“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Fat usually means any ester of fatty acids or mixture of such compounds most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food. Fat is used as the fatty components of foods and diet. Fats are best known members of a chemical group called the lipids.
Content
Classification
Functions
Sources
Digestion
Absorption
Deficiency and disorders of lipids
Essential fatty acid
Role of omega-3 & omega 6 fatty acids in physiological disorders
References
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
“These are the naturally Organic compounds, insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents (alcohol, ether, etc.), which are potentially related to fatty acids & utilized by living cells."
Lipids are a heterogeneous group of compounds.
They are esters of fatty acids. Lipids occur widely in plants and animals. Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, and related compounds.
Lipids are a family of organic compounds, composed of fats and oils. These molecules yield high energy and are responsible for different functions within the human body.
Fat usually means any ester of fatty acids or mixture of such compounds most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food. Fat is used as the fatty components of foods and diet. Fats are best known members of a chemical group called the lipids.
Content
Classification
Functions
Sources
Digestion
Absorption
Deficiency and disorders of lipids
Essential fatty acid
Role of omega-3 & omega 6 fatty acids in physiological disorders
References
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. lipids
• The lipids are a heterogeneous group of
compounds, including fats, oils, steroids,
waxes, and related compounds, which are
related more by their physical than by their
chemical properties.
• They have the common property of being (1)
relatively insoluble in water and (2) soluble in
nonpolar solvents such as ether and
chloroform. E.g. fat and oils.
2. Functions of lipids
• lipids are storage form of energy, Fat is stored in adipose tissue.
• It also serves as a thermal insulator in the subcutaneous tissues
and around certain organs.
• Nonpolar lipids act as electrical insulators, allowing rapid
propagation of depolarization waves along myelinated nerves.
• Combinations of lipid and protein (lipoproteins) are important
cellular constituents, occurring both in the cell membrane and in
the mitochondria, and serving also as the means of transporting
lipids in the blood.
• Lipids are also required for solubility of fat soluble vitamins.
• Lipids are major source of metabolic water.
• Lipids synthesize the hormones(steroid hormones, prostaglandins)
3. Classification of lipids
• 1. Simple lipids: Esters of fatty acids with
various alcohols.
• a. Fats: Esters of fatty acids with glycerol. Oils
are fats in the liquid state.
• b. Waxes: Esters of fatty acids with higher
molecular weight monohydric alcohols.
• c. cholesterol ester, ester of vitamin A& D
4. 2. Compound lipids
Esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to an
alcohol and a fatty acid.
• a. Phospholipids: Lipids containing, in addition to fatty acids
and an alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue. They frequently
have nitrogen containing bases and other substituents, eg, in
glycerophospholipids the alcohol is glycerol and in
sphingophospholipids the alcohol is sphingosine.
• b. Glycolipids (glycosphingolipids): Lipids containing a fatty
acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate .
• C. Other complex lipids: Lipids such as sulfolipids and
aminolipids. Lipoproteins may also be placed in this category.
5. 3. derived lipids:
• hydrolysed products of simple and compound
lipids are derived lipids.These include fatty
acids, glycerol, cholesterol, other alcohol, fatty
aldehydes, and ketone bodies .
• 4. miscellaneous lipids: these include
heterogenous group of compounds possessing
characteristics of lipids. E.g. carotenoids,
squalene, hydrocarbons, terpenes, vit E and
vit K.
6. Fatty acids
• Fatty acids are carboxylic acids with
hydrocarbon chains ranging from 4 to 36
carbons long (C4 to C36). The general
molecular formula is R-COOH.
7. Classification of fatty acid
• 1. Classification based on total no of carbon
• Even chain fatty acids (naturally occuring f.a)
• Odd chain fatty acids (found in micro-organism and milk)
• 2. Classification based on length of hydrocarbon
• Short chain f.a (C2-C6)
• Medium chain f.a (C8-C14)
• Long chain f.a (C16-C36)
• 3. Classification based on nature of hydrocarbon
• i. Saturated fatty acids
• ii. Unsaturated fatty acids which may be sub classified into Mono-unsaturated and
Polyunsaturated.
• iii. Branched chain fatty acids
• Hydroxy fatty acids
10. NEUTRAL FATS
• Neutral fats are also called as triacylglycerols
(TAG) or triglycerides (TG). These are esters of the
trihydric alcohol, glycerol with fatty acids.
Naturally occurring fats and oils are mixtures of
triglycerides. If all the three hydroxyl groups of
the glycerol are esterified to the same fatty acid, a
simple triacyl glycerol is formed, e.g. Tripalmitin,
Triolein, etc. A mixed triglyceride is formed, when
different fatty acids are esterified to the hydroxyl
groups of glycerol.
12. Properties of TAG
• i. hydrophobic and insoluble in water.they can be store in
large amounts in body.in animals adipose tissue store fat &
in plants TAG is stored in seeds.
• ii. Oils are liquids at 20oC; they are triglycerides which
contain a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids or
short chain triglycerides. Oils are generally of plant origin.
• iii. Fats are solids at room temperature and contain mainly
saturated long chain fatty acids.
• Fats are mainly of animal origin.
• iv. When the constituent fatty acids have a higher chain
length and are predominantly saturated,
• ‘hard fat' is formed, e.g. pig fat.
13. Saponification
• When triglycerides are hydrolysed by alkali, the
process is known as saponification. The products
are glycerol and soaps
• Saponification number is defined as the number
of milligrams of NAOH/KOH required to saponify
one gram of fat. It is an indication of the length of
fatty acid in that fat, and is inversely proportional
to it.Human fat has a saponification number of
194-198, butter has 210-230 and coconut oil has
253-262.
•
14. Iodine number:
• iodine number of a fat is defined as the
number of grams of iodine taken up by 100
grams of fat. It is an index of the degree of
unsaturation and is directly proportional to
the content of unsaturated fatty acids. Higher
the iodine number, higher is the degree of
unsaturation, e.g. iodine number of butter is
28, and that of sunflower oil is 130.
15. Rancidity
• Fats and oils have a tendency to become rancid.
The term rancidity refers to the appearance of an
unpleasant smell and taste for fats and oils.
• Hydrolytic rancidity is due to partial hydrolysis of
the triacyl glycerol molecules due to traces of
hydrolytic enzymes present in naturally occurring
fats and oils.
• Oxidative rancidity is the result of partial
oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with resultant
formation of epoxide and peroxidesof fatty acids.
antioxidants
20. • Functions of phospholipid
• 1. In association with proteins, phospholipids form the structural
components of membranes and regulate membrane permeability.
• 2. Phospholipids (lecithin, cephalin and cardiolipin) in the
mitochondria are responsible for maintaining the conformation of
electron transport chain components, and thus cellular
respiration.
• 3. Phospholipids participate in the absorption of fat from the
intestine.
• 4. Phospholipids are essential for the synthesis of different
lipoproteins, and thus participate in the transport of lipids.
• 5. Accumulation of fat in liver (fatty liver) can be prevented by
phospholipids, hence they are
• regarded as lipotropic factors.
21. • 6. Arachidonic acid, an unsaturated fatty acid liberated from
phospholipids, serves as a precursor for the synthesis of
eicosanoids (prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes etc.).
• 7. Phospholipids participate in the reverse cholesterol transport
and thus help in the removal of cholesterol from the body.
• 8. Phospholipids act as surfactants (agents lowering surface
tension). For instance Dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline is an
important lung surfactant. Respiratory distress syndrome in
infants is associated with insufficient production of this surfactant.
• 9. Cephalin, an important group of phospholipids participate in
blood clotting.
• 10. Phospholipids ( phosphatidylinositol ) are involved in signal
transmission across membranes. They act as secondary messenger
for hormones.
• 11. cardiolipin has antigenic property.
22. Glycolipids
• They are seen widely in nervous tissues. This
group of lipids do not contain phosphoric acid;
instead they contain carbohydrates and ceramide.
• Cerebrosides- they contain one or more sugars.
They are found in white mater of brain. E.g.
glucocerebrosides, galactocerebrosides e.t.c.
• Ganglosides- they contain oligosaccharides with
at least one N-acetyl neuraminic acid (sialic acid).
They are found in gray mater of brain and
ganglions.
23. Sterols
• Sterols are membrane lipids found in most of eukaryotic cell
membrane. They have a fused ring system i.e.
cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system.
24. • Cholesterol
• Cholesterol, exclusively found in animals, is the most abundant
animal sterol. It is widely distributed in all cells and is a major
component of cell membranes and lipoproteins. Cholesterol
• (Creek: chole-bile, steros- solid, ol- alcohol) was first isolated from
bile. Cholesterol literally means 'solid alcohol from bile. The
molecular formula of cholesterol is (C27H45OH). Due to the
presence of an -OH group, cholesterol is weakly amphipathic. The
occurrence of cholesterol is much higher in the membranes of
sub-cellular organelles. Cholesterol is found in association with
fatty acids to- form cholestervl esters (esterification occurs at the
OH group of C3).Cholesterol is an yellowish crystalline solid.
Cholesterol is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents
such as chloroform, benzene, ether etc.
25. Functions and significance
• The level of cholesterol in blood is related to the development of
atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. Abnormality of cholesterol
metabolism may lead to cardiovascular accidents and heart attacks.
Normal level of cholesterol in human blood is 150-250mg/dl.
• Cell membranes: Cholesterol is a component of membranes and has a
modulating effect on the fluid state of the membrane.
• Nerve conduction: Cholesterol has an insulating effect on nerve fibers.
• Bile acids and bile salts are derived from cholesterol. Bile salts are
important for fat absorption.
• Steroid hormones: Glucocorticoids, androgens and estrogens are from
cholesterol.
• 6. Vitamin D3 is derived from 7-dehydro-cholesterol.
• 7. Esterification: The OH group of cholesterol is esterified to fatty acids to
form cholesterol esters. This esterification occurs in the body by transfer
of a PUFA moiety by lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase.
27. Terpenes and terpenoids
The lipids which carbon skeleton have structural relationship
to isoprene i.e. (2-methylbutadiene) are called terpenes.
These terpenes include essential oils such as citral, camphor,
rubber & variety of plant pigments eg carotenes, lycopenes,
squalene e.t.c. cholesterol and other sterols/ steroids are also
examples of terpenoids.
28. • Terpenoids are compounds related to
terpenes, which may include some oxygen
functionality or some rearrangement, however
the two terms are often used interchangeably.
• Monoterpenoid eg camphor
• Diterpenoid eg retinol
• Tri terpenoids eg cholesterol
• Tetra terpenoid eg beta carotene
• Polyterpenoid eg rubber