OSPF Summarization
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OSPF does not support automatic summarization like EIGRP, and route summarization can only be configured on Area Border Routers (ABRs) and Autonomous System Boundary Routers (ASBRs). Route summarization helps reduce OSPF traffic and route computation by combining multiple specific routes into a single, generic route. The "area AREA_ID range IP_ADDRESS MASK" command is used to configure OSPF summarization, allowing an ABR to advertise a single summary route for multiple subnets. Care must be taken with summarization to avoid overgeneralizing reachable networks.
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OSPF summary & Differences between OSPF and EIGRP
OSPF is described as a link state routing protocol that uses areas and multicast addresses to share routing updates fast. It supports VLSM, calculates paths using the SPF algorithm, and allows equal-cost load balancing. In contrast, EIGRP is an advanced distance vector protocol that uses a composite metric and supports both equal and unequal load balancing. Key differences between the two protocols include their administrative distances, proprietary nature, multicast addresses, and where manual summarization can occur.
OSPF Overview
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses LSAs to exchange routing and topology information between routers. Routers must establish neighbor relationships by exchanging Hello packets before sharing LSAs. Routers run the SPF algorithm to calculate the best paths based on the collected link-state database and populate their routing tables. OSPF supports features like equal cost load balancing, VLSM, and manual summarization. It divides large networks into areas to reduce routing overhead.
OSPF Summary LSA (Type 3 LSA)
The document discusses OSPF Type 3 summary LSAs. It explains that Type 3 LSAs are generated by Area Border Routers to advertise networks from one area to other areas. They contain the network address as the Link ID and the advertising router's ID. By default each Type 3 LSA advertises a single network, but area border routers can generate summary LSAs that advertise aggregated networks to improve performance.
OSPF Internal Route Summarization
The document discusses OSPF internal route summarization. It explains that OSPF summarization can only be configured on area border routers (ABRs) between areas, and that it involves using a route range to join multiple routes into fewer summary routes. Configuring summarization reduces routing table and link state database sizes. The example shows routing tables and link state databases before and after configuring a route range on an ABR to summarize two networks in an area into a single inter-area route.
Redistribution into OSPF
This document discusses redistributing routes between OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols. There are two types of external routes when redistributing into OSPF - E1 and E2. E1 routes are redistributed with the default metric plus the internal OSPF cost, while E2 routes are redistributed with the default metric unchanged. The example topology redistributes routes between two EIGRP domains into an OSPF domain, marking one set of redistributed routes as E1 and the other as E2. Verification commands are provided to check the redistribution.
OSPF External Route Summarization
The document discusses OSPF external route summarization. It explains that external routes are carried by type 5 LSAs generated by ASBR routers. To summarize external routes, the summary-address command is configured on the ASBR with the IP address and mask of the summary. This replaces individual external routes with a single summary route. The example configuration shows external routes being redistributed into OSPF on a router acting as ASBR, and an external route being summarized to replace multiple individual routes with one summary route.
OSPF
OSPF uses cost as the metric value, which is calculated by dividing the reference bandwidth of 100 Mbps by the interface bandwidth. This means interfaces with higher bandwidth have lower costs by default. The default cost does not differentiate between interfaces faster than 100 Mbps. The OSPF router ID is a unique 32-bit identifier for each router and is usually the highest IP address of a loopback or active interface; it should not be changed without reloading the router.
EIGRP Overview
EIGRP is an advanced distance vector routing protocol that is an evolution of IGRP. It supports features like classless routing, VLSM, route summarization, load balancing and more. For routers to exchange routing information, they must first become neighbors by discovering each other using multicast hello packets and ensuring certain fields match, like the AS number. EIGRP stores routing data in neighbor, topology, and routing tables and uses metrics like bandwidth and delay to calculate the best routes.
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OSPF summary & Differences between OSPF and EIGRP
OSPF is described as a link state routing protocol that uses areas and multicast addresses to share routing updates fast. It supports VLSM, calculates paths using the SPF algorithm, and allows equal-cost load balancing. In contrast, EIGRP is an advanced distance vector protocol that uses a composite metric and supports both equal and unequal load balancing. Key differences between the two protocols include their administrative distances, proprietary nature, multicast addresses, and where manual summarization can occur.
OSPF Overview
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses LSAs to exchange routing and topology information between routers. Routers must establish neighbor relationships by exchanging Hello packets before sharing LSAs. Routers run the SPF algorithm to calculate the best paths based on the collected link-state database and populate their routing tables. OSPF supports features like equal cost load balancing, VLSM, and manual summarization. It divides large networks into areas to reduce routing overhead.
OSPF Summary LSA (Type 3 LSA)
The document discusses OSPF Type 3 summary LSAs. It explains that Type 3 LSAs are generated by Area Border Routers to advertise networks from one area to other areas. They contain the network address as the Link ID and the advertising router's ID. By default each Type 3 LSA advertises a single network, but area border routers can generate summary LSAs that advertise aggregated networks to improve performance.
OSPF Internal Route Summarization
The document discusses OSPF internal route summarization. It explains that OSPF summarization can only be configured on area border routers (ABRs) between areas, and that it involves using a route range to join multiple routes into fewer summary routes. Configuring summarization reduces routing table and link state database sizes. The example shows routing tables and link state databases before and after configuring a route range on an ABR to summarize two networks in an area into a single inter-area route.
Redistribution into OSPF
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OSPF External Route Summarization
The document discusses OSPF external route summarization. It explains that external routes are carried by type 5 LSAs generated by ASBR routers. To summarize external routes, the summary-address command is configured on the ASBR with the IP address and mask of the summary. This replaces individual external routes with a single summary route. The example configuration shows external routes being redistributed into OSPF on a router acting as ASBR, and an external route being summarized to replace multiple individual routes with one summary route.
OSPF
OSPF uses cost as the metric value, which is calculated by dividing the reference bandwidth of 100 Mbps by the interface bandwidth. This means interfaces with higher bandwidth have lower costs by default. The default cost does not differentiate between interfaces faster than 100 Mbps. The OSPF router ID is a unique 32-bit identifier for each router and is usually the highest IP address of a loopback or active interface; it should not be changed without reloading the router.
EIGRP Overview
EIGRP is an advanced distance vector routing protocol that is an evolution of IGRP. It supports features like classless routing, VLSM, route summarization, load balancing and more. For routers to exchange routing information, they must first become neighbors by discovering each other using multicast hello packets and ensuring certain fields match, like the AS number. EIGRP stores routing data in neighbor, topology, and routing tables and uses metrics like bandwidth and delay to calculate the best routes.
EIGRP Authentication & Load Balancing
The document discusses EIGRP authentication and load balancing. It explains that EIGRP authentication uses MD5 hashing and preshared keys to authenticate routing updates and prevent invalid routes. It also describes how to configure EIGRP authentication using key chains. The document then discusses how EIGRP supports both equal-cost and unequal-cost load balancing across multiple paths by default or through configuration of the variance parameter.
EIGRP Automatic & Manual Summarization
By default, EIGRP has auto summarization enabled which summarizes routes to classful addresses at network boundaries. This can cause issues with discontinuous networks, so auto summarization is typically disabled using the "no auto-summary" command. Manual summarization allows an administrator to configure a single route to represent multiple routes on an interface basis using the "ip summary-address" command to reduce routing table sizes.
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OSPF Router LSA (Type 1)
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Route Redistribution between OSPF and EIGRP
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OSPF Configuration
The document discusses configuring OSPF routing on multiple routers. It explains that OSPF configuration involves enabling OSPF on each router, defining the interfaces and networks, and verifying neighbor relationships. It then provides an example of configuring a multi-area OSPF network with area 0, area 1, and an area border router connecting the two areas. The configuration involves specifying the area IDs for each router's interfaces to establish neighbors between routers in different areas.
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Route redistribution allows routes learned by one routing protocol to be advertised to another protocol. This is necessary when different protocols are used in the same internetwork due to vendor or other requirements. The redistribution device runs both protocols and shares routes between them, but external redistributed routes have lower preference than internally learned routes. Metrics must be translated between protocols since they use different metrics like hop count, bandwidth, and cost.
EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
EIGRP is a proprietary routing protocol developed by Cisco that uses a composite metric and has fast convergence properties. It functions as a hybrid of distance-vector and link-state routing protocols, sending subnet mask and VLSM information in updates. EIGRP forms neighbor relationships through periodic hello messages and establishes three key tables - Neighbor, Topology, and Routing - to store neighbor, route, and best path information. It utilizes five packet types and reliable transport to efficiently share routing updates.
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Ospf
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This document provides an in-depth analysis of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It is divided into three parts, with part one covering OSPF theory and definitions related topics like area types, router roles, metrics, neighbors, packet types, states, and designated routers. Part two contains multiple practice labs for experimenting with OSPF configurations. Part three lists reference materials and notes.
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The document discusses the link-state routing protocol OSPF. It provides an overview of distance vector routing versus link-state routing, and describes OSPF operations including flooding link state advertisements, building the link state database, calculating the shortest path tree using the Dijkstra algorithm, and configuring and verifying OSPF on Cisco routers. Key aspects of OSPF covered include areas, costs, router types, and debug and show commands for troubleshooting.
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
BGP is an inter-autonomous system routing protocol that exchanges routing and reachability information between autonomous systems on the internet. It allows traffic to be rerouted to alternate paths if the primary route fails. BGP uses TCP port 179 to send triggered updates when there are changes in the network and maintains routing tables to track routes from multiple autonomous systems to determine the best paths. However, receiving full routing tables from multiple ISPs can require significant memory and resources for routers.
What is EGRP
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Type 1 LSAs are called Router LSAs and are generated by each router to advertise its active interfaces. Type 2 LSAs are called Network LSAs and are generated by the Designated Router to describe routers attached to a multi-access network. Type 3 LSAs are Summary LSAs generated by Area Border Routers to advertise routes between areas. Type 5 LSAs are External LSAs generated by Autonomous System Boundary Routers to advertise external routes.
Routing Protocols
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1. The document describes the configuration steps for a lab exercise involving BGP routing. It includes tasks to configure IP addresses, IBGP, HSRP, servers, and BGP routing on multiple routers as shown in the given topology diagram.
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Securing Switch Access
Switches direct and control much of the data flowing across computer networks.
Conventional network security often focuses more on routers and blocking traffic from the outside.
Switches are internal to the organization and designed to allow ease of connectivity, therefore only
limited or no security measures are applied.
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WAN (wide area network)
A WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that covers a broad area (i.e., any telecommunications
network that links across metropolitan, regional, national or international boundaries) using leased
telecommunication lines. Business and government entities utilize WANs to relay data among
employees, clients, buyers, and suppliers from various geographical locations. In essence, this mode of
telecommunication allows a business to effectively carry out its daily function regardless of location. The
Internet can be considered a WAN as well, and is used by businesses, governments, organizations, and
individuals for almost any purpose imaginable.
Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a high-performance WAN protocol that operates at the physical and data link layers of
the OSI reference model. Frame Relay originally was designed for use across Integrated Services Digital
Network (ISDN) interfaces. Today, it is used over a variety of other network interfaces as well.
Frame relay is a type of WAN connection use to connect one site to many remote sites through a single
physical circuit; this operation makes it easy to construct reliable and inexpensive networks.
Radius Protocol
RADIUS is a protocol for carrying information related to authentication, authorization, and configuration
between a Network Access Server that desires to authenticate its links and a shared Authentication
Server.
RADIUS stands for Remote Authentication Dial In User Service.
RADIUS is an AAA protocol for applications such as Network Access or IP Mobility
It works in both situations, Local and Mobile.
It uses Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol
(CHAP), or Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) protocols to authenticate users.
It look in text file, LDAP Servers, Database for authentication.
Radius vs. Tacacs+
RADIUS uses UDP for authentication and authorization, encrypting only the password field, while TACACS+ uses TCP and encrypts the entire payload. TACACS+ separates authentication, authorization, and accounting functions, allowing for different authentication mechanisms to be used, while RADIUS combines these steps. TACACS+ supports additional network protocols and provides more granular control over authorized commands.
BGP (border gateway routing protocol)
BGP (Border Gateway Routing Protocol) is a standardized exterior gateway protocol designed to
exchange routing and reachability information between autonomous systems (AS) on the Internet. The
Border Gateway Protocol makes routing decisions based on paths, network policies or rule-sets
configured by a network administrator, and are involved in making core routing decisions.
BGP is a very robust and scalable routing protocol, as evidenced by the fact that BGP is the routing
protocol employed on the Internet.
How to create mail server in cisco packet tracer
This document describes a Packet Tracer activity where students will configure and test web and email services on simulated servers. The activity involves two parts: 1) configuring and verifying web services on CentralServer and BranchServer, and 2) configuring and verifying email services to send and receive email on the servers. Students will configure clients to access the web and email services and send emails between clients to verify connectivity.
Network Security & Attacks
Network Security consists of the provisions and policies adopted by a network
administrator to prevent and monitor unauthorized access, misuse, modification,
or denial of a computer network and network-accessible resources. Network
security involves the authorization of access to data in a network, which is
controlled by the network administrator. Users choose or are assigned an ID and
password or other authenticating information that allows them access to
information and programs within their authority.
STP (spanning tree protocol)
It prevents a network from frame looping by putting some interfaces in forwarding state & some
interfaces in blocking state.
Whenever two or more switches are connected with each other for redundancy purpose loop can occur.
STP Protocol is used to prevent the loop. STP is layer 2 Protocol & by default it is enabled on switches.
Nxll20 na ting
The document describes tasks to configure NAT on routers R1 and R2. This includes dynamically NATing internal networks and loopbacks to external IP ranges, PAT for some internal networks, and static NAT for R7's loopbacks. EIGRP is configured internally with redistribution. Access-lists are used to define the NAT source addresses and pools are used to map them to external IP ranges. Connectivity to external sites is tested with ping.
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This document provides an overview of single-area OSPFv2 concepts, including:
- OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses areas to divide a network and control routing updates. It establishes neighbor adjacencies to exchange routing information.
- OSPF uses five packet types and three database tables to discover neighbors, build topology of the network, and determine the best routes. It uses the Dijkstra algorithm to calculate the shortest paths.
- The document focuses on basic configuration and operation of single-area OSPFv2, where all routers are in one area for simpler implementation.
OSPF Beyond Stump-the-Chump_Interview_Questions - Part 01 -
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OSPF.pdf
This document provides an overview of the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It explains that OSPF is a link-state interior gateway protocol that uses shortest path first (SPF) algorithm to calculate routes. It describes OSPF's key features such as using link state advertisements, flooding, authentication, routing hierarchy with areas and backbone, and different message formats. The document also explains OSPF's routing algorithm which involves exchanging link state packets, building a link state database, and using Dijkstra's algorithm to calculate the shortest path tree and routing tables.
Scaling Challenge PKA Instructions This exerci.docx
Scaling Challenge PKA
Instructions
This exercise uses both EIGRP and OSPF. The ISP router divides the two network types. One side of the ISP is OSPF
and the other side of the ISP router is EIGRP.
Subnetting: OSPF and EIGRP both use a distinct network address which you must subnet according to the needs shown
in the topology above. For both networks make sure you subnet so that you optimize IP addresses (don’t be wasteful ---
HINT – VLSM).
For the OSPF network use the following Address: 160.4.0.0
R1 has 4 Loopback networks – each requires 50 hosts per network
Area 51’s network requires 80 hosts
R3
o VLAN 17 requires 30 hosts
o VLAN 21 Requires 120 hosts
Don’t forget the serial connections between routers (point to point)
For the EIGRP network use the following Address: 180.18.0.0
RE_2 router has 5 loopback networks – each requires 100 hosts
RE_3
o VLAN 6 requires 28 hosts
o VLAN 8 requires 14 hosts
RE_4 network requires 50 hosts
Don’t forget the serial connections between routers (point to point)
Configure basic settings for each AND every switch.
Disable DNS lookup.
Configure the device name as displayed in the topology.
Encrypt plain text passwords.
Configure a MOTD banner warning – use the same one as in class: this [device…router or switch] was
configured by [your first name, last name], unauthorized access is prohibited.
Assign scaling as the encrypted privileged EXEC mode password.
Assign fun as the console and vty password
Configure logging synchronous to prevent console message from interrupting command entry.
Shut down all unused switchports
Configure basic settings for each AND every router.
Address all router interfaces.
Disable DNS lookup.
Configure the device name as shown in the topology.
Configure IP addresses for the routers
Encrypt the clear text passwords
Set clock rate to 128000 for all DCE serial interfaces.
Configure a MOTD banner warning – use the same one as in class: this [device…router or switch] was
configured by [your first name, last name], unauthorized access is prohibited.
Assign scaling as the encrypted privileged EXEC mode password.
Assign fun for the console and vty password
Configure logging synchronous to prevent console messages from interrupting command entry.
Configure the PCs.
Assign IP address, subnet mask, and correct default gateway to the PCs.
Specific instructions for the OSPF network side:
All routers use MD5 authentication – use cisco123
Use a default static route between R_O1 and R_ISP (quad zero’s)
Don’t advertise the 200.5.5.0 network between R_ISP and R_O1
Ensure R_O1 distributes the static route to all other OSPF enable routers
Configure OSPF on the routers and in correct area per topology above – all with process ID of 55
R_O1 Router ID: 1.1.1.1
R_O2 Router ID: 2.2.2.2
R_O3 Router ID: 3.3.3.3
R.
5242 bgp-ospf-redis
- The document discusses redistributing different types of OSPF routes into BGP, including internal routes, external routes, and NSSA external routes.
- OSPF route types include internal routes within an area (intra-area) or between areas (inter-area), and external routes that have been redistributed into OSPF from other protocols.
- Keywords can be used in the BGP redistribute command to select the specific OSPF route types to redistribute, such as internal, external, or nssa-external. Redistribution defaults to only internal routes but filters can modify this behavior.
Packet Tracer: Routing protocols EIGRP and OSPF
The document summarizes an experiment in Packet Tracer where the routing protocols EIGRP and OSPF were implemented on a simulated enterprise network with multiple hosts and routers. EIGRP and OSPF were configured on the 3 routers to exchange routing update tables and allow routing between all hosts. The experiment demonstrated how each protocol operates, including configuration of EIGRP with autonomous system numbers and OSPF with areas to establish routing adjacencies between routers. Pings between hosts across the routers confirmed correct routing was achieved with both protocols.
OSPF_multi.pdf
This document provides instructions for configuring a multi-area OSPF network. SanJose1 is configured as an area border router (ABR) connecting Area 0 and Area 1. SanJose3 is also an ABR connecting Area 0 and Area 51. Singapore is configured to redistribute static routes learned from Auckland into Area 51, making it an autonomous system boundary router (ASBR). Inter-area route summarization is configured on SanJose1 to reduce routing table entries.
OSPFv3_Technology_White_Paper.pdf
OSPFv3 is an extension of OSPFv2 for IPv6 networks. Key differences include OSPFv3 running per link instead of per subnet, using link-local addresses, supporting multiple instances per link, identifying neighbors by router ID instead of IP address, removing authentication from packet headers, and expanding LSA flooding scope and handling unknown LSAs. OSPFv3 also introduces new packet formats, options field, and LSA types while keeping common concepts such as areas, link state database, and SPF algorithm from OSPFv2.
ENHANCED IGRP (EIGRP) AND OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)
EIGRP in CISCO propitiatory dynamic routing protocol with dual algorithm. It useful only on cisco router only.
Day 3 ENHANCED IGRP (EIGRP) AND OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST (OSPF)
This document provides an overview of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocols. It describes the key characteristics of EIGRP including that it is a hybrid routing protocol that uses metrics like bandwidth and delay to determine the best path. It also explains how to configure and verify EIGRP. For OSPF, the document outlines that it is an open standard link-state protocol, defines common OSPF terminology, and describes how to configure OSPF areas and verify the protocol. Loopback interfaces and troubleshooting OSPF are also briefly covered.
Ospf Last Modified Eng
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that uses LSAs to share routing information between routers. Routers running OSPF build a link-state database (LSDB) from received LSAs and use the SPF algorithm to determine the best paths to destinations. OSPF routers establish neighbor adjacencies to exchange LSAs and populate their LSDBs. Areas allow hierarchical routing and route summarization between areas is performed by area border routers (ABRs).
Ccn pv7 route_sba-student-exam-4
This skills-based assessment exam tests students' ability to configure multiple routing protocols including EIGRP, OSPF, and MP-BGP on 3 routers to create an integrated network. Students must configure interfaces, routing protocols, route redistribution, filtering, and authentication. They then test connectivity using a Tcl script and verify routing and path selection using show commands. The goal is to combine both device configuration skills and troubleshooting skills.
Ospf Cisco
1. The document discusses various OSPF concepts including DR-BDR election, OSPF areas, router types, virtual links, and NSSA areas. It provides configuration examples and show command outputs to illustrate these concepts.
Eincop Netwax Lab: Route Redistribution
Route redistribution involves sharing routes between different routing protocols. Challenges include incompatible metrics between protocols and routing loops or suboptimal paths that can occur from redistributing routes back into their origin domain. Route maps, distribution lists, and adjusting administrative distances can control redistribution and prevent issues like feedback of routes into their source protocol.
Route Redistribution
Redistribution is necessary when routing protocols connect and must pass routes between the two.
Route Redistribution involves placing the routes learned from one routing domain, such as RIP, into
another routing domain, such as EIGRP.
While running a single routing protocol throughout your entire IP internetwork is desirable, multiprotocol routing is common for a number of reasons, such as company mergers, multiple departments
managed by multiple network administrators, and multi-vendor environments. Running different
routing protocols is often part of a network design.
Ospf hassan jamal.ppt
The document discusses the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. It describes OSPF configuration, operation, and terminology. Key points include how OSPF uses link state advertisements to exchange routing information, elects a designated router for multi-access networks, and calculates routes based on interface metrics and costs. The document also provides examples for configuring OSPF and verifying its operation.
Ospf
OSPF is a link-state routing protocol that is widely used for routing traffic within autonomous systems. It works by flooding Link State Advertisements (LSAs) throughout a routing domain. OSPF supports various area types, uses Designated Routers to reduce the number of adjacencies needed, and has different LSA types that advertise routing information within and between areas. BGP can then be configured between autonomous systems to exchange routing information globally.
OSPF Fundamental
This slide contains the basic and advanced concept of OSPF routing protocol, according to the latest version of Cisco books, and I presented it at IRAN TIC company. In the next slide, I will upload an attractive advanced feature about OSPF.
Basic router configuration
The document discusses several routing protocols: IGRP is a distance-vector protocol that uses a composite metric and supports unequal cost load balancing. EIGRP is an advanced protocol that converges faster and has less overhead than IGRP. OSPF is a link-state protocol that uses the SPF algorithm to determine the shortest routes; it divides networks into hierarchical areas and routes to improve scalability.
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- It has redundant Cisco IOS-XE software, encryption support up to 78Gbps, 8GB of DRAM, and a quad-core processor.
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* Registration is currently open *
Call for Research Papers!!!
Free – Extended Paper will be published as free of cost.
3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Advances (AIAD 2024)
July 13 ~ 14, 2024, Virtual Conference
Webpage URL: https://aiad2024.org/index
Submission Deadline: June 22, 2024
Submission System URL:
https://aiad2024.org/submission/index.php
Contact Us:
Here's where you can reach us : aiad@aiad2024.org (or) aiadconference@yahoo.com
WikiCFP URL: http://wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=180509©ownerid=171656
#artificialintelligence #softcomputing #machinelearning #technology #datascience #python #deeplearning #tech #robotics #innovation #bigdata #coding #iot #computerscience #data #dataanalytics #engineering #robot #datascientist #software #automation #analytics #ml #pythonprogramming #programmer #digitaltransformation #developer #promptengineering #generativeai #genai #chatgpt #artificial #intelligence #datamining #networkscommunications #robotics #callforsubmission #submissionsopen #deadline #opencall #virtual #conference
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一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation w...
Paper Title
Particle Swarm Optimization–Long Short-Term Memory based Channel Estimation with Hybrid Beam Forming Power Transfer in WSN-IoT Applications
Authors
Reginald Jude Sixtus J and Tamilarasi Muthu, Puducherry Technological University, India
Abstract
Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) helps to overcome various difficulties in future technology wireless communications. NOMA, when utilized with millimeter wave multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, channel estimation becomes extremely difficult. For reaping the benefits of the NOMA and mm-Wave combination, effective channel estimation is required. In this paper, we propose an enhanced particle swarm optimization based long short-term memory estimator network (PSOLSTMEstNet), which is a neural network model that can be employed to forecast the bandwidth required in the mm-Wave MIMO network. The prime advantage of the LSTM is that it has the capability of dynamically adapting to the functioning pattern of fluctuating channel state. The LSTM stage with adaptive coding and modulation enhances the BER.PSO algorithm is employed to optimize input weights of LSTM network. The modified algorithm splits the power by channel condition of every single user. Participants will be first sorted into distinct groups depending upon respective channel conditions, using a hybrid beamforming approach. The network characteristics are fine-estimated using PSO-LSTMEstNet after a rough approximation of channels parameters derived from the received data.
Keywords
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit Error Rate (BER), mm-Wave, MIMO, NOMA, deep learning, optimization.
Volume URL: https://airccse.org/journal/ijc2022.html
Abstract URL:https://aircconline.com/abstract/ijcnc/v14n5/14522cnc05.html
Pdf URL: https://aircconline.com/ijcnc/V14N5/14522cnc05.pdf
#scopuspublication #scopusindexed #callforpapers #researchpapers #cfp #researchers #phdstudent #researchScholar #journalpaper #submission #journalsubmission #WBAN #requirements #tailoredtreatment #MACstrategy #enhancedefficiency #protrcal #computing #analysis #wirelessbodyareanetworks #wirelessnetworks
#adhocnetwork #VANETs #OLSRrouting #routing #MPR #nderesidualenergy #korea #cognitiveradionetworks #radionetworks #rendezvoussequence
Here's where you can reach us : ijcnc@airccse.org or ijcnc@aircconline.com
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 Standard
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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Ericsson LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques.ppt
Ericsson LTE Throughput Troubleshooting Techniques
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Blood finder application project report (1).pdf
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
原件一模一样【微信：95270640】【旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证成绩单】【微信：95270640】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信：95270640】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信：95270640】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份【微信：95270640】
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】外观非常精致，由特殊纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理旧金山大学毕业证USF学位证毕业证学位证【微信：95270640 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理旧金山大学毕业证毕业证学位证USF学位证【微信：95270640 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
Call Girls Chennai +91-8824825030 Vip Call Girls Chennai
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FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.pdf
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
EMERSON EDUARDO RODRIGUES
Sachpazis_Consolidation Settlement Calculation Program-The Python Code and th...
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By Professor Dr. Costas Sachpazis, Civil Engineer & Geologist
This program calculates the consolidation settlement for a foundation based on soil layer properties and foundation data. It allows users to input multiple soil layers and foundation characteristics to determine the total settlement.
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OSPF Summarization
- 2. • OSPF, unlike EIGRP, doesn't support automatic summarization. Also, unlike EIGRP, where you can summarize routes on every router in an EIGRP network, OSFP can summarize routes only on ABRs and ASBRs. • Route summarization helps reduce OSPF traffic and route computation. • The following command is used for OSPF summarization: (config-router) area AREA_ID range IP_ADDRESS MASK
- 3. To better understand OSPF summarization, consider the following figure.
- 4. All three routers are running OSPF and exchanging routers. Before OSPF summarization is configured, the router R1 inside the backbone area has two entries for the networks 11.0.0.0/24 and 11.0.1.0/24 in its routing table.
- 5. We could summarize these two subnets on R2, so that R1 receive only one routing update for both subnets. To do that, the following command can be used on R2: Now, R1 has only one entry in its routing table for R3's directly connected subnets:
- 6. NOTE – be careful with summarization. In this case, router R1 thinks that R2 has routes for all subnets in the range 11.0.0.0 – 11.0.255.255. When summarizing, try to be as specific as possible.