Osteoporosis is a bone disease characterized by low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to bone fragility and increased risk of fractures. It results from an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, with a decrease in bone mass over time. Osteoporosis has two main types - type 1 occurs mainly in post-menopausal women due to estrogen loss, while type 2 is age-related and affects both men and women after age 70. Diagnosis involves bone mineral density tests and other exams to evaluate bone health and fracture risk. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to prevent further bone loss and increase bone strength.

1. osteoporosis
Asma

2. :Definition
The word osteoporosis literally means‫العظم‬
‫المثقب‬"porous bones
".it is clincle disorder charichters by
abnormely low bone mass,quanititive
defect in bone stracture.
-Over time, bone mass, and therefore bone
strength, is decreased. As a result, bones
become fragile and break easily.
Fully minerlize

4. The three main mechanisms by
which osteoporosis develops
are:
Decrease bone formation
Increased bone resorbton
mixed
Imbalance between them lead to decrease
Bone mass and loss of bone strengh

7. :Types of Osteoporosis
* Primary osteoporosis :
There are two different types
of primary osteoporosis
Type 1 - Post-menopausal
osteoporosis
Type 1 usually occurs between the
ages of 50 to 70, largely because of
estrogen loss at menopause

8. •Exaggerated form of physiological bone
depltion that normely accompined aging
and loss of gonadel activity
•Two overlapping phases ,,
1-high turn over osteoporsis duto increase
osteoclast function
•2-low turn over duto decrase osteoblastic
activity

9. Type 2 – age realted osteoporsis
aftr 70 years mostely pt come with fracture

10. *Secondary osteoporosis:
-
:
Secondary osteoporosis can have many
causes, including;
-Diseases that affect the endocrine
systemsuch as hyperthyroidism or
hyperparathyroidism
-Liver disease and Alcoholism

11. •-A vitamin D deficiency.
•-Premature menopause
•-Sometimes the drug used to treat other
health problems causes osteoporosis.
For example: corticosteroids (e.g.
Prednisone, inhaled steroids for
asthma)
•

12. Risk Factors:
•-Female gender: Because women have
lighter, thinner bones than men
•-Advancing age: especially the onset of
menopause.
•-Family history
•:- Build :Women with thin or small frames
have a higher risk for bone fractures

13. •-Alcohol consumption;
•:Studies show that consuming two or more
alcoholic drinks daily decreases a woman’s
rate of calcium absorption, which may lead to
bone loss. Alcohol also interferes with vitamin
D synthesis-a process that helps bones absorb
calcium.

14. •-Certain diseases: Women who have anorexia
(an eating disorder) diabetes, chronic
diarrhea, or kidney or liver diseases are at an
increased risk for osteoporosis
•-Smoking :smoking interferes with the body’s
processing of calcium. smokers experience
vertebral fractures more frequently than
nonsmokers.

15. Sign and symptom:
•Osteoporosis itself has no specific
symptoms; its main consequence is the
increased risk of bone fractures.
Osteoporotic fractures are those that
occur in situations where healthy people
would not normally break a bone; they are
therefore regarded as fragility fractures.
*Typical fragility fractures occur in the
vertebral column, rib, hip and wrist.

16. Diagnosis :
•*an initial physical exam
•*various x rays that detect skeletal
problems
*laboratory tests that reveal important
information about the metabolic process
of bone breakdown and formation
•*a bone density test to detect low bone
density

17. *X-Ray Tests:
•x ray can detect bone loss only after 30 percent of
the skeleton has been depleted
•*Bone Mineral Density Tests:
The most widely recognized BMD test is called
a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, or DXA test.
The BMD test is painless, a bit like having an x
ray, but with much less exposure to radiation. It
measures bone density at the hip and spine.

18. •During a BMD test, an extremely low energy
source is passed over part or all of the body. A
computer program evaluates the information and
allows the doctor to see how much bone mass you
have.
•BMD tests provide doctors with a measurement
called a T-score, a number value that results from
comparing your bone density to optimal bone
density. When a T-score appears as a negative
number (such as –1, –2 or –2.5), it indicates low
bone mass. The greater the negative the number,
the greater is the risk of fracture.

19. •RESULTS:
•T-score -1.0 or greater is "normal"
•T-score between -1.0 and -2.5 is "low bone
mass" (or osteopenia
•T-score -2.5 or below is osteoporosis

21. Bone Scans:
•A bone scan involves injecting the patient
with a dye that allows a scanner to identify
differences in the conditions of various areas
of bone tissue. A bone scan can show the
doctor changes in bone tissue that may
indicate cancer, bone lesions, inflammation,
or new fractures.

22. Lab Tests:
•*The most common blood tests evaluate:
•blood vitamin D levels
•thyroid function
•parathyroid hormone levels
•estradiol levels to measure estrogen (in women)
•follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) test to
establish menopause status
•testosterone levels (in men)
•osteocalcin levels to measure bone formation

23. •*The most common urine tests are:
•-24-hour urine collection to measure calcium
metabolism

24. Treatment:
Drugs
hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also called
estrogen replacement therapy However, the WHI
also revealed several risks with taking combined
HRT (estrogen and progesterone). In fact, the trial
was stopped early because the incidence of
invasive breast cancer in women on HRT passed a
threshold that was considered too risky for the
benefits they were receiving. The study also found
that the women on combined hormone therapy
were at increased risk for coronary heart disease
and stroke

25. bisphosphonate
Supression osteoclastic bone resorbtion.
Alendronate. Used one dose per week for
month ,have git side effect if pt cant
tolerate pamidronate hase given iv every 3
month

26. Denosumab
•New approch of antiresorptive
therpy
•It is human monoclonal antibody which
inhibits the receptor activitor need to
activate osteoclast differentiation
•Adminstreted subcutaneous injection
every 6 month and must supplimented
with ca and vit d

27. Osteomalacia vs osteoporosis
OsteomalaciaOsteoporosis
Ageing fem, #,decreased bone dens
IllNot ill
General acheAsympt till #
Weak musclesnormal
Loosersnil
Alk ph incrnormal
PO4 decrnormal
Ca x PO4 <2.4Ca x PO4 >2.4

28. Alternative treatment:
•Alternative treatments for osteoporosis focus on
maintaining or building strong bones. A healthy
diet low in fats and animal products and
containing whole grains, fresh fruits and
vegetables, and calcium-rich foods (such as
dairy products, dark-green leafy vegetables,
salmon), along with nutritional supplements
(such as calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D),
and weight-bearing exercises are important
components of both conventional prevention

29. Prognosis:
•Although osteoporosis patients have an
increased mortality rate due to the
complications of fracture, it is rarely lethal
•-Hip fractures; can lead to decreased
mobility and an additional risk of numerous
complications(such as deep venous
thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism
pneumonia)

30. •-Vertebral fractures:can lead to severe
chronic pain of neurogenic origin, which can
be hard to control, as well as deformity.
Though rare, multiplevertebral
fractures can lead to such severe hunch back
(kyphosis) that the resulting pressure on
internal organs can impair one's ability to
breathe.

31. Prevention:
•Building strong bones, especially before the
age of 35, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle
are the best ways to prevent osteoporosis.
Getting calcium from foods Getting vitamin
d Avoiding smoking and alcohol