This document discusses carbohydrate metabolism and related pathways in the human body. It covers: - The roles of carbohydrates in providing energy and fuel for muscles and the central nervous system. - Glycogen storage locations and amounts in the body. Glycogen stored in muscles is used directly by that muscle during exercise. - Key pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism including glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, the HMP shunt, and the pentose phosphate pathway. - Coordination of glycogen synthesis and degradation through regulating enzymes to maintain blood glucose levels.

1. Prepared by
Lima Patel
Asst. Professor, Parul institute of Pharmacy
Parul university

6. providing energy for working muscles,
providing fuel for the central nervous system,
enabling fat metabolism, and
preventing protein from being used as energy.

8. .

9. A well-nourished adult can store approximately 500
grams or 2000 kcal of carbohydrates.
400 grams
90-110 grams
25 grams
When the body needs more glucose than is available in
to support energy demands, glycogen
stores are used to raise blood glucose levels.
However, it is important to note that the glycogen
stored in muscle is used directly by that muscle during
exercise, it cannot borrow glycogen from other resting
muscles.

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transformation

25. The chemical processes that
occur within a living organism in
order to maintain life

27. • Glycolysis
• Gluconeogenesis
• Glycogenesis
• Glycogenolysis
• HMP shunt

28. • Carbohydrates are the first cellular constituents
formed by photosynthetic organisms and result from
the fixation of CO2 on absorption of light.
• Glycolysis takes place in the extramitochondrial part
of the cell (or the soluble cytoplasm).
• It is frequently referred to as Embden-Meyerhof-
Parnas or EMP pathway.

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33. • Most important metabolic pathway for energy
generation.
• Responsible for 65-70 % ATP generation
• Utilizes 2/3 of total oxygen consumed by body

35. • Alternative pathway to Glycolysis and TCA
cycle.
• Concerned with synthesis of NADPH and
pentoses.
• Multifunctional pathway
• This pathway is very active in tissues which are
responsible for fatty acid synthesis.

36. 6 6 6 6
2
2 + 2
2
2
2 2 2 2

37. • Pentose
• NADPH
– Fatty acid and steroid
– Amino acid synthesis (glutamate dehydrogenase)
– Removal of H2O2 (Glutathione mediated reaction)
– Detoxification of drug (hydroxylation of drug)
– Phagocytosis (WBC)
– RBC(erythrocytes)
– Transparency of eye lens

38. • Inherited
• G6PD and RBC
• Clinical symptoms
• Drug interaction
• Resistance to malaria

42. • A good co-ordination and regulation between
Glycogen synthesis and degradation are
essential to maintain the blood glucose level.
• Two important enzymes
– Glycogen synthase
– Glycogen phosphorylase

48. • Working
• Uncouplers
• Inhibitors

50. thank you for being here