Group members: Nur Amiraini Bt Ismail, Nur Fatiha Bt Ahmad Yazid, Nurul Amira Izzati Bt Matsalleh, Siti Nor Syafawani Binti Mohd Syah. The document defines oxygen therapy as the administration of oxygen at concentrations higher than room air to prevent hypoxemia. It then discusses various types of oxygen delivery systems including nasal cannulas, masks, venturi masks, and infant hoods. It also covers different oxygen sources like oxygen concentrators and liquid oxygen tanks. The purpose is to increase oxygen saturation in tissues where levels are too low due to illness or injury.

1. Group members
NUR AMIRAINI BT ISMAIL
NUR FATIHAH BT AHMAD YAZID
NURUL AMIRA IZZATI BT MATSALLEH
SITI NOR SYAFAWANI BINTI MOHD SYAH

2. Definition
• Administration of oxygen at concentration
higher than that in room air to prevent
hypoxemia.
Purpose
• To increase oxygen saturation in tissues
where the saturation level are too low due
to illness or injury.

3. Indications
• Hypoxemia and hypoxia
• Severe respiratory distress
eg : acute asthma
pneumonia
• Severe trauma
• Acute MI
• Short term therapy, such as post-
anesthesia recovery.

4. Types of Oxygen Therapy
(i) Compressed oxygen
cylinders
An oxygen concentrator
produces oxygen by
concentrating the oxygen that is
already in the air and removing
other gases. The concentrator is
powered by electricity

5. (ii) Liquid oxygen system
Liquid oxygen is made by
super cooling oxygen gas,
which changes it to liquid
form. When in liquid form,
the oxygen takes up much
less room and can be stored
in special thermos

6. (iii)Oxygen concentrator
Oxygen is compressed
into a metal cylinder
under high pressure.
Oxygen may be stored
in either large or small
cylinders

7. O2 DELIVERY
SYSTEM
Low
Flow
System
High
Flow
System
• Supplies flow of oxygen which
deliver only a portion of
inspired gas
• Provide a flow rate that is less
than the patients inspiratory
flow and allow room air to be
sucked in through the edges of
the mask to dilute the oxygen
All of gases the patient
breathe is delivered by a
mask or tube which allow
of precise control of FiO2

8. (1) Nasal Cannula
This device delivers an
unpredictable amount of
oxygen ranging from 25-45 %
at 1 - 6 L/min depending on
how much the patient inhales
through the mouth
Higher flow rates are
• Uncomfortable for the
patient
• Can quickly dry out the nasal
mucosa and become rapidly
uncomfortable

9. Delivers 25-45% FIO2 at 1-6 L/min
flow
Flow 0 liters per minute 21% (room air)
Flow 1 liters per minute 25%
Flow 2 liters per minute: 29%
Flow 3 liters per minute: 33%
Flow 4 liters per minute: 37%
Flow 5 liters per minute: 41%
Flow 6 liters per minute: 45%

10. (2) Nasal Catheter
• Inserted into 1 nostril to reach just behind the uvula or resting
on oropharynx
• It is used for patients who tend to breathe through the mouth or
experience claustrophobia when a mask covers their face
• It is infrequently being used as nasal catheter tends to irritate
nasopharynx and caused uncomfortable to patient
• Should be change every 8 hours
• Taped to the face.
• Not practical for infant.
• Flow : 3- 4L/min (30% -40% O2 concentration)
• Tube length : 40 cms

11. (3) Transtracheal catheter
• Delivers oxygen directly into the lungs by a small, flexible
catheter which passes from the lower neck into the trachea or
windpipe.
BENEFITS
• More comfortable to use than face masks and nasal cannulas
• Reduce the volume of oxygen required by the patient
• Greater value of oxygen conservation during exercise
• Reduce the cost of oxygen treatment
DISADVANTAGES
• Require an initial and more complex insertion procedure
• Mucus plugs may form on the end of the transtracheal
catheters
• Surgical
• Increased risk of infections

13. (4) Reservoir Cannula
• Reservoir cannulas are oxygen-conserving devices
• Store 20 mL of oxygen during exhalation and make that
oxygen available for the beginning of the next inhalation
• Require one half to one fourth the flow rate of standard
cannulas at settings of 0.5 to 2 L/min
• Devices are available in 2 configurations: the Oxymizer
• and the Oxymizer Pendant.
BENEFITS
• Improve the efficiency of oxygen delivery
• Reduces the cost of providing oxygen at home
• Patients receive more oxygen than they would receive at
the same flow rate from a standard cannula

15. (5) Pendant cannula
• Consists of nasal prongs attached to tubular conduit leading
to oxygen reservoir
• The bag stores 40 mL of gas and is available for oxygen
enrichment
• Has vent at side
• Allows CO2 to escape
• Dilute O2
• Devices are available in 2 configurations: the Oxymizer and
the Oxymizer Pendant.

17. (6) Simple Oxygen Mask
 It seals poorly and its large ventilation holes allow the oxygen
flow to be diluted with air
 The simple facemask at an oxygen flow of 6 L/min delivers
approximately 35-40 % oxygen
 Increasing the flow to 10 L/min may increase oxygen
concentration to about 50 %
 If the flow rate is less than 6 L/min (as cylinder nears
empty), the patient may re-breathe much of his own
exhalation and thus, the concentration of oxygen delivered will
be low, possibly severely hypoxic

18. (7) Partial Rebreather Mask
• An oxgen delivery mask in which patient inhales a mixture of
atmospheric air, oxygen from its sources, and oxygen
contained within a reservoir bag.
• Provides a means for recycling oxygen and venting all CO2
during expiration from the mask
• Delivers 35-60% Oxygen at 6-10 L/min flow rate
Ω First third of exhaled gases mix with reservoir
Ω Exhaled gases from upper airway are oxygen rich

20. (8) Non-rebreathing Mask
• An oxygen delivery device in which all exhaled air leaves the
mask rather than partially entering reservoir bag
• Contains one-way valves that allow only O2 from its source
and reservoir bag to be inhaled
• All the air that is exhaled is vented from mask, none enters
the reservoir bag
• Non-rebreathing mask are used for those who require high
concentrations of O2
• Delivers 95% Oxygen at 10-12 L/min
• Two valves added to Rebreathing mask prevents:
– Entrainment of room air during inspiration
– Retention of exhaled gases during expiration

22. 1. Venturi Mask
• patients who are in or are at risk of acute type 2 respiratory
failure.
• deliver oxygen at a rate above the peak inspiratory flow rate.
• deliver fixed concentrations of O2, the device mixes specific
volume room air with oxygen via an air entrainment regulator
(Bernoulli Principle).

23. •different sized colour coded valves. Each requires a certain
gas flow to deliver the oxygen concentration stated.
•Venturi masks deliver fixed oxygen levels as follows
i. 24%
ii. 28%
iii. 31%
iv. 35%
v. 40%
vi. 50%

24. 2. Pediatric Mist Tent
Mist tents have an electrically powered fan that circulates cool
air and nebulized water particles inside a canopy which covers
the entire child or infant.
Purpose:
1. Provide continuous cool mist with oxygen if needed.
2. Relieve laryngeal, tracheal, or bronchial edema.
3. Help promote and improve cough mechanism.
4. Hydrate dried secretions.

25. 3. Hyperbaric Oxygen
• Definition: a painless treatment that increases the amount of
oxygen in the body. This is done by breathing pure oxygen
while in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber.
• The increased pressure inside the chamber allows the
tissues to take up more oxygen. More oxygen in tissues help
body heal faster by speeding up the formation of new tissue
and fighting infection.

26. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is used to treat:
• poor wound healing
• carbon monoxide poisoning
• gas gangrene, soft tissue infection
• diving accidents or the “bends”
• air and gas embolism
• burns
• soft tissue radiation injury
• osteomyelitis
• osteoradionecrosis
• acute blood loss anemia
• intracranial abscess
• skin grafts and flaps
• thermal burns
• crush injury
• compartment syndrome
• acute traumatic ischemias

27. Before start the treatment:
• go to the bathroom
• remove underwear, nylons and socks
• put on the special gown
Do not wear:
• contact lenses, dentures, and/or hearing aids
• jewellry
• hair spray
• ointments
• makeup
• creams
• nail polish
• perfume or cologne
• lotions or petroleum jelly
• deodorant
• velcro
• watch
• hair elastic bands

28. 4. Aerosol and bland system
• Aerosol is a liquid or solid particle that is suspended in a
gas
• Bland aerosol therapy includes delivery of hypotonic,
hypertonic, or isotonic saline, or sterile water in
aerosolized form.
• Oxygen may be used in conjunction with bland aerosol
therapy.
• Bland aerosol therapy can be continuous in conjunction
with oxygen therapy.

29. Tonicity
Hypertonic (10%)
• Greater tonicity then surrounding tissues
• Tend to draw fluid from surroundings
Isotonic (Normal Saline) 0.9%
• Neither gains or loses water but maintains a steady size
Hypotonic
• Water
Particle Deposition
• Humungous in size are filtered in nose : 100
microns
• Large in throat: 10 - 20 microns
• Medium in small airways: 2 - 5 microns
• Small in alveoli: 1 - 3 microns
• Exhale: <0.5 microns

30. MMAD Particle deposition
5 - 10 µm Pharyngeal / Laryngeal
2 - 5 µm Tracheobronchial
0.5 - 2 µm Alveolar
< 0.5 µm Exhaled

31. 5. Infant Head Hood
What it is?
A clear plastic hood that fits over an infant’s head. Different
design & sizes, some with potential ports for monitoring gas
content.
What it is used for?
1. To deliver a constant concentration of oxygen.
2. As support in cases as:
• mild respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
• transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN)
• meconium aspiration
• neonatal pneumonia

32. • Oxygen hood provide a stable concentration, visibility and
access to most of the body
• It recommend for acutely ill or unstable infants who require a
FiO2 > 0.40
• a minimum flow rate of 3 LPM is recommended in order to
prevent CO2 retention.

33. 6. Infant incubator
Infant incubator is a biomedical device which provides
warmth, humidity, and oxygen all in a controlled
environment as needed by the new born.

34. Functions:
1. Protection ("The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009" by
Showick Thorpe and Edgar Thorpe)
• Fully temperature controlled, shielding infants from harmful
cold, provide insulation from outside noise, protecting infants
from germs and minimizing the risk of infection as well as
keeps out all airborne irritants like dust and other allergens.
2. Oxygenation
• provide a stable concentration, visibility and access to most
of the body.
• recommend for a FiO2 < 0.40
• recommend for a stable infant in the incubator
3. Monitoring & Observation
• cardiac monitors, brain-scan equipment, blood-monitoring
equipment, thermometers and other instruments for
observing vital signs.

35. 1. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. (2003). Retrieved December 26th, 2012 from
http://www.hamiltonhealthsciences.ca/documents/Patient%20Education/Hyp
erbaricPORTRAIT-trh.pdf
2. Baum, J. (2010). What Are the Functions of an Infant Incubator? Retrieved
December 26th, 2012 from http://www.livestrong.com/article/233496-what-
are-the-functions-of-an-infant-incubator/
3. Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2). (n.d.). Retrieved December 29th, 2012
from http://web.missouri.edu/~danneckere/pt316/case/pulm/FiO2.htm
4. What Is Oxygen Therapy? (n.d.). Retrieved December 27th, 2012 from
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/oxt/
5. Oxygen Therapy – Definition, Purpose, Description and Preparation. (2009).
Retrieved from December 27th, 2012 from
oxygenconcentratorinc.com/…/oxygen-therapy-definition-purpose-
description-and-preparation/