room
temperature.
LIPIDS

35. LIPIDS
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Is another type of lipids that contains glycerol, two
fatty acids, and a phosphate group. Phospholipids ,
unlike other kind of lipids, it has a polar end
(hydrophilic end) which is the phosphate group and
non-polar end (hydrophobic end), the fatty acid
group. The dual prop?erty of liquid allows the
phospholipid to form a bilayer.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER LIPIDS

37. LIPIDS
STEROLS
Sterols are the least common type of lipid.
Cholesterol is perhaps the best well-known sterol.
Though cholesterol has a notorious reputation, the
body gets only a small amount of its cholesterol
through food—the body produces most of it.
Cholesterol is an important component of the cell
membrane and is required to synthesize sex
hormones, vitamin D, and bile salts.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER LIPIDS

38. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
NUCLEIC ACID
Nucleic acid is important macromolecules that serve
as storage of genetic information of the cell. It is
made up of nucleotide monomers that contain a
nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate
group. DNA and RNA are the two types of nucleic acid
with specific functions. GRAPHIC DESIGNER NUCLEIC ACID

39. BASED ON THE PICTURE, WHAT IS
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEENDNA
(DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) AND
RNA (RIBONUCLEIC ACID)?

40. DNA RNA
It is the blueprint of life carries the
genetic material and provides
in?formation for its own replication. It
is a double helix structure composed
of a sugar and phosphate backbone
and complementary bases Adenine-
Thymine and Cytosine-Guanine pair.
It carries the information from DNA
for protein synthesis. There are three
types of RNA namely:
1.Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2.Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3.Transfer RNA (tRNA)
LIPIDS

42. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
PROTEINS
Protein was believed to be the beginning of life. It
comes from the Greek word proteios which means
first. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen are the
elements that make up a protein.
Proteins as one of the macromolecules that are
made from multiple units of simple molecules called
amino acids. Thus, proteins are called polypeptides.
thus, proteins are called polypeptides.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER PROTEIN

43. PROTEINS
AMINO ACIDS
• Amino acids are the basic structural building units of
proteins; they are also utilized as an energy source.
• The key elements of amino acid are carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen.
• All organisms need some proteins, whether they are
used in muscles or as simple structures in the cell
membrane. Even though all organisms have
differences, they still have one thing in common: the
need for basic chemical building blocks.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER PROTEIN

45. BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
PROTEINS
• They are major structural molecules in living
things for growth and repair: muscles, ligaments,
tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails... In fact, ALL CELL
MEMBRANES.
• They make up antibodies in the immune system
• Thay make up enzymes for helping chemical
reactions.
GRAPHIC DESIGNER PROTEIN

46. PROTEINS
ENZYMES
Enzymes are proteins that
help speed up metabolism,
or the chemical reactions in
our bodies. They build some
substances and break
others down. All living things
have enzymes. Our bodies
naturally produce enzymes.

47. PROTEINS
COLLAGEN
Collagen accounts for 30%
of your body's protein. It
provides structure, support
or strength to your skin,
muscles, bones and
connective tissues.

48. BIOMOLECULES MONOMERS POLYMERS STRUCTURES
CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES
DISACCHARIDES
POLYSACCHARIDES
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
LIPIDS
GLYCEROLS AND FATTY
ACIDS
TRIGLYCERIDES
PHOSPOLIPIDS
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
NUCLEIC ACID NUCLEOTIDES
DNA
RNA
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS
COLLAGEN
ENZYMES
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus