introduction of Lipids,Chemistry,Fuctions of lipids,Classification of lipids Structural elucidation of Essential Fatty acid,Prostaglandins, Vitamin A, Phospolipids,Cholesterol,Lanosterol,
introduction of Lipids,Chemistry,Fuctions of lipids,Classification of lipids Structural elucidation of Essential Fatty acid,Prostaglandins, Vitamin A, Phospolipids,Cholesterol,Lanosterol,
Proteins are the macromolecules responsible for the biological processes in the cell. They consist at their most basic level of a chain of amino acids, determined by the sequence of nucleotides in a gene. Depending on the amino acid sequence (different amino acids have different biochemical properties) and interactions with their environment, proteins fold into a three-dimensional structure, which allows them to interact with other proteins and molecules and perform their function
Enzymes definitions, types & classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzyme - Introduction, Biocatalysts, Definition of enzymes, Types of enzymes, classification of enzyme, Nomenclature of enzymes, EC number, Types of enzymes with examples, and reaction.
Introduction
Definition
Classification of polysaccharides
1- Homopolysaccharides
2-Heteropolysaccharides
What is heteropolysaccarides?
Type of heteropolysaccharides
Function of heteropolysaccharides
Conclusion
References
Carbohydrates are generally classified into monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (containing few sugar units) and polysaccharides (containing many sugar units).
Monosaccharides are sugar molecules containing short chain of carbon atoms, one aldehydic or ketonic group and hydroxyl groups attached to remaining Carbon atoms.
Oligosaccharides are formed by polymerisation of monosaccharide molecules by elimination of water molecules.
Polysaccharides are high molecular weight substances composed of large number of moosaccharide units combined to form one large polymer molecule. They may be straight chain or branched chain polymers.
This slide described about lipid classification in biochemistry.
Biochemistry means combine of both "biology" and "chemistry" .
In biochemistry study of biological substance in chemical structure in plant , animal and microorganisms.
Biochemistry is involved in carbohydrates, lipid and protein. Study under this component structure, classification , metabolism and bio- synthesis . They are important in plant animals. Also provide energy of our body.
Proteins are the macromolecules responsible for the biological processes in the cell. They consist at their most basic level of a chain of amino acids, determined by the sequence of nucleotides in a gene. Depending on the amino acid sequence (different amino acids have different biochemical properties) and interactions with their environment, proteins fold into a three-dimensional structure, which allows them to interact with other proteins and molecules and perform their function
Enzymes definitions, types & classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzyme - Introduction, Biocatalysts, Definition of enzymes, Types of enzymes, classification of enzyme, Nomenclature of enzymes, EC number, Types of enzymes with examples, and reaction.
Introduction
Definition
Classification of polysaccharides
1- Homopolysaccharides
2-Heteropolysaccharides
What is heteropolysaccarides?
Type of heteropolysaccharides
Function of heteropolysaccharides
Conclusion
References
Carbohydrates are generally classified into monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (containing few sugar units) and polysaccharides (containing many sugar units).
Monosaccharides are sugar molecules containing short chain of carbon atoms, one aldehydic or ketonic group and hydroxyl groups attached to remaining Carbon atoms.
Oligosaccharides are formed by polymerisation of monosaccharide molecules by elimination of water molecules.
Polysaccharides are high molecular weight substances composed of large number of moosaccharide units combined to form one large polymer molecule. They may be straight chain or branched chain polymers.
This slide described about lipid classification in biochemistry.
Biochemistry means combine of both "biology" and "chemistry" .
In biochemistry study of biological substance in chemical structure in plant , animal and microorganisms.
Biochemistry is involved in carbohydrates, lipid and protein. Study under this component structure, classification , metabolism and bio- synthesis . They are important in plant animals. Also provide energy of our body.
In biochemistry, lipids are molecular organic compounds, composed largely of carbon and hydrogen, that are essential for cell growth. Lipids are non-soluble in water and combine with carbohydrates and proteins to form the majority of all plant and animal cells. They are more commonly synonymous with the word "fats" when speaking in terms of personal health. Although all fats are lipids, not all lipids are fats.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
3. Lipids classification
Lipids are molecules that contain
hydrocarbons and make up the building blocks
of the structure and functions of living cells.
4. Simple lipids:
A simple lipid is a fatty acid ester of
different alcohols and carries no other substance
.Eg;Fats, oil and waxes
• Saturated fats.
• Trans fats.
• Monounsaturated fats.
• Polyunsaturated fats.
5. • In other terms they can be sorted out as true
fats
• They can act as insulator
• And they provide protection by depositing
under the organs
• They were also the preserved form of energy
6. Waxes
Waxes are a diverse class of organic
compounds that are lipophilic, malleable
solids near ambient temperatures.
7. • Waxes are the esters of fatty acids and alcohol
other than glycerol
• Plant waxes-Aquatic animals
• Cutin-cuticle of hydrophiles
• Beewax-honey bee wax
• Ear wax-cerimen or ceruminuous gland of ear
• Sebum - sebaceous gland
• Wool wax- lanolin -sheep
8. Conjugated lipids
(Simple lipid+Non-lipid part)
Compound lipids
They are the esters of fatty
acids and alcohols containing additional
groups. They are also called as “heterolipids.”
Like, they may combine with additional
compounds like Phosphorous, Carbohydrates,
and Sulfur groups.
10. Glycolipids Structure
• The basic structure of a glycolipid consists of a mono-
or oligosaccharide group attached to a sphingolipid or
a glycerol group (can be acetylated or alkylated) with
one or two fatty acids. ... Synthesis
of glycolipids proceed by a series of enzymes that
sequentially add sugars to the lipid.
• That are generally found on the extracellular face of
eukaryotic cellular membranes, and function to
maintain stability of the membrane and to facilitate
cell–cell interactions. Glycolipids can also act as
receptors for viruses and other pathogens to enter
cells.
Carbs+lipids
Present in the extracellular surfaces of eukaryotic cells
12. Lipoproteins
• Lipo proteins are class where the lipid and
protein are conjugated together and performs
function
• Sphingolipids consists the sphingoid bases
• They were discovered in brain extracts in the
1870s and were named after the mythological
sphinx because of their enigmatic nature.
13. Derived lipids
• Derived lipids: Hydrolysis product of simple
and compound lipids is called derived lipids.
They include fatty acid, glycerol, sphingosine
and steroid derivatives. Steroid derivatives are
phenanthrene structures that are quite
different from lipids made up of fatty acids.
14. Terpenoids
• The terpenoids, sometimes
called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse
class of naturally occurring organic
chemicals derived from the 5-carbon
compound isoprene, and the isoprene
polymers called terpenes. Most are multicyclic
structures with oxygen-containing functional
groups.And in which the can be classified as
mono - methanol, di - Retinol, sesqui -
zingiberene, tetra- β-carotene.
15. Alcohols
• The alcohols are obtained from the
triglycerides (fatty acid triesters), which form
the bulk of the oil. The process involves the
transesterification of the triglycerides to give
methyl esters which are then hydrogenated to
give the fatty alcohols.
16. Carotenoids
• Carotenoids are pigments in plants, algae, and photosynthetic
bacteria. These pigments produce the bright yellow, red, and
orange colors in plants, vegetables, and fruits. Carotenoids act as a
type of antioxidant for humans. There are more than 600 different
types of carotenoids.
• alpha carotene.
• beta carotene.
• beta cryptoxanthin.
• lutein.
• zeaxanthin.
• lycopene.
17. Sterols -Steroids
• The sterolos can also be classified based on
the ORIGIN
• Phytosterol
• Fungal Sterol
• Animal Sterol
18. Phytosterols
• Phytosterols, or plant sterols, are a family of
molecules related to cholesterol. They are
found in the cell membranes of plants, where
they play important roles — just like
cholesterol in humans. The most
common phytosterols in your diet are
campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol.
19. Animal Sterol
• Animal Sterol-Wisely known as Choloesterol
Which acts as the reserved form energy source
in animals during the hibernation.
• And Steroid hormones like progesterone and
testosterone, Adrenaline are kinda of a animal
sterol.
20. Fatty acids
• Fatty acids: Molecules that are long chains of
lipid-carboxylic acid found in fats and oils and
in cell membranes as a component of
phospholipids and glycolipids in short.
• Where the LINOLEIC ACID can be converted to
Arachidonic acid
The fatty acids can be described as Saturated
( single bond) and Unsaturated fatty acids
(double or triple bonds), based on their bonds