The document summarizes the evolution of settlements and planning in Delhi, India over time. It describes the seven historic cities of Delhi, beginning with Indraprastha around 1450 BC and continuing through Shahjahanabad in 1639 AD. It provides details on the rulers and empires that established each city, and highlights some of the significant architectural and archaeological remnants that remain, such as the Qutub Minar, Red Fort, and Jama Masjid.

1. EVOLUTION OF
SETTELMENTS AND PLANNING PROCESS
The Maharaja Sayajirao University,
Vadodara
OLD DELHI
MURP-2014/15 | PARTH SADARIA

2. •Delhi stands with the oldest cities of the world like Rome and Istanbul.
•Delhi was even called the ‘Rome of the East’ or ‘Rome of Asia’ .
DELHI
•Delhi is a city that bridges two different worlds……
•Old Delhi, once the capital ofIslamic India, is a web of narrow lanes lined with crumbling havelis and mosques.
•New Delhi created by the British Raj is composed of spacious, tree-lined avenues and imposing government buildings.
•Many a times the city was built, destroyed and then rebuilt.
•Anumber of Delhi's rulers played a dual role, first as destroyers andthen as creators.
•Delhi has been the political hub of India.
•The Pandavas of the Mahabharata had their capital at Indraprastha, which isbelieved to have been geographically located intoday's Delhi.
OLD DELHI –MSU MURP-I | PARTH SADARIA

3. GEOGRAPHY
•Delhi is second-largestmetropolis city and Capital of India. It is the third largest city.
•Delhi is main starting point for North India. It is surrounded on three sides by Haryana and to the east, across the riverYamuna by Uttar Pradesh.
•The Yamuna riverand terminal part of the Aravali hills range are the two main geographical features of the city.
•These area of the city’s lungsand help maintain its environment. The Yamuna River is Delhi’s main source ofdrinking .

4. “THE SEVEN CITIES OF DELHI”
Indraprasthac. 1450 BC
LalKotc. 700-1000 AD
QilaRaiPithora1170 AD
Mehrauli1192 AD
Siric. 1300 AD
Tughlaqabadc. 1330 AD
Ferozabad1354 AD
DilliSherShah 1540 AD
Shahajahanabad1639 AD

5. INDRAPRASTH Of Mahabharat
•Delhi is an ancient city .It is said that after Rome Delhi has the largest number of 500 years old buildings.
•The oldest reference to Delhi is in Mahabharatwhen lord Krishna asks for five villages for PandavasieIndrapat, Bagpat,Sonipat, Tilpat& Panipat(Current names).
•Indraprasthis the ancient name of Delhi and possibly the oldest name of the city.
•ASI excavations have revealed a three thousand year old inhabitation at PuranaQuilaarea .
•Village Indrapatfinds a mention in old British time records in same area till new Delhi started getting constructed .
•Curiously Delhi government website does not recogniseit as the first Delhi .
•We do call it the first Delhi. Mahabharatand Dhritrashtra

6. LALKOT & QILA RAI PITHORA
•The iron pillar of Mehrauliis having some inscription of Gupta period.
•In 1966 an Ashokanrock edict was discovered in Sriniwaspuriarea.
•The next mention of Delhi is of a fort named ‘ LalKot’ made by Inscriptions PrithviRaj Chauhan Anangpal(731-36 AD) .
•SurajKundwas made by another TomarKing.
•Lalkotwas extended and renamed by PrithviRaj Chauhan as ‘ QuilaRaiPithora’.
•This is generally believed to be the second Delhi.
•Thick walls of both the thefort are still left intact near LadoSarai in Delhi.
•LalkotWall Site QuilaRaiPithora

7. MEHRAULI –Slave Dynasty
•After PrithviRaj Chauhan ,the city went into the control of Islamic invaders for more than seven hundred years who made several important buildings which have survived the passage of time .
•Mohammed Ghaurileft a slave QutubuddinAibakin charge of QutubMinarTwo Views Delhi.
•He used art work of some old Jain and hindutemples and with some new materials made QutabMinarat Mehrauliin the year 1193 A.D.
•AllauddinKhiljitried making another copy of QutubMinarjust near by but left it unfinished .
•It can also be seen near QutabMinarUnfinished QutubBroken Temple Remains

8. SIRI –Allauddin Khilji
•AlauddinKhilji( 1296AD) is the next big name in Delhi’s history .
•His tomb is at Hauzkhaslake made by him.
•The Sirifort is supposed to have eight thousand severed heads of invading Mongols burriedunder it by Allauddin.
•Siriis a word derived from hindiword AllauddinsMakbaraHauzkhaslake.
•ChorMinaris a small tower on which severed heads of thieves , criminals and invaders were hung.
•AlluddinKhilji’sDelhi is generally called the third city of Delhi.
•Madarsaat HauzKhasChorMinar

9. TUGHLAQABAD –Mohammad Bin Tughlaq
•GhiasuddinTughlak(1326 AD), the founder of TughlakDynasty , made the Tughlakabadfort .
•His tomb is also near by . There is a big water reservoir called Baoli.
•It is said that when his fort was being made, the labourused to work at night for HazratNizamuddinto Ghiassuddin’sMakbaraTughlakabadFort make a baoliunder the light of oil lamps .
•Tughlaktook away the oil but lamps were lit by water and baoliwas completed .
•ChiragDilliderives its name from this story.
•Another welknownTughlakwas the mavericMohammed Bin Tughlak( 1351 AD)who tried and failed in shifting his SultanetHQ to Daultabadin Maharashtra .
•Tughlak’sDelhi is generally Considered as the fourth City of Mausoleum of GhiasuddinBaoliat NizamuddinDelhi.

10. FEROZABAD –Feroze Tughlaq
•FirozShah ( 1351AD) was the next Sultan ( TughlaqDynasty)to make a new city at Delhi .
•The present Cricket Stadium of Delhi called KotlaGrounds area has many stone edicts of his time.
•Top pictures are of his fort’s now destroyed gate and his tomb at Firozabad West Gate LodhiGarden Area HauzKhas. now demolished.
•He carried the forty feet long stone pillar of Ashoka’stime intact from Ambalaand installed it in the area .
•His Delhi is generally called the Fifth city of Delhi .
•The last picture is of LodhiTomb another landmark in Delhi in LodhiGarden.
•AshokaPillar KotlaLodhiGarden Area

11. SHERGARH –Sher Shah Suri
•SherShaSuri(1540-45) was a gifted General and Founder of SherGarhcity in Delhi .
•Humayun, the son of Babar had a checkered career .
•He lost battle to SherShah Suri, an Afghan and fled to Iran.
•He regained his kingdom in the year PuranaQuilaSherGarh1546 .
•He completed /remade the PuranaQilaat Delhi .
•Excavations at PuranaQila.Some people call his Delhi as Din Panah.
•Humayuntomb is an outstanding World heritage building .
•It also has the headless corpse of Dara Shikohaburriedthere HumayunMakbara, HumayunTomb.

12. SHAHJAHANABAD
•Before New Delhi was made Shahjahan(1628-59) was the greatest builder who made Red Fort and JamaMasjid .
•The main road in ChandiniChowkwas a canal.
•LalQuilaAjmeriGate Delhi had fourteen gates out of which TurkmanGate, Kashmiri Gate , Delhi Gate, AjmeriGate and Nigam bodhgate have survived . Shahjahanabadwas the Kashmiri Gate JamaMasjid seventh old city of Delhi.

13. SHAHJAHANABAD / OLD DELHI
•Seventh planned city ofDelhi.
•Shahjahanabad was the city with the colossal Red Fort and its14 gates.
•The Mughal emperors shifted their base from Delhi to Agra
•The fort still stands along with the historic architecture of the Jama Masjidand Chandni Chowk.
•The old citywas surrounded bya wall enclosingapproximately1500acres, with several gates.

14. •NigambodhGate-North/East, leading to historic Nigambodh ghat on Yamua River.
•It was built on the north eastern side of the Shahajahanabad.
•It is located on theRing Roadnear theYamuna Bazaar.
•It derives its name NigambodhGhatfrom the burial ground here.
•The etymology of Nigambodhis derived fromSanskritwords ‘Nigam’ which means the “Ved” and ‘bodh’ means “knowledge”, meaning realization of knowledge.
•According to a folk legend, LordBrahma(the creator) took a bath in theYamuna Riverat this ghatto recover his lost memory and by this act Brahma not only got back his memory but also remembered the place he had kept his sacred books.
•In the past, the gate was closer to the ghatand nearer to theSalimgarhFort.

15. •Kashmiri Gate-North
•The Kashmiri Gate is a gate located in Delhi,
•it is the northern gate to the historic walled city of Delhi.
•Built by Military Engineer Robert Smith in 1835, the gate is so named because it used to start a road that led to Kashmir.
•Kashmiri Gateis one of the original 14 gates built into the wall to the north of the city

16. •Mori Gate -North
•Mori Gate, located in the Civil Lines area in north Delhi above the Red Fort, could be reached via the DufferinBridge.
•This walls within the Mori Gate area were fortified in 1809 after an attack on the city by JaswantRao Holkar.

17. •Kabuli gate -West
•Kabuli Gate orKhooniDarwazaliterally translated means “Bloody Gate”, a “morbid sounding name”.
•It is an impressive double–storied structure.
•Its construction is credited toSherShah Suri'sreign from 1540-1545 (though the fort walls of the Suriperiod have not been seen to extend to this gate).
•It was built largely with grey stone but red stones were also used in the frames of its windows.
•Though not within the walls of the Shahajahan'sfort, it is located on the Mathura road opposite to theFerozshahKotlanear MaulanaAzad MedicaCollage.
•At this gate, on September 21, 1857, during theIndian Rebellion, three sons of the lastMughal Emperor, BahadurShah Zafar, were executed by the British Officer, CaptainWilliam Hudson.

18. •Lahori gate -West
•The Lahorigate of theOld Delhicity, now only a bazaar square with small remnants at one end, used to lead east along theChandniChowkto the Lahore gate of the Red Fort.
•Inside the Lahorigate is the grain market.
•Outside the gate stands a mosque built by SirhindiBegum, wife ofShah Jahan, whom he married after the death ArjumandBanuBegum,MumtazMahal.
•This LahoriGate was also one of the last points captured during the siege of 1857.

19. •Ajmeri Gate-South East
•AjmeriGate, built in 1644, to the south–west of Shahjahanabadwith a square plan, has high arched openings.
•TheSepoyMutiny or the first war ofIndian Independencein 1857 was fought at this venue also.
•The road, through this gate, leads to the city ofAjmer inRajasthan, and hence its name. A lovely park surrounds the gate.
•The Madrasa(Islamicschool of learning) built by NawabGhaziuddinBahadurfather ofthe first Nizamof Hyderabadin 1811, west of the college lies the tomb of the founder and a mosqueIn the following years, it converted to Delhi college .

20. •Turkman Gate -South East
•TurkmanGate, located to the southern edge of Shahajahanabadis named after theSufi SaintHazratShah TurkmanBayabani.
•Histombdated to 1240, before building of Shahjahanabad, is located to the east of the gate.
•It is approached from the JawaharLalNehru Road, the old Circular Road, in the vicinity of theRamlilaGround.
•It has a square plan with high arched openings.
•The tomb ofRaziaSultanand Kali Masjid or KalanMasjid are located in close proximity of the gate.
•The gate was the scene ofTurkmangate demolition and riotingin 1976.

21. •Delhi Gate-South
•The gate links theNew Delhicity with the old walled city ofDelhi.
•It stands in the middle of the road, at the end of NetajiSubhashChandra Road (or NetajiSubhashMarg), at the edge of theDaryaganj.
•The Gate was built byEmperorShah Jahanin 1638 as part of the rubble–built high fort walls that encircled the Shahajahanabad, the seventh city of Delhi.
•The emperorused this gate to go to theJamaMasaidfor prayer.
•The gate is similar in design and architecture to the northern gate of the walled city, theKashmiri Gate (1853).
•It was built insandstoneand is an impressive and large structure.
•Near the gate entry, two stone carvings of elephants were erected.

22. Planning of Shahjahanabad
• The city was planned according to
hindu planning principles of
shilpashastra from vastushastra.
• The site was placed on a high land
as in the shastra and was
karmukha or bow shaped
• The arm of the archer was Chandni
Chowk.
• The junction of the two main axes
is the most auspicious point in the
whole region and was therefore the
red fort.

23. The designed infrastructure of Shahjahanabad comprised
•The fort
•The Friday mosque.
•The other major mosques, including the corresponding waqfproperties.
•The two main a wide street in town or city.
•The bazaars around the Friday mosque.
•The elaborate system of water channels.
•The major gardens and the city wall.
•The arrangement of these planned elements was influenced by certain site features, which precluded absolute geometry.

24. Major Streets
•The streets in Mughal capital were usually narrow and crooked.
•the major streets in the new capital were designed as wide and straight.
•The east-west street called Chandni Chowk connected the Lahori Darwaza of the fort
•It ran in a straight line forming a wide wide street with broad vista..
•The Fort was visible from any place on the street.
•This perspective view marked a new concept of town planning for the Mughal capital.

25. •Another main street the Faiz Bazaar or Akkarabadi Bazaar,was also wide and straight.
•It had a north-south axis and connected Delhi gate of the fort with the city walls Delhi gate and is about 1km in length.
•These major two streets developed as processional routes, as well as commercial arteries.
Five Main Streets
•The basic network of the five main streets extended from Chandni Chowk and Faiz Bazaar to other gates and to different part of the walled city.
•The streets were built as the spines of major activities and developed as commercial thorough affairs.
•They connected the Ajmeri Darwaza with the JamiMasjidand Turkmanand Lahori Darwazas.
•The other streets were less significant and were mainly built as access roads to the residential areas.

26. MAHALLA / KATRA
•There was a tendency of the cities' population to settle by ethnic affiliations and to live in the same neighborhoods.
•The urban community and the Mughal capital was formed by such districts or wards, known as mahallasand katras.
•These homogeneous units also define cultural as well as socio-economic activities.
•There were 36 mahallas in the walled city. Each katra had an enclosed space created between residential and commercial buildingshaving entry to a katra made through a gate.
•These courtyards were environmentally sound and acted as main ventilation shafts in a hot and arid climate.
CITY WALLS
•The layout o the city walls was based on a geometrical planning;
•A polygonal plan with gateways. The four main gates were Delhi Darwazaon south, the AjmeriDarwazaon the south-west, the LahoriDarwazaon the westand the Kashmiri Darwazaon the north.
•These important gates were positioned according to the basic network of the city,

27. The Biggest Mosque In India
•Near the Red Fort about 500m away is the Jamamasjid, the biggest mosque in India.
•It was begun by Shah Jahanin 1650 and completed six years later and the whole cost about a million rupees.
•It is hard to imagine a building more suited to evoking the awe of the majesty of Allah in man.
•The mosque stands on a rocky elevation.
•Its huge gateway looks down at you like fastidious connoisseur from an immense platform which has steps that lead up to it.

28. CHANDNI CHOWK
•Builtin17thcenturybytheMuslimemperorShahJahan.
•ThefavouritedaughterofShahjahan,JahanaralaidthefoundationoftodayChandniChowk.
•whichisthelargesttradingcentreofNorthIndia.
•Marketwasoncedividedbycanalstoreflectmoonlighthencethename.
•OneoftheoldestandbusiestmarketsinOldDelhihasaround2500shops.
•ChandniChowkrunsthroughthemiddleofthewalledcity,fromtheLahoriDarwaza(LahoreGate)oftheRedForttoFatehpuriMasjid.
•SituatedoppositetheRedFort,thebazaarhasseveralgalis(lanes). Eachofthesegalisrepresentaspecialtyofthismarket
•LocatedinCentralDelhi.

29. RED FORT
•TheRedsandstoneofthemassiveRedFortrise33metresabovetheclamourofOldDelhiasareminderofthemagnificentpowerandpompoftheMughalemperors.
•Thewalls,builtin1638,weredesignedtokeepoutinvaders,nowtheymainlykeepoutthenoiseandconfusionoftheday.

30. •Delhi -Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia_files
•www.censusindia.gov.in
•online pdf -CT.LakshmananB.Arch., M.C.P. Asst. Prof. (SG) SRM School of Architecture
•Delhi -100 years as the Capital".The Hindu.
•"History of Delhi District".The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. 11. Oxford at Clarendon Press. 1909. p.225.
•Kapoor, Pramod; MalvikaSingh; RudrangshuMukherjee (2009).New Delhi: Making of a Capital. LustrePress.ISBN978-81-7436-574-3.
•Delhi (1938), a documentary by BFI archives
•http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/080817/dmag9.htmPAST PRESENT: ShahjahanabadBefore 1857 By Mubarak Ali
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References