Oxygen therapy involves administering oxygen at concentrations higher than in the air to treat low oxygen levels in the blood. It can be used for various conditions like respiratory failure, heart failure, and shock. Oxygen must be prescribed with the concentration, flow rate, and duration. It is delivered through various devices like nasal cannulas, oxygen masks, tents, and venturi masks. Safety precautions are needed as oxygen is flammable. Proper assessment, planning, and technique are required to administer oxygen therapy effectively and prevent complications like oxygen toxicity.
Handbook of parenteral fluid & nutrition therapy current literature reviewDr Iyan Darmawan
This handbook covers the four types of parenteral fluid therapy, namely resuscitation fluid therapy, repair fluid therapy, maintenance fluid therapy and parenteral nutrition therapy. Although we have tried to discuss many aspects of parenteral fluid therapy which have been compiled by medical advisors of the Leader in Infusion Therapy with many years of experience in the related scientific activities and medical writing, this handbook is still far from completeness and perfection and we look forward to receiving your feedback and criticism.
Handbook of parenteral fluid & nutrition therapy current literature reviewDr Iyan Darmawan
This handbook covers the four types of parenteral fluid therapy, namely resuscitation fluid therapy, repair fluid therapy, maintenance fluid therapy and parenteral nutrition therapy. Although we have tried to discuss many aspects of parenteral fluid therapy which have been compiled by medical advisors of the Leader in Infusion Therapy with many years of experience in the related scientific activities and medical writing, this handbook is still far from completeness and perfection and we look forward to receiving your feedback and criticism.
This slide contains information regarding blepharitis, chalazion and stye. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students.
Advanced cardiac life support or advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) refers to a set of clinical interventions for the urgent treatment of cardiac arrest, stroke and other life-threatening medical emergencies, as well as the knowledge and skills to deploy those interventions.
This slide contains information regarding blepharitis, chalazion and stye. This can be helpful for proficiency level and bachelor level nursing students.
Advanced cardiac life support or advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) refers to a set of clinical interventions for the urgent treatment of cardiac arrest, stroke and other life-threatening medical emergencies, as well as the knowledge and skills to deploy those interventions.
oxygen is a medication. oxygen therapy must be known to all health professionals for optimum management of patient and optimum use of resourses. even more oxygen can cause oxygen toxicity and can harm the patient in many ways. There are various methods for giving oxygen,varieties of face masks, cylinders. also there is criteria when to give oxygen ,how to give oxygen,what are the benefits and mechanism of oxygen therapy.
Oxygen therapy
Definition:
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is essential for the body to function properly and to survive.
Oxygen therapy is a treatment that delivers oxygen gas to breathe. The oxygen therapy is received from tubes resting in nose, a face mask, or a tube placed n your trachea, or windpipe. This treatment increases the amount of oxygen in lungs to receive and deliver to blood.
What is meaning of O2 therapy
Oxygen therapy is the administration of oxygen at a concentration of pressure greater than that found in the environmental atmosphere
The air that we breathe contain approximately 21% oxygen
the heart relies on oxygen to pump blood.
Purpose
Oxygen therapy is a key treatment in respiratory care.
The purpose is to increase oxygen saturation in tissues where the saturation levels are too low due to illness or injury.
What are the signs that a person needs oxygen
shortness of breath.
headache.
restlessness.
dizziness.
rapid breathing.
chest pain.
confusion.
high blood pressure.
Contd…..
Pulmonary hypertension
Acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Short-term therapy, such as post-anesthesia recovery
Oxygen may also be used to treat chronic lung disease patients during exercise .
Methods of oxygen administration:
1- Nasal cannula
Face mask
The simple Oxygen mask
The partial rebreather mask:
The non rebreather mask:
The venturi mask:
The partial rebreather mask:
The mask is have with a reservoir bag must romaine inflated during both inspiration & expiration
It collection of the first parts of the patients' exhaled air.
It is used to deliver oxygen concentrations up to 80%.
The non rebreather mask
This mask provides the highest concentration of
oxygen (95-100%) at a flow rate6-15 L/min.
It is similar to the partial rebreather mask
except two one-way valves prevent conservation of exhaled air.
The bag is an oxygen reservoir
Venturi mask
It is high flow concentration of oxygen.
Oxygen from 40 - 50%
At liters flow of 4 to 15 L/min.
T-piece
Used on end of ET tube when weaning from ventilator
Provides accurate FIO2
Provides good humidity
Documentation:
Date and time oxygen started.
Method of delivery.
Oxygen concentration and flow rate.
Patient observation.
Add oronasal care to the nursing care plan
O2 DELIVERY DEVICES
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Oxygen Therapy
Definition:
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that
is essential for the body to function properly and
to survive.
Oxygen therapy is the administration of oxygen at
a concentration of pressure greater than that
found in the environmental atmosphere
The air that we breathe contain approximately
21% oxygen.
Oxygen therapy is a key treatment in respiratory
care.
3. Purpose
The body is constantly taking in oxygen and
releasing carbon dioxide.
If this process is inadequate, oxygen levels in the
blood decrease, and the patient may need
supplemental oxygen.
The purpose is to increase oxygen saturation in
tissues where the saturation levels are too low
due to illness or injury.
4. INDICATIONS:
• ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE
• ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
• CARDIAC FAILURE
• SHOCK
• HYPERMETABOLIC STATE INDUCED BY TRAUMA,
BURNS OR SEPSIS
• ANAEMIA
• CYANIDE POISONING
• DURING CPR
• DURING ANAESTHESIA FOR SURGERY
5. OXYGEN – A PRESCRIBED DRUG
• MUST BE WRITTEN LEGIBLY BY THE DOCTOR
• PRESCRIPTION SHOULD BE DATED BY THE
DOCTOR
• DOCTOR MUST INDICATE DURATION OF O2
THERAPY
• THE O2 % CONCENTRATION MUST BE
PRESCRIBED
• THE FLOW RATE MUST BE PRESCRIBED
8. 1- Using oxygen cylinders:
The oxygen cylinder is delivered with
a protective cap to prevent accidental
force against the cylinder outlet.
To release oxygen safety and at a
desirable rate, a regulator is used.
9. A reduction gauge that shows the
amount of oxygen in the tank.
A flow meter that regulates the control
of oxygen in liters per minutes.
Oxygen is moistened by passing it
through a humidifier to prevent the
mucous membranes of the respiratory
tree from becoming dry.
16. Methods of oxygen administration:
• Nasal cannula (prongs):
It is a disposable, plastic devise with two
protruding prongs for insertion into the nostrils,
connected to an oxygen source.
Used for low-medium concentrations of Oxygen
(24-44%).
19. Nasal cannula (prongs):
Advantages
• Client able to talk and eat with oxygen in
place
• Easily used in home setting
• Safe and simple
• Easily tolerated
• Delivers low concentrations
20. Nasal cannula (prongs):
• Disadvantages:
• Unable to use with nasal obstruction
• Drying to mucous membranes, so flow greater
than 4 L/min needs to be humidified
• Can dislodge from nares easily
• Causes skin irritation or breakdown over ears or at
nares
• Not good for mouth breathers
• Patient’s breathing pattern affects exact FIO2
21. Nasal cannula (prongs):
NURSING interventions:
Be alert for skin breakdown over the ears and
in the nostrils from too tight an application
Observe for mucosal dryness
Check frequently that both prongs are in
clients nares
22. FACE MASK
The Simple Oxygen Mask
The Partial Re-Breather Mask
The Non Re- Breather Mask
The Venturi Mask
23. The simple Oxygen mask
Simple mask is made of clear, flexible , plastic
or rubber that can be molded to fit the face.
It is held to the head with elastic bands.
Some have a metal clip that can be bent over
the bridge of the nose for a comfortable fit.
25. The simple Oxygen mask
It delivers 35% to 60% oxygen .
A flow rate of 6 to 10 liters per minute.
It has vents on its sides which allow room
air to leak in at many places, thereby
diluting the source oxygen.
Often it is used when an increased delivery
of oxygen is needed for short periods (i.e.,
less than 12 hours).
26. The simple Oxygen mask
Advantages:
Can provide increased delivery of
oxygen for short period of time
27. The simple Oxygen mask
Disadvantages:
Tight seal required to deliver higher
concentration
Difficult to keep mask in position over
nose and mouth
Potential for skin breakdown (pressure,
moisture)
Uncomfortable for pt while eating or talking
Expensive with nasal tube
28. The simple Oxygen mask
Nursing interventions:
• Monitor client frequently to check placement
of the mask.
• Secure physician's order to replace mask
with nasal cannula during meal time
29. The Partial Re Breather Mask:
The mask is with a reservoir bag that must
remain inflated during both inspiration &
expiration
It collects of part of the patients' exhaled air.
It is used to deliver oxygen concentrations up
to 80%.
30. The Partial Re Breather Mask:
The oxygen flow rate must be maintained at
a minimum of 6 L/min to ensure that the
patient does not re-breathe large amounts of
exhaled air.
The remaining exhaled air exits through
vents.
31. The Partial Re Breather Mask:
• Advantages
• Client can inhale room air through
openings in mask if oxygens supply is
briefly interrupted
• Disadvantages
Requires tight seal (eating and talking
difficult, uncomfortable)
32. The Partial Re Breather Mask:
• Priority Nursing Interventions
Set flow rate so mask remains two-
thirds full during inspiration
Keep reservoir bag free of twists or
kinks
33. The Non Re- Breather Mask
• This mask provides the highest concentration of
oxygen (95-100%) at a flow rate6-15 L/min.
• It is similar to the partial re-breather mask except
two one-way valves prevent conservation of
exhaled air.
• The bag has an oxygen reservoir
34. …….The Non Re- Breather Mask
When the patient exhales air the one-way
valve closes and all of the expired air is
deposited into the atmosphere, not the
reservoir bag.
In this way, the patient is not re-breathing
any of the expired gas.
36. …..The Non Re- Breather Mask
• Advantages
Delivers the highest possible oxygen
concentration
Suitable for pt breathing spontaneous with
sever hypoxemia
37. …….The Non Re- Breather Mask
• Disadvantages
Impractical for long term Therapy
Malfunction can cause CO2 buildup
suffocation
Expensive
Uncomfortable
38. ……..The Non Re- Breather Mask
Priority Nursing
Interventions
Maintain flow rate so reservoir bag collapses
only slightly during inspiration
Check that valves and rubber flaps are
function properly (open during expiration )
Monitor SaO2 with pulse oximeter
39. Venturi Mask
It is high flow oxygen delivery device.
Oxygen from 40 - 50% At liters flow of 4 to
15 L/min.
The mask is constructed so that there is a
constant flow of room air blended with a
fixed concentration of oxygen
41. ………Venturi Mask
Designed with wide- bore tubing and
various color - coded jet adapters.
Each color code corresponds to a
precise
oxygen concentration and a specific
liter flow.
42. ………Venturi Mask
It is used primarily for patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
43. ………Venturi Mask
• Advantages
Delivers most precise oxygen
Concentration
Doesn’t dry mucous membranes
• Disadvantages
uncomfortable
Risk for skin irritation
Produce respiratory depression in COPD patient
with high oxygen concentration 50%
44. ………Venturi Mask
Priority Nursing Interventions •
• Requires careful monitoring to verify FiO2 at
flow rate ordered
• Check that air intake valves are not blocked
45. Oxygen Hood
• An oxygen hood is used for babies who can
breathe on their own but still need extra
oxygen.
• A hood is a plastic dome or box with warm,
moist oxygen inside.
• The hood is placed over the baby's head
47. Oxygen Tent
• An oxygen tent consists of a canopy placed
over the head and shoulders, or over the
entire body of a patient to provide oxygen at a
higher level than normal.
48. ………Oxygen Tent
• Typically the tent is made of see-through
plastic material.
• It can envelop the patient’s bed with the end
sections held in place by a mattress to ensure
that the tent is airtight.
• The enclosure often has a side opening with a
zipper.
50. AMBU BAG
• AMBU- Artificial Manual Breathing Unit (or)
Bag Valve Mask Ventilation is a hand-held device
commonly used to provide positive pressure
ventilation to patients who are not breathing
or not breathing adequately.
52. Tracheostomy Collar/ Mask
Inserted directed into trachea
Is indicated for chronic O2 therapy need
O2 flow rate 8 to 10L
Provides accurate FIO2
Provides good humidity.
Comfortable ,more efficient
56. Side Effects & Complication Of
Oxygen Therapy
Oxygen toxicity
Retro lental fibroplasia
Absorption atelectasis
57. Oxygen Toxicity
It is a condition which occurs due to inspiration
of a high concentration of oxygen for
aprolonged period of time.
Oxygen concentration greater than 50% over
24 to 48 hours can cause pathological
changes in the lungs.
58. Side Effects & Complication Of
Oxygen Therapy
Retrolental fibroplasia
Blindness due to vasoconstriction &
Ischemia ( premature infants )
59. Side Effects & Complication Of
Oxygen Therapy
Absorption Atelectasis :
During 100% oxygen delivery, nitrogen in alveoli is
washed out and replaced by oxygen.
In contrast to nitrogen, oxygen is extremely soluble
in blood and diffuses very quickly into the
pulmonary vasculature, so that not enough gas is
left in the alveoli to maintain patency, and the
alveolus collapses; this is known as absorption
atelectasis
60. Safety Precautions During Oxygen
Therapy
• Oxygen is a highly combustible gas.
• Although it does not burn spontaneously or
cause an explosion, it can easily cause a fire in a
patient’s room if it contacts a spark from an
open flame or electrical equipment
61. …….Safety Precautions
• Oxygen is a therapeutic gas and must be
prescribed and adjusted only with a health
care provider’s order.
• Place an “Oxygen in Use” sign on the patient’s
door and in the patient’s room.
• If using oxygen at home, place a sign on the
door of the house.
• No smoking should be allowed on the
premises
62. …….Safety Precautions
• Keep oxygen-delivery systems 10 feet from any
open flames.
• Determine that all electrical equipment in the
room is functioning correctly.
• When using oxygen cylinders, secure them so
they do not fall over. Store them upright and
either chained or secured in appropriate
holders.
• Check the oxygen level of portable tanks before
transporting a patient to ensure that there is
enough oxygen in the tank
63. Steps Rational
•Assessment:
Check the physician order.
Assesses physical condition
Assess vital signs ,
Assess level of consciousness
Assess the laboratory results,
especially the ABG analyses,
Assess risk of CO2retention
with oxygen administration
provide a baseline data for
future assessment
Oxygen maybe depress the
hypoxia drive ( decrease
respiratory rate , alliterate
mental states
*If Paco2 is decrease or normal
can use oxygen without fear
Technique of oxygen administration
A-Administering oxygen by nasal cannula:
65. Steps Rational
Humidifier filled with Humidification
distilled water .
Flow meter
No smoking signs
maybe not be ordered
if the flow rate is <4
/l/min
66. Rational
Steps
Low flow
1 Lmin=24%
2 Lmin=28%
3 Lmin=32%
4 Lmin=36%
5 Lmin=40%
6 Lmin=44%
To facilitate oxygen
administration and comfort
the patient.
To reduce irritation and
pressure and protect the skin.
Allow 3-5 L oxygen to flow
through the tubing.
Place the prongs in the patient's
nostrils and adjust it comfortably.
Use gauze pads both behind the
head or the ears and under the
chin and tighten to comfort.
67. Steps Rational
Adjust the flow rate to the
ordered level.
Encourage patient to breath
through his nose with his mouth
closed.
To provide optimal
delivery of oxygen to
patient..
Assess the patient nose and
mouth and provide oronasal care
at least every 8 hours.
Oxygen dries the mucous
membrane and cause
irritation
68. Rational
Steps
Ensure pt receive
flow sufficient to meet
aspiratory demand &
maintain accurate
concentration oxygen
face mask
Produce the flow rate ( 10 -12
l/min )
Attach the oxygen supply tube to
the mask .
Regulate the oxygen flow.
Position the mask over the
patient's nose and mouth.
And fit it securely, shaping the
metal band on the mask to the
bridge of the nose.
69. Rational
Steps
To ensure a tight
fit.
To reduce
irritation and
pressure and
protect the skin.
Adjust the elastic band
around the patient's head and
tighten.
Use gauze pads both behind
the head or the ears.
Adjust the flow rate to the
ordered level.
70. Steps Rational
Remove the mask and
dry the skin every 2-3
hours if the oxygen is
running continuously.
Don't powder around
the mask. There is danger of
inhaling powder if it is
Wash your hands. placed on the mask.
71. Rational
Steps
to ensure
correct air /
oxygen mix
The partial rebreather mask
The non rebreather mask
The venturi mask
Attach tubing to flow meter
Show the mask to pt & explain procedure
Turn on oxygen flowmeter & prescribed
rate ( usually indicated on mask )
Place mask over pt nose & mouth under
chin
72. Evaluation:
Breathing pattern regular and at normal rate.
pink color in nail beds, lips, conjunctiva of
eyes.
No confusion, disorientation, difficulty with
cognition.
Arterial oxygen concentration or hemoglobin
Oxygen saturation within normal limits.
73. Documentation:
Date and time oxygen started.
Method of delivery.
Oxygen concentration and flow rate.
Patient observation.
Add oronasal care to the nursing care
plan