Onchocerca volvulus
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Female Onchocerca volvolus worms live in nodules under the skin for approximately 15 years, where they produce microfilariae that can survive for up to 2 years. The microfilariae are ingested by blackflies and can cause onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, a disease mainly found in parts of Africa and Latin America that can lead to blindness. Diagnosis involves examining skin snips or biopsies under a microscope for the presence of microfilariae or adult worms.
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Onchocerca volvulus
Onchocerca volvulus is a nematode worm that causes river blindness. It lives in subcutaneous tissues and lymphatic vessels, where the female lays microfilariae that can infect the eyes. These microfilariae are transmitted between humans via black fly vectors. River blindness results in skin and eye lesions that can lead to disfigurement and blindness. Diagnosis involves finding microfilariae in skin snips. Treatment focuses on vector control and repeated doses of ivermectin chemotherapy.
Onchocerca volvulus
Onchocerca volvulus is a filarial worm that causes onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness. It has a life cycle involving microfilariae that infect blackflies which transmit the larval forms to humans. The microfilariae develop into adult worms in human subcutaneous tissue, producing more microfilariae that can cause skin disease and blindness. Onchocerciasis is treated and prevented through ivermectin treatment programs and avoiding blackfly bites in endemic regions, mainly in rural Africa and some parts of Central and South America.
Onchocerciasis
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is caused by infection with the nematode Onchocerca volvulus transmitted through the bites of infected black flies. The larvae spread throughout the body and can cause intense itching, skin lesions, depigmentation, and blindness by infecting the eye. Treatment involves annual doses of ivermectin which kills the parasite and antibiotics which target Wolbachia bacteria within the worms. Prevention focuses on controlling black fly populations through larvicide spraying of rivers.
Loa loa
Loiasis is caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa, also known as the African eye worm. Its definitive host is humans and its intermediate host is deerflies of the genus Chrysops. The life cycle involves microfilariae infecting deerflies which can then pass the infection to humans. Loiasis is often asymptomatic but can cause episodic angioedema or migration of an adult worm under the conjunctiva or eye. Diagnosis involves examination of blood samples for microfilariae or identification of adult worms from biopsies or removal from the eye.
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Onchocerciasis
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Onchocerca volvulus
Onchocerca volvulus is a nematode worm that causes river blindness. It lives in subcutaneous tissues and lymphatic vessels, where the female lays microfilariae that can infect the eyes. These microfilariae are transmitted between humans via black fly vectors. River blindness results in skin and eye lesions that can lead to disfigurement and blindness. Diagnosis involves finding microfilariae in skin snips. Treatment focuses on vector control and repeated doses of ivermectin chemotherapy.
Onchocerca volvulus
Onchocerca volvulus is a filarial worm that causes onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness. It has a life cycle involving microfilariae that infect blackflies which transmit the larval forms to humans. The microfilariae develop into adult worms in human subcutaneous tissue, producing more microfilariae that can cause skin disease and blindness. Onchocerciasis is treated and prevented through ivermectin treatment programs and avoiding blackfly bites in endemic regions, mainly in rural Africa and some parts of Central and South America.
Onchocerciasis
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is caused by infection with the nematode Onchocerca volvulus transmitted through the bites of infected black flies. The larvae spread throughout the body and can cause intense itching, skin lesions, depigmentation, and blindness by infecting the eye. Treatment involves annual doses of ivermectin which kills the parasite and antibiotics which target Wolbachia bacteria within the worms. Prevention focuses on controlling black fly populations through larvicide spraying of rivers.
Loa loa
Loiasis is caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa, also known as the African eye worm. Its definitive host is humans and its intermediate host is deerflies of the genus Chrysops. The life cycle involves microfilariae infecting deerflies which can then pass the infection to humans. Loiasis is often asymptomatic but can cause episodic angioedema or migration of an adult worm under the conjunctiva or eye. Diagnosis involves examination of blood samples for microfilariae or identification of adult worms from biopsies or removal from the eye.
Strongyloides stercoralis
This document describes the life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis. It has both free-living and parasitic cycles. In the free-living cycle, eggs hatch on soil into larvae that can develop into adults. In the parasitic cycle, larvae penetrate the skin and migrate through the lungs and intestines, where they develop into adults. S. stercoralis is unique in its ability to reproduce internally, called autoinfection, which can cause persistent and disseminated infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Symptoms include skin rashes, coughing, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Diagnosis involves examining stool or sputum samples for larvae. Treatment options include thiabendazole or iverme
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Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus and transmitted through bites from infected blackflies. The blackflies breed near rivers and streams, and their bites can lead to skin disease, visual impairment, and blindness if left untreated. Symptoms include itchy skin rashes, skin nodules, and vision changes that can progress to permanent blindness. Treatment involves repeated doses of ivermectin to kill the larvae and prevent further damage, though it does not kill the adult worms. Mass drug administration of ivermectin donations are being used to control the disease in endemic areas by reducing transmission from infected individuals.
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2) The adult worms live under the skin and in the eyes and can cause calabar swellings as they migrate.
3) Microfilariae circulate in the blood and can be detected between 12-2pm via blood smears to help diagnose the disease.
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- T. spiralis has a complex life cycle involving an intestinal phase in hosts and an encapsulated muscle phase that can persist for decades.
- Common symptoms in humans include nausea, vomiting, fever and muscle pain as the larvae migrate and cysts form in muscles.
- Transmission occurs through ingesting undercooked meat from infected pigs and other reservoir hosts like bears that harbor the parasite.
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1. Bertiellosis is an intestinal infection caused by the tapeworm Bertiella that normally infects non-human primates.
2. A 3-year-old boy presented with abdominal pain and diarrhea and was found to be infected with Bertiella after stool examination revealed eggs containing a hexacanth embryo.
3. Bertiella is transmitted when people ingest soil or food contaminated with the parasite's intermediate host, orbatid mites, which can occur through children playing in dirt or putting dirty fingers in their mouth.
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Guinea worm disease, also known as dracunculiasis, is caused by the nematode Dracunculus medinensis. It is transmitted when people drink water contaminated with infected water fleas. Symptoms appear over a year after infection and include a burning rash and the emergence of the female worm from the skin. Extraction of the worm is a slow process that can take weeks or months. Global eradication efforts have led to a significant reduction in cases, with the disease now only remaining in a few countries in Africa.
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This document discusses the geographical distribution, life cycle, morphology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of four parasitic helminths:
1. Wuchereria bancrofti, found primarily in Southeast Asia, India, and China. It causes lymphatic filariasis.
2. Mansonella perstans, found in West Africa. It causes asymptomatic infection or mild symptoms.
3. Loa loa, found in West and Central Africa. It causes Calabar swelling and eye worm migration.
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This document discusses intestinal and tissue-dwelling nematodes, including Onchocerca volvulus which causes river blindness. It provides details on the parasite morphology, life cycle, geographical distribution and clinical features of Onchocerca volvulus. Laboratory diagnosis involves skin snips or biopsies to identify larvae. Treatment includes ivermectin or doxycycline. Prevention focuses on vector control through insecticide spraying of black fly breeding sites and mass ivermectin distribution.
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This document summarizes different types of filariasis caused by parasitic roundworms transmitted by mosquitoes and black flies. It discusses the life cycles and symptoms of Bancroftian filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, Loiasis caused by Loa loa transmitted by Chrysops flies, Onchocerciasis caused by Onchocercus volvulus transmitted by Simulium black flies, and Mansonelliasis caused by the roundworms Mansonella perstans and Mansonella ozzardi transmitted by midges. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood and other samples for microfilariae and serological tests. Treatment involves diethylcarbam
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Loiasis, also known as African eye worm, is caused by the parasitic worm Loa loa which is transmitted through repeated bites from deerflies. Infection can cause Calabar swellings, eye worms, and other complications. The life cycle involves microfilariae being deposited in human skin during bites and developing into adults that release more microfilariae, which are then ingested by deerflies. Diagnosis involves finding microfilariae in blood samples or adult worms in tissue. Diethylcarbamazine treatment kills micro- and macrofilariae while prevention focuses on insect repellent, protective clothing, and mass drug administration.
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The document discusses several parasites including filarial nematodes, intestinal helminths, and Dracunculus medinensis. It provides details on the morphology, life cycles, locations within the host body, vectors, and methods for diagnosing infections. Key parasites mentioned include Wuchereria bancrofti, Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Ascaris, hookworms, and tapeworms. Methods for diagnosing infections include examining blood, skin snips, and stool samples for eggs, larvae, or adult worms under a microscope.
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The document discusses several parasites including filarial nematodes, intestinal helminths, and Dracunculus medinensis. It provides details on the morphology, life cycles, locations within the host body, vectors, and methods for diagnosing infections. Key parasites mentioned include Wuchereria bancrofti, Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Ascaris, hookworms, and tapeworms. Methods for diagnosing infections include examining blood, skin snips, and stool samples for eggs, larvae, or adult worms under a microscope.
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This document summarizes Onchocerca volvulus, the filarial worm that causes river blindness. It discusses the worm's taxonomy, morphology, life cycle, epidemiology in tropical Africa and Americas, and the pathology and clinical manifestations of infection, including skin changes, blindness, and lymphadenitis. Diagnosis involves skin snips, eye exams, and nodule removal and examination. Treatment is annual ivermectin doses plus doxycycline to kill Wolbachia bacteria in the worms. Prevention includes ivermectin prophylaxis and avoiding areas where blackfly vectors breed and bite.
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This document provides information on hookworm, including its taxonomic classification, epidemiology, introduction, morphology, life cycle, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, pathogencity, clinical diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention, control, and treatment. It discusses two main species of hookworm that infect humans - Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. Key details include that hookworm affects approximately 900 million people worldwide, living primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, and signs of infection include skin irritation, coughing, anemia, and iron deficiency.
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Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, is a disease caused by parasitic roundworms that block the lymphatic system. The parasites are transmitted by mosquitoes and cause swelling in the limbs and genitals. The document discusses the life cycle of the Wuchereria bancrofti parasite, which involves mosquitoes transmitting larval worms to humans that develop into adults over 2 years in the lymphatic system. Symptoms include swelling of the limbs and genitals. Diagnosis involves examining blood or skin samples for microfilariae. Treatment involves diethylcarbamazine or ivermectin to kill the parasites, along with compression bandages. Prevention focuses on avoiding mosquito
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Filariasis is caused by thread-like parasitic roundworms that are spread by mosquitoes and black flies. The worms live in the lymphatic system and other parts of the body, and the females release microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream. Over time, this can lead to elephantiasis with thickening of the skin. Diagnosis involves examining blood slides for microfilariae at specific times of day. Treatment includes medications that kill the microfilariae like diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and doxycycline. Controlling mosquitoes is also important for preventing the spread of filarial parasites.
Filariasis
Wuchereria bancrofti causes lymphatic filariasis in humans. It resides in the lymph nodes and vessels. Mosquitoes transmit the infective larvae which develop into adults over a year. The adult female releases microfilariae that show nocturnal periodicity in blood. This allows transmission to mosquitoes whose bites can lead to lymphadenitis, lymphangitis and elephantiasis over time due to lymphatic damage and blockage. Diagnosis involves blood smears to detect microfilariae. Treatment is diethylcarbamazine for 12 days.
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1) Lymphatic filariasis is caused by filarial worms that inhabit the lymphatic system and can cause lymphadenitis, lymphedema, hydrocele and elephantiasis.
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This document provides an overview of onchocerciasis (river blindness). It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Onchocerciasis is caused by the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted by blackflies. The parasite causes skin disease and visual impairment, including blindness. It remains an important public health problem in parts of Africa and Central/South America.
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Hookworm is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine and is a major cause of iron-deficiency anemia globally. Two species infect humans - Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. The worms attach to the small intestine where the female lays thousands of eggs daily that are passed in feces. If soil contaminated with feces comes into contact with human skin, larvae can penetrate and migrate through tissues before reaching the intestine. This causes a rash and eosinophilia. In the intestine, the worms feed on blood, causing microcytic anemia. Over 900 million people are infected worldwide, especially in tropical areas with
Onchocerciasis.pptx
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is a chronic filarial disease caused by the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. The adult worms live in subcutaneous nodules and release microfilariae that can migrate to the skin and eyes, causing itching, rashes, visual impairment, and blindness. It is transmitted by blackflies and is most common in parts of Africa and Latin America. Diagnosis involves skin biopsies or finding microfilariae in skin snips, urine, or excised nodules. Treatment and control involves annual mass drug administration of ivermectin to eligible populations in endemic areas, as well as insecticide application to blackfly breeding
Filaria part 1
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It has a complex life cycle involving humans and mosquitoes. Microfilariae develop in mosquitoes and infective third stage larvae are transmitted to humans through mosquito bites.
- Loa loa is a parasitic roundworm found in West and Central Africa. It is transmitted by day-biting deer flies and adults can migrate through subcutaneous tissues or reside in the eye, causing inflammation.
- Onchocerca volvulus causes river blindness and is transmitted by black flies. It occurs mainly in tropical Africa and the Americas. Adult worms live in subcutaneous nodules and release unshe
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Hookworm is a parasitic roundworm that infects the small intestine and is a major cause of iron-deficiency anemia globally. Two main species that infect humans are Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus. The hookworm life cycle involves eggs passing in feces and hatching into larvae in soil which can penetrate human skin, then migrating through tissues and lungs before reaching the small intestine where they mature into adult worms that attach and feed on blood, causing anemia. Over 900 million people are estimated to be infected worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions, where walking barefoot can facilitate skin penetration by larvae. Symptoms include epigastric pain, diarrhea, coughing up blood
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Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with filarial nematodes transmitted by mosquitoes. It is a leading cause of disability worldwide. The document outlines the epidemiology, life cycle, symptoms and treatment of the disease. It is most commonly caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and involves adult worms residing in the lymphatic system and microfilariae transmitted via mosquito bites. Symptoms include swelling of the limbs, breast, and genitals. Diagnosis is made by detecting microfilariae in blood smears and treatment involves antifilarial drugs. Prevention focuses on reducing mosquito bites through measures like bed nets.
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Wuchereria bancrofti
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic system of humans and is transmitted by mosquitoes. The adult female worms release microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream and can be detected via blood smears between 8 PM and 4 AM. Infection leads to swelling of the limbs and genitals known as elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves blood smears to detect microfilariae while treatment consists of medications like diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and albendazole. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and public education.
Mansonella streptocerca
Mansonella are filarial nematodes found in certain geographical areas. While usually not causing serious disease, they must be differentiated from other pathogenic microfilariae that occur in the same areas such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Loa loa, and Onchocerca volvulus. Mansonella streptocerca adults reside just under the skin and the microfilariae, which are unsheathed and non-periodic, can be found in the skin and blood. Manifestations of M. streptocerca can include pruritus, papular skin eruptions, and pigmentation changes with eosinophilia. Diagnosis is by identifying the microfilariae in skin sn
Mansonella perstans
Mansonella perstans is a parasitic roundworm found primarily in tropical areas of Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. It lives in the body cavities of infected humans and is transmitted through the bites of Culicoides midges. The microscopic filarial worm causes the disease mansonellosis and typically does not cause severe symptoms, though some patients experience angioedema, fever, headaches or joint pain. Diagnosis involves examining blood samples under a microscope for the presence of microfilariae. Treatment options include albendazole, mebendazole, or combinations of diethylcarbamazine and mebendazole.
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Gnathostoma spinegerum is a parasitic roundworm that can infect humans. It is commonly found infecting dogs, cats and other carnivores in parts of Asia, including Japan, China, Thailand, and the Philippines. People usually become infected by consuming raw or undercooked freshwater fish that contain the worm larvae. The adult worms live coiled in the intestinal walls of definitive hosts. The larvae can cause a migrating skin infection or visceral larva migrans if they enter the human host. Diagnosis involves identifying the worm after removal from tissues or doing intradermal tests using worm antigen to detect an immune response.
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Visceral larva migrans typically occurs in young children and results from nematode larvae entering extraintestinal viscera, causing a phagocytic attack. It is caused by the larvae of Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati. T. canis and T. cati have complex life cycles involving dogs/cats and paratenic hosts like rodents or insects. Symptoms vary depending on the localization of larvae and include fatigue, abdominal pain, cough, and occasionally seizures. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, serology, biopsy of affected tissues like the liver, and detection of secretory antigens. Prevention includes regular deworming of pets and good hygiene.
Strongyloides stercoralis
Strongyloides stercoralis is a parasitic nematode that can cause the disease strongyloidiasis. It has a complex life cycle involving both free-living and parasitic stages. The parasite penetrates intact skin and has two life cycles - an intestinal cycle that can persist for decades, and a pulmonary cycle seen in severe infections. Symptoms range from mild skin symptoms to severe pneumonia-like symptoms. Diagnosis involves examining stool, sputum, or gastric/duodenal samples for eggs or larval stages. Treatment involves ivermectin and albendazole. Prevention relies on good hygiene and sanitation practices.
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This document describes the general characteristics, morphology, and life cycle of Ancylostoma duodenale, commonly known as the Old World hookworm. It notes that the adult worm is pinkish or creamy gray in color, with a buccal capsule containing 6 teeth used to latch onto the intestinal mucosa. The female worm is 12.5 mm long and lays eggs that pass in feces, while the males are 8 mm long. It also describes the rhabditoid and filariform larval stages that develop outside the host.
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Computer in pharmaceutical research and development-Mpharm(Pharmaceutics)
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Ageing, the Elderly, Gerontology and Public Health
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory project
Onchocerca volvulus
- 2. Adults Live in the nodules for approximately 15 years Female is larger than male Female worms are capable of producing microfilariae in the subcutaneous nodules for approximately 9 years
- 3. Microfilariae Unsheathed Life span: may reach 2 years Ingested by a blackfly Occasionally found in peripheral blood, urine, and sputum Typically found in skin and lymphatics of connect tissues
- 6. Causes Onchocerciasis “River Blindness” – fertile riverside areas Blindness in many African Countries West and Central Africa Onchocerca volvolus Yemen and six countries in Latin America Blindness in many African Countries Half a million blind people
- 7. Manifestation Pruritus – severe itching pf the skin Dermatitis – inflammation of the skin Onchocercomata – adult form fibrous capsules in the subcutaneous nodules Onchocerca volvolus Lymphadenopathies – disease in the lymph nodes Ocular Lesions – could cause blindness
- 8. Diagnosis Skin snips - microfilariae Corneal-scleral punch (Scalpel and needle) Sample Onchocerca volvolus Incubate for 30mins-2hours in saline or culture medium Examined for microfilariae that would have migrated from the tissue to the liquid phase of the specimen
- 9. Other methods Those with Ocular Lesions Slit Lamp Examination (Microfilaria) Substanciapropria of the cornea Anterior chamber Onchocerca volvolus Tissue Samples in Nodulectomies (Adult Worms) Africa : Trunk and Limbs (Simulium Bite Limbs) America : Head particulary over the scalp (Bite Head Region and Neck)