This document discusses compound lipids. It begins by defining compound lipids as lipids that contain fatty acids esterified to an alcohol and an additional group. The document then focuses on phospholipids, dividing them into glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Glycerophospholipids are discussed in detail, including their structure and common classes like phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and cardiolipin. Sphingolipids are introduced as containing sphingosine instead of glycerol. Specific sphingolipids like sphingomyelin, cerebrosides, globosides, gangliosides, and sulfatides are

1. COMPOUND LIPIDSCOMPOUND LIPIDS
Presented by:
Zamran Khan
M.Sc 1st
SEM
The Oxford College Of ScienceThe Oxford College Of Science
Seminar on

2. • Introduction
• Classification of lipids
• Compound lipids
Phospholipids
Glycerophospholipids
Sphingolipids
• Diseases
• Previously asked questions
• Reference
ContentsContents

3. • Lipids are a class of biological molecules
defined by low Solubility in water and high
Solubility in non polar solvents such as
Benzene, Chloroform, toluene etc.
• Lipids are an important component of
living cells. Together with carbohydrates
and proteins.
• They are classified in to simple
,compound and derived lipids
What are lipids?What are lipids?

4. LIPIDS
SIMPLE
LIPIDS
ClassificationClassification --
(Structure)(Structure)
Fats andFats and
OilsOils
GlycolipidsGlycolipids
Sulfa-Sulfa-
tidestides
COMPOUND
LIPIDS
WaxesWaxes PhospholipidsPhospholipids
Glycero-Glycero-
phospho-phospho-
lipidslipids
Sphingo-Sphingo-
phosphophospho
lipidslipids
Cerebro-Cerebro-
sidessides
Globo-Globo-
sidessides
Ganglio-Ganglio-
sidessides
DERIVEDDERIVED
LIPIDSLIPIDS

5. COMPOUND LIPIDSCOMPOUND LIPIDS
• These are Esters of fatty acids with
alcohol and posses additional group.
• For example: cerebrosides, glycolipids,
sulpholipids etc
• These are further divided into
Phospholipids
Glycolipids

6. • Phospholipids are compound containing
fatty acids and glycerol in addition to a
phosphoric acid, nitrogen bases and other
substituents.
• They are present in large amounts in
nerve tissue, brain, liver, kidney, pancreas
and heart.
• They are further classified into,
Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids.
PHOSPHOLIPIDSPHOSPHOLIPIDS

7. GlycerophospholipidsGlycerophospholipids

8. • Glycerophospholipids (phosphoglycerides)
are the major lipid components of biological
membranes.
• Glycerophospholipids are derivatives of
Phosphatidic Acid.
• Glycerophospholipids are amphiphilic
molecules with nonpolar aliphatic
(hydrocarbon) “tails” and polar phosphoryl-X
“heads.
• They act as surfactants, thus they help in
emulsification of fats.

9. They consist of glycerol-3-
phosphate esterified at C1
and C2 positions with fatty
acids. In addition, the
phosphoryl group is linked
to another usually polar
group , X .
a) The backbone, L-glycerol-3-
phosphate.
b) The general formula of the
Glycerophospholipids.
R1 and R2 are the long-chain
hydrocarbon tails of fatty
acids, and X is derived from a
polar alcohol.

10. • The simplest Glycerophospholipids, in
which X = H, are phosphatidic acids; they
are present in only small amounts in
biological membranes.
Phosphatidic acidPhosphatidic acid

11. Phosphatidic acidPhosphatidic acid
FATTY ACID
FATTY ACID
PP
Phosphatidic acids arePhosphatidic acids are
phospholipids which onphospholipids which on
hydrolysis give rise tohydrolysis give rise to
one molecule each ofone molecule each of
glycerol and phosphoricglycerol and phosphoric
acid and two moleculesacid and two molecules
of fatty acids.of fatty acids.

12. GlycerophospholipidsGlycerophospholipids
The Common Classes of GlycerophospholipidsThe Common Classes of Glycerophospholipids

13. • Phosphatidylethanolamines are a class
of phosholipids found in biological membranes.
• This phospholipid is composed of ethanolamine
as head group and glycerophosphoric acid,
with two fatty acids.
• Also called as Cephalin.
• Ethanolamine is a nitrogenous base present in
cephalin.
• The cephalins are closely associated with
lecithins in animal tissues.
PhosphatidylethanolaminPhosphatidylethanolamin
ee

14. R1 and R2 are fatty acid residuesR1 and R2 are fatty acid residues
• It can amount to 20% of liver phospholipids andIt can amount to 20% of liver phospholipids and
as much as 45% of those of brain; higheras much as 45% of those of brain; higher
proportions are found in mitochondria than inproportions are found in mitochondria than in
other organelles.other organelles.

15. • Also called as Lecithin.
• This phospholipid is composed of a choline
head group and glycerophosphoric acid, with a
variety of fatty acids. Usually, one is a
saturated fatty acid and the other is an
unsaturated fatty acid .
PhosphatidylcholinePhosphatidylcholine

16. • They are widely in nature various oil seeds like
soyabeans and the yeasts are important source
from plants.
• They lecithins are required for the normal
transport & utilization of other lipids, especially
in the liver.

17. PhosphatidylserinePhosphatidylserine
•This phospholipid is composed ofThis phospholipid is composed of serineserine asas
head group and phosphoric acid with 2 fattyhead group and phosphoric acid with 2 fatty
acids.acids.

18. • It plays a key role inIt plays a key role in cell cycle signalingcell cycle signaling,,
specifically in relation tospecifically in relation to apoptosis.apoptosis.
• PhosphatidylserinePhosphatidylserine plays a role inplays a role in bloodblood
coagulationcoagulation (clotting).(clotting).
•Phosphatidylserine coming from plants andPhosphatidylserine coming from plants and
phosphatidylserine coming from animals differ inphosphatidylserine coming from animals differ in
fatty acid composition.fatty acid composition.
https://https://perfectketo.com/perfectketo.com/
phosphatidylserinephosphatidylserine//

19. CardiolipinCardiolipin
Diphosphatidylglycerol It consist of twoIt consist of two
molecules ofmolecules of
phosphotidic acidphosphotidic acid
held by anheld by an
additional glyceroladditional glycerol
through phosphatethrough phosphate
groupgroup
FunctionFunction::
Plays a key role inPlays a key role in
apoptosis.apoptosis.
An important component of inner mitochondrial membrane.An important component of inner mitochondrial membrane.

20. PlasmalogensPlasmalogens
PlasmalogensPlasmalogens are glycerophospholipids in which the C1are glycerophospholipids in which the C1
substituent of the glycerol moiety is linked via an alphasubstituent of the glycerol moiety is linked via an alpha
and beta unsaturated ether linkage in the cisand beta unsaturated ether linkage in the cis
configuration rather than through an ester linkage.configuration rather than through an ester linkage.

21. Function:
•More resistant to oxidative stress therefore
provides protection to tissues with active
aerobic metabolism.
•Ethanolamine, choline, and serineEthanolamine, choline, and serine form theform the
most common plasmalogenmost common plasmalogen head groups.head groups.
•Plasmogen constitute about 10% of thePlasmogen constitute about 10% of the
phospholipids of the brain and muscle.phospholipids of the brain and muscle.
•The functions of most plasmalogens are not wellThe functions of most plasmalogens are not well
understood.understood.

22. PhosphatidylinositolPhosphatidylinositol
•PhosphatidylinositolPhosphatidylinositol is classified as ais classified as a
glycerophospholipid that contains a glycerol backbone,glycerophospholipid that contains a glycerol backbone,
two non-polar fatty acid chains, a phosphate grouptwo non-polar fatty acid chains, a phosphate group
substituted with ansubstituted with an inositolinositol polar head group.polar head group.

23. •present in all tissues and cell types. Especially
abundant in brain tissue, (10% of the
phospholipids).
•Most important component of cell membrane.
Functions:
•Protein anchoring
•Membrane transport
•Secondary messanger

24. SphingophospholipidsSphingophospholipids

25. SphingophospholipidsSphingophospholipids

26. •Sphingolipids,Sphingolipids, the fourth large class ofthe fourth large class of
membrane lipidsmembrane lipids,, also have a polar head groupalso have a polar head group
and two nonpolar tails.and two nonpolar tails.
•but unlike glycerophospholipids they contain nobut unlike glycerophospholipids they contain no
glycerol.glycerol.
• Sphingolipids are composed of one molecule ofSphingolipids are composed of one molecule of
the long-chain amino alcohol.the long-chain amino alcohol.
• sphingosine (also called 4-sphingenine) or onesphingosine (also called 4-sphingenine) or one
of its derivatives, one molecule of a long-chainof its derivatives, one molecule of a long-chain
fatty acid, and a polar head group that is joinedfatty acid, and a polar head group that is joined
by a glycosidic linkage in some cases and aby a glycosidic linkage in some cases and a
phosphodiester in othersphosphodiester in others

27. When a fatty acid is attached in amide linkageWhen a fatty acid is attached in amide linkage
to the NHto the NH22 on C-2, the resulting compound is aon C-2, the resulting compound is a
ceramideceramide..
Ceramide is the structural parent of allCeramide is the structural parent of all
Sphingolipids.Sphingolipids.

28. SphingosineSphingosine
2-amino-4-octadecene-1,3-diol
C-18 alcohol containing two –OH groups, one
amino group and one double bond

29. SphingomyelinSphingomyelin
•SphingomyelinsSphingomyelins, the most common sphingolipids,, the most common sphingolipids,
are ceramides bearing either aare ceramides bearing either a phosphocholinephosphocholine or aor a
phosphoethanolamine headphosphoethanolamine head group.group.
•Constituent of the myelin sheath of nerve fibers.

30. • Although sphingomyelins differ chemically from
phosphatidylcholine and
phosphatidylethanolamine, their conformations
and charge distributions are quite similar.
• The membranous myelin sheath that surrounds
and electrically insulates many nerve cell axons
is particularly rich in sphingomyelins. .
Functions
• Building block of myelin sheath
• Primary source of ceramide
• Signal transduction(cell signaling)

31. Glycolipids/glycosphingoliGlycolipids/glycosphingoli
pidspids

32. FATTY ACID
OSINE
CARBOHYDRATE
Glycolipids/glycosphingoliGlycolipids/glycosphingoli
pidspids

33. Glycolipids/glycosphingoliGlycolipids/glycosphingoli
pidspids
Essential components of
all membranes in the
body. greatest amounts
in nerve tissue
Functions
regulation of cellular
interactions, growth, and
development
CEREBROSIDES
GLOBOSIDES
GANGLIOSIDES
SULFATIDES

34. CerebrosidesCerebrosides
• ceramide monosaccharides -simplest neutral
glycosphingolipids
• Galactocerebroside ,which are most common in
the neuronal cell membranes of the brain & have a
Beta –D- galactose head group.
• Glucocerebroside - serves primarily as an
intermediate in the synthesis and degradation of the
more complex glycosphingolipids.
• cerebrosides are found predominantly in the brain and
peripheral nervous tissue, with high concentrations in
the myelin sheath

35. GalactocerebrosideGalactocerebroside

36. GlobosidesGlobosides
• Globosides are glycosphingolipids with two or more
sugars, usually D-glucose, D-galactose, or N-acetyl-D-
galactosamine.
• Cerebrosides and globosides are sometimes called
neutral glycolipids.
• As they have no charge at pH 7.
Functions:
• It serves as an intermdiate in biosynthesis of
gangliosides
• It is responsible for the anitgenicity of blood
groups A and B.

38. • Gangliosides are the most
complex glycosphingolipids.
They are ceramides with
attached oligosaccharides that
include at least one sialic acid
residue.
• found primarily in the ganglion
cells of the central nervous
system, particularly at the nerve
endings.
GangliosidesGangliosides

39. •Gangliosides are primarily components of cell-surfaceGangliosides are primarily components of cell-surface
membranes and constitute a significant fraction (6%) ofmembranes and constitute a significant fraction (6%) of
brain lipids.brain lipids.
•Gangliosides have considerable physiological andGangliosides have considerable physiological and
medical significance.medical significance.
•Their complex carbohydrate head groups, which extendTheir complex carbohydrate head groups, which extend
beyond the surfaces of cell membranes, act as specificbeyond the surfaces of cell membranes, act as specific
receptors for certain pituitary glycoprotein hormones thatreceptors for certain pituitary glycoprotein hormones that
regulate a number of important physiological functions.regulate a number of important physiological functions.
•Gangliosides are also receptors for certain bacterialGangliosides are also receptors for certain bacterial
protein toxins such asprotein toxins such as cholera toxin.cholera toxin.

40. • cerebrosides that contain
sulfated galactosyl
residues
• negatively charged at
physiologic pH
• found predominantly in
nerve tissue and kidney
SulfatidesSulfatides

41. DiseasesDiseases

42. • Sphingolipidoses are a class of lipid storage
disorders relating to sphingolipid metabolism.
• The main members of this group
are Niemann–Pick disease, Fabry
disease, Krabbe disease, Gaucher
disease, Tay–Sachs disease etc.
SphingolipidosisSphingolipidosis

43. • Is caused by the deficiency of the enzyme
glucocerebrosidase.
• Fatty material can collect in the brain, spleen, liver,
kidneys, lungs, and bone marrow.
• It affects an estimated 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 100,000
people in genral population.
• Ashkenazi jews are at high risk.
• Gaucher disease has three common clinical
subtypes they are Type 1 , Type 2 & Type 3.
Gaucher diseaseGaucher disease

44. • Symptoms vary depending on the type of disease,
but may include:
 Bone pain and fractures
Easy bruising caused by a decrease in blood
platelets (Thrombocytopenia).
Enlarged spleen (splenomegaly)
Enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)
Fatigue
Heart valve problems
Lung disease
SymptomsSymptoms

45. SeizuresSeizures
Severe swelling (Severe swelling (edemaedema) at birth) at birth
A low number of RBC (A low number of RBC (AnemiaAnemia))
yellow spots in the eyesyellow spots in the eyes
Liver malfunctionLiver malfunction
Skeletal weakness and bone diseaseSkeletal weakness and bone disease
may be extensive.may be extensive.
Enlarged spleenEnlarged spleen
HepatosplenomegalyHepatosplenomegaly
(enlargment of both(enlargment of both
liver and spleen)liver and spleen)

46. • The doctor will perform a physical exam.
• The patient may have signs of liver and spleen
swelling, bone changes, lung disease, eye
movement problems, heart problems & hearing
loss.
• Blood test to look for enzyme activity(measurement
of glucocerebrosidase activity)
• Bone marrow examination for the presence of
Gaucher’s cells is diagnostic
• Biopsy of the spleen and liver.
DiagnosesDiagnoses

47. •MRIMRI is more accurate than ultrasonography inis more accurate than ultrasonography in
determining organ sizedetermining organ size..
RadiographyRadiography Skeletal radiography can be used toSkeletal radiography can be used to
detectdetect and evaluate skeletal manifestations of Gaucherand evaluate skeletal manifestations of Gaucher
disease.disease.

48. • Enzyme replacement treatment given
intravenously (via injection) every two weeks can
dramatically decrease liver and spleen size,
reduce skeletal abnormalities, and reverse other
manifestations.
• Bone marrow transplant is also helpful.
• Blood transfusion may benefit some anemic
individuals.
TreatmentTreatment

49. Niemann-Pick diseaseNiemann-Pick disease
• Autosomal recessive
disease .
• Excessive accumulation
of sphingolipids .
• Affects 1 out of 150,000
births, hence its rare.
• It is a type of lipid storage
disease
• Its is divided in to 3 types
Type A,B and C

50. Niemann type A & BNiemann type A & B
•• It is caused by mutation in geneIt is caused by mutation in gene SMPD1SMPD1
((Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase 1Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase 1).).
•• SMPD1 gene carries instructions for cells to produceSMPD1 gene carries instructions for cells to produce
sphingomyelinase which processes lipids.sphingomyelinase which processes lipids.
••The most severe form, begins in early infancy. InfantsThe most severe form, begins in early infancy. Infants
appear normal at birth but develop profound brainappear normal at birth but develop profound brain
damage by 6 months of age.damage by 6 months of age.
Niemann type C1 & C2Niemann type C1 & C2
•It is caused by mutation in a gene NPC1 andIt is caused by mutation in a gene NPC1 and
NPC2 (NPC2 (Niemann pick C1 and C2 respectivelyNiemann pick C1 and C2 respectively))
•NPC1 gene produces a protein involve in theNPC1 gene produces a protein involve in the
•movement of cholestrol and lipids within cells.movement of cholestrol and lipids within cells.
• NPC2 gene produces protein that binds andNPC2 gene produces protein that binds and
•transport cholestrol.transport cholestrol.

51. • Enlargement of liver (hepatomegaly) may cause
reduced appetite, abdomen distension and pain.
• Enlargement of spleen(spleenomegaly) may also
cause low levels of platelets in the blood
(thrombocytopenia).
• Accumulation of sphingomyelin in CNS results in
slurring of speech , difficulty in swallowing
(dysphagia), abnormal posturing of limbs trunk and
face.
• Bones may also affected : Enlarged bone marrow
cavities
SymptomsSymptoms

53. ASM (aspartame)ASM (aspartame)

54. • No specific treatment is known but symptoms can be
treated.
• In adult patients with type B, physicians try to keep
cholestrol level down to normal level.
• Used statins to monitor liver function.
• If spleen is enlarged and platelets level are low ,
acute episodes of bleeding may require transfusion of
blood products.
• Organ transplant has been attempted with limited
success.
TreatmentTreatment

55. • Gene therapies, enzyme therapies and bone marrowGene therapies, enzyme therapies and bone marrow
transplantation.transplantation.
• A drugA drug Zavesca MigulstatZavesca Migulstat has been approved inhas been approved in
European union for treatment of neurologicalEuropean union for treatment of neurological
manifestations of Niemann pick disease type C.manifestations of Niemann pick disease type C.

56. Write the short notes on the follwing (3 marks)
1.Phospholipids
2.Lecithin
3.Sphingolipids
4.Ceramide
5 marks questions
1.Give an account of lipid Classification
2.Elaborate on the classification and properties of
lipids.
Previous asked questionsPrevious asked questions

57. • Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M. Lehninger. (2004).
Principles of Biochemistry 4th edition Pub WH
Freeman C.
• Voet, D., Voet J.G. (2004). Biochemistry 4th
Edition.
• https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-
Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Lipid-Storage-
Fact-Sheet
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscien
ce/glycerophospholipid
• http://www.lipidhome.co.uk/lipids/complex/pi/ind
ex.htm
RefrencesRefrences

58. THE END !THE END !