New Approach to Regional Rural Development

Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE
HEMCHANDRACHARYA NORTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY
PATAN -384265
SUBMITTED BY
PARTH G SADARIA
25/AR/O9
INTERNAL GUIDE
AR.RAJESH MEHTA
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
AR.MAYANK PATEL

HEMCHANDRACHARYA NORTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY ,PATAN
The present design thesis is here by approved as creditable work on the approved subject carried out, presented in a manner sufficiently satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as a prerequisite to the degree for which it has been submitted. it is to be understood that by this approval the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, Opinion expressed or conclusion drawn there .But approves the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted And satisfy him as to the requirement laid down by
INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE,H.N.G.U,PATAN
THESIS TOPIC -Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
STUDENT -PARTH G SADARIA
ID NUMBER -25/AR/09
PROF. MAYANK PATEL
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
H.N.G.U. PATAN -384265
INTERNAL GUIDE
AR.RAJESH MEHTACERTIFICATE

•A core development concern in region is the Inefficient infrastructures, lack of employment opportunities and poor social amenities are challenges rural people face.
•These challenges persist mainly due to improper approach or attitude for handling growth . This research argues that an approach based on regional development would produce better outcomes.
•The research objectives are to evaluate rural development approaches and
identify a specific approach capable for livelihood promotion.
•An idea is to have balanced development. Comprising of various villages and form a rurbanarea.
•Lack of livelihood opportunities, modern amenities and services for decent living in rural areas lead to migration of people to urban areas.
•Creation of physical, electronic and knowledge connectivitiesleading to economic connectivityin villages.
•amodelofestablishingarequiredconnectivityamongthevillageswillaccelerateruraldevelopmentprocessbyempowerment.
•A desired development is “Bahujanhitay, Bahujansukhay”.
•But our nation is facing greatest challenge of urbanization
Abstract
•A region in which rural areas are inter-connected with civic & urban amenitiesRegional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
1

Acknowledgement
During the journey of my bachelor of Architecture dissertation, I have received manifold supports in many ways from different corners. My deepest sense of gratitude goes to my first supervisor Prof. Rajesh Mehta for not only accepting my research idea, but for also helping in molding the research subject, giving me the opportunity to work on it, and guiding me all through the way. It has been a great privilege to be supervised by him. His fatherly attitude in the course of supervising me, were inspirational to me and I am highly indebted to him. I am extremely thankful to my other supervisors, Ar. Hemantwalasir, Ar. MayankPatel, Ar. KaushikPanchal for their valuable guidance and suggestions.
My special thanks go to Ar. VitthalbhaiSavaliya–work at suratmunicipal corporation, MR. RambhaiPatel –work at ahmedabadmunicipal corporation and AR. Jay Amrutiafor gave there time and in different ways, they contributed to my fulfilling this task.
I must mention the importance of all those interviewed in the course of this research. My specific thanks go to the local people of junagadhand Local Government member for giving me their valuable time and data.
2Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development

Table of Contents….
•Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 1
•Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
•Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3
•Chapter One: General Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………….... 4
1.1 Census Definition………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.1.1 Urban Area…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...... 5
1.1.2 Rural Area……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
1.2 Basic Human needs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
1.3 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
1.4 Present situation………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......
1.5 Scope …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1.6 Objectives of the research………………………………………………………………………………………………................
1.7 The urban part of rural development: an overview…………………………………………………………………………
1.8 Questions under investigation………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1.9 Structure of thesis………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
1.10 Geography and social structure of villages……………………………………………………………………………………..
1.11 Strength –Weakness analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………...
3

•Chapter Two: Rural Development through Rural –urban Interrelationship……………………………...... 4
2.1 Introduction…….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
2.2 General Definitions …………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………….. 7
2.3 Defining rural development……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
2.4 Framework for promoting rural‐urban relations.…………………………………………………………………......
2.5 Conclusion………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
•Chapter Three : Rural Development through Rural –urban Interrelationship……………….…………..... 4
3.1 Introduction………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………................
3.2 Regional development……………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………
3.3 Reference study…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
3.3.1 Garden City…..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……......
3.3.2 Central places theory is the basis for regional development…………………………………….………..
3.3.3 Unified settlement plan for India………….……………………………………………………………………………...... 5
3.3.4 PURA -Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas…….………………………………………………….. 6
3.4 Present situation……………..…………………………………………..…………………………………………………………….
3.5 Planning (and visioning)………………………………..………………………………………………………………………..
3.6 Conclusion………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
•Chapter Four :From Theoretical Orientation to Conceptual framework……………………………………..... 4
4.1 Introduction…….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4

4.2 Conceptualizingterritorial development in region….……………………………………………………………….. 5
4.3 General framework for regional development…………………….………………..……………………………….. 7
4.4 Defining rural development……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
4.5 Conceptualizing regional rural development at the local level………..…………………………………......
4.6 Specific framework for regional rural development……………….……………………………………………….
4.7 Conclusion………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
•Chapter Five : The Research Methodology ...................................................................... 4
5.1 Introduction………………..………………………………………………………………………………………………................
5.2 The reference study approach…………………………..………………………………………………………………………
5.3 Junagadhas a region…….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5.4 The methodological design of the research (with focus on analytical methods)…………………………….
5.5 Planning (and visioning)………………………………..………………………………………………………………………..
5.6 Analyses rural development approaches and opportunities for regional development….…….
5.7 Policy implementation analysis:……………………………………..……………………………………………………
5.8 Regional analysis ….……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5.9 Conclusion………..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
•Chapter six :Towards a New Approach to Rural Development in the Study Area…..………………..... 4
6.1 Introduction…….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6.2 Existing hierarchal settlements development…………………………………………………………………………….
5

6.2.1 Urban nodes …………………………………………………………………....…………………………………….………..
6.2.2 Village centers …………………………….…….……………………………………………………………………………...... 5
6.2.3 Smallvillages…………………………………………………………. …….………………………………………………….. 6
6.3 Existence of hierarchical settlement networks…..……..…………………………………………………………….
6.4 Currentpolycentric networks…….…………………..………………………………………………………………………..
•Chapter seven :General Conclusions and Recommendations ……………………………………..... 4
7.1 General conclusion…………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………….
7.2 Regional development is a linkage concept……………………………………………………………………….
7.3 Regional rural development approach at the local level….………………………………………………..
7.4 Government scheme ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…….
7.5 Equation……………………………….……………………………………..……………………………………………………
•References…………………………………………………………………………………………
6

General Introduction
•The world faces too many rural challenges today. Although urban problems seem to be getting more attention than the rural challenges, there is as much a problem in the rural areas as in the urban.
•Most of the resources needed for fulfilling the growing demands for global food, water and energy come from the rural areas.
•The population problems in urban areas originate from the in migration from the rural areas.
•The world’s poorest populations also live in these rural areas.
Chapter One:
•India’s rural population is now about 833 million, living in about 640867 villages. In 2011, 54% of the rural population lived in the 17% of villages with more than 2000 population.
•The focus of rural development in region has been on agricultural production.
•These problems persist because traditional rural development efforts in region
•The implication is that the rural development processes negate socioeconomic issues such as inefficient infrastructures, lack of non-farm employment opportunities, rural health, education, technology, capacity building and other institutional aspects of the rural context.
•This makes rural development as much an important agenda as urban development. Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
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1.1 Census Definition
•Same definition that was used in census 2001 has been used during 2011 census
also. An urban area, according to the Census definition, consists of:
1) all statutory towns : All places with a municipality, corporation, Cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc. so declared by state law.
2) Census towns : Places which satisfy following criteria :-
a.) a minimum population of 5000 ;
b.) at least 75 percent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and
c.) a density of population of at least 400 persons per sqkm.
Total Towns:
• Census 2001 5,161
• Census 2011 7,935Increase: 2,774
Statutory Towns:
• Census 2001 3,799
• Census 2011 4,041Increase: 242
Census Towns:
• Census 2001 1,362
• Census 2011 3,894Increase: 2,532
•No. of urban units -india
Sources-Census 2011-india
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1.1.1 Urban Area

1.1 Census Definition
•All areas which are not categorized as Urban area are considered as Rural Area.
•Number of Rural Units (or Villages) in India:
Villages:
• Census 2001 6,38,588
• Census 2011 6,40,867Increase: 2,279
•In the ‘Rural Areas’, villages are classified into the following categories:
1. Revenue Village
2. Forest Village
3. Un-inhabited Village
4. Other Village (formed as a consequence of new settlements under various projects, etc.)
•Revenue Village -it is a small administrative region in India, a village with defined borders. One revenue village may contain many hamlets. The Village Administrative Officer is the head officer of the Revenue Village
•Un-inhabited Village –unpopulated, unpeopled, unsettled area
•Forest Village -is a form of ruralsettlementestablished in areas of forest clearing with the farms arranged in a series along a road or stream, like beads on a chain.``
Sources-Census 2011-india
9
1.1.2 Rural Area

1.2 Basic Human needs:
•the elements required for survival and normal mental and physical health, such as food, water, shelter, protection from environmental threats, love, infrastructure, transportation, economies, etc. .
Physical Needs –Purpose and JoySocial Needs –Love and RecognitionMental Needs –HopeSpiritual Needs –Peace and Faith
•PHYSICAL NEEDS
•Our body is the house we live in while on earth. It will grow and it will die.
•Physical survival needs such as food, water, air, clothing, sex, health, income and shelter are well understood and much of our time is devoted to these survival needs.
•But there is another physical need just as urgent and important but less recognized. It is the need for Self Fulfillment, which can be defined with the words Purpose and Joy.
•It is most important for every person to find the true purpose for their life and experience the joy when they fulfill that purpose.
•SOCIAL NEEDS
•We need to have a positive connection and esteem for others.
•We need to feel acceptance, love and a sense of belonging. This means having close relationships with individuals and groups, intimate friendships, family ties, and relationships to the community.
•A MORE IN DEPTH LOOK AT HUMAN NEEDS
•Each of us has the same human needs, but the priority and importance of the needs varies from person to person.
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•SECURITY
•Security is the need to feel safe, to feel assured that they know what is going to happen, to know ahead of time what the plans are. What constitutes security is different for different people. Examples of how security manifests in peoples lives are
•Having lots of money in the bank
•Having a planned savings/retirement program
•Having a secured job
•Having a house, home and family
•Living in a gated community
•Living near family and friends
•Relationships
•ADVENTURE
•Adventure is the need for an adrenaline rush, to have new experiences, to travel, to have BIG experiences, to have drama in their life, to have a sense of anticipation about upcoming events.
•Planning new trips
•Extreme sports
•Starting a new company
•Moving frequently
•Changing jobs frequently
•Experimenting with new techniques and materials
•Being the first to do something or try something
•EXPANSION
•Expansion is the need to build something, to add onto, to create an empire, to expand horizons, to go where no man has gone before, to grow as a person
•Building a company
•Building a personal and political empire
•Building new buildings, roads, cities, communities
•Discovering new ways of doing things
•Expanding boundaries of science, art, medicine, music or nature
•Learning new physical and spiritual things
•Exploring uninhibited lands or regions
•SUMMARY OF HUMAN NEEDS
•A human being is a complex creation of body, heart, mind and soul.
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•All village people depending on near by town TalalaGir& Junagadh.
•TalalaGiris near by 13 km & Junagadhis 80 km from villages.
•In our region there is no good health, education, employment etc,
•There is only PHC centers, primary school.
•For further health and education facilities people go at Junagadh, Rajkot, Ahmedabad.
•Government start 108 service for medical, fire and police but it’s take a too much time.
1.5 Scope
1.4 Present situation
•COMPILATION OF CUMULATIVE STRENGTH & AVOIDING IMAPCT OF WEAKNESSES THROUGH MUTUAL CONNECTIVITY & ADDITIONAL DEVELOPMENT
TOWN
REGION
URBAN AREA
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1.6 Objectives of the research
•provides wider options for rural development approaches for achieving results at the local level.
•Highlights the importance of urban aspects of rural development.
•contributes to the knowledge needed for fulfilling the goals of Vision 2025 of the region.
•The idea of filling the gap left because of ineffective and inefficient rural development
approaches in the country served as a motivation in the framing of the research.
•The research follows a scientific path to assessing some major rural development issues (policy and programme implementation) in region.
•It puts focus on exposing important elements of rural, with the aim of achieving the
following objectives:
•Evaluate general rural development approaches and identify a specific territorial approach capable of providing sustainable rural development
•Transforming Environment
•Transforming Villages
•Transforming Human Patients
•Providing large scale generation of productive employment.
•physical, electronic and knowledge connectivitiesleading to economic connectivityin villages.
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1.7 The urban part of rural development: an overview
•Rural and urban areas serve very important functions to the national economies of their
various countries.
•Due to this, specific strategies are required for their developments. In the case of my region, rural areas form the base of land-based livelihood, employment and productivity.
•The urban area is the base of commerce, manufacturing and services.
•Land is therefore, at the center of rural and urban development, and plays important roles in their development. However, urban centers sometimes spring up in rural areas due to development needs of rural people.
•In our case Junagadh is a urban part of our region.
•These places is very important in rural development because they play the role of urban areas to neighbouringvillages.
•This means that rural areas are viewable from a rural-urban perspective.
1.8 Questionsunder investigation
•The research looks at the relationships between various variables: rural areas, the people living in these places and factors necessary for its development.
•By implication, the different conditions posed by rural life: such as the economic, political, social/cultural and institutional.
This are the main questions under investigation :
•How have rural development approaches been addressed in region?
•What are the potentials and constraints of regional development in region?
•How can rural-urban linkages enable a regional development approach?
•In what ways can rural areas benefit through regional development?
15

1.9 Structure of thesis
•The research, as reported in this thesis, begins with a general introduction and ends with an output and general conclusion.
•Using general introduction was necessary to differentiate between chapter introductions and conclusions.
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1.10 GEOGRAPHY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF VILLAGES
Village : 1 AMBLASH GIR
Coordinates: 21°0'15"N
70°33'51"E
Elevation: 65 meter
Pin code : 362150
hot semi-arid
Climate -
Max temp -44 c
Min temp -10 c
988 mm avg
Rain fall -
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Social Structure
•The village has a homogenous population of Hindu-pateland 3 family of muslim.
•The social group composition of village Amblashis divided amongst the Schedule Tribes (ST), Schedule Castes (SC)
Source: Panchayat Office
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Village : 2 MATHASURIYA
Coordinates: 21°0'15"N
70°33'51"E
Elevation: 8 meter
Pin code : 362150
Climate -
hot semi-arid
Max temp -44 c
Min temp -10 c
Rain fall -
988 mm avg
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Social Structure
•The village has a homogenous population of Hindu-kodi, karadyaRajput.
•The social group composition of village Mathasuriyais divided amongst the Schedule Tribes (ST), Schedule Castes (SC)
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Village : LUMBHA
Coordinates: 21.0807 N
70.523 E
Elevation: 8 meter
Pin code : 362150
hot semi-arid
Climate -
Max temp -44 c
Min temp -10 c
988 mm avg
Rain fall -
21

Social Structure
•The village has a homogenous population of Hindu-pateland 1 family of muslim
•The social group composition of village lumbhais divided amongst the Schedule Castes (SC)
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Village : BHETALI
70.5501 E
Elevation: 12 meter
Pin code : 362150
hot semi-arid
Climate -
Max temp -44 c
Min temp -10 c
988 mm avg
Rain fall -
23

Social Structure
•The village has a homogenous population of Hindu kodi, karadyaRajput.
•The social group composition of village bhetaliis divided amongst the Schedule Castes (SC)
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Village : KHANDHERI
70.3450 E
Elevation: 8 meter
Pin code : 362150
hot semi-arid
Climate -
Max temp -44 c
Min temp -10 c
988 mm avg
Rain fall -
25

Social Structure
•The village has a homogenous population of Hindu kodi, karadyaRajput patels.
•The social group composition of village khandheriis divided amongst the Schedule Castes (SC)
26

Village : JASADHAR
70.0203 E
Elevation: 8 meter
Pin code : 362560
hot semi-arid
Climate -
Max temp -44 c
Min temp -10 c
988 mm avg
Rain fall -
27

Social Structure
•The village has a homogenous population of Hindu KARADYARajput & patels.
•The social group composition of village jasadharis divided amongst the Schedule Castes (SC)
28

1.11 Strength –Weakness analysis
Strength
•A more livable community life and social interaction.
•Cheap living expense because of the cheap commodities and service provided in the villages.
•Attractive and varied landscape & environments .
•A large part of rural area has been relatively untouched by development.
•Joint family structure.
•People are involved with the community.
`
•High level of civic involvement
•Great potential
•Popular product –agricultures items
•No –pollution.
•Highly skills in young, capable & dynamic human resources.
•Safer neighbourhoods
Weakness
•Unsafe, unclean living environment
•Lack of transportation infrastructures and resources like water, energy, education, health ..etc .
•Lack of community facilities and public space.
•Lack of infrastructure for economic development
•Infrastructure problems for drainage
•Lack of coordination between Villages
•Duplication of services
•Not enough school activities, hospitals, banks, fire station, post-office, small industries, agro markets, etc.
•Lack of basic knowledge.
•Link between food, energy, forestry, economic growth.
•Limited range of local employment.
•Lack of professional and high skilled human capacities.
•Lack of land planning
•Poor government servicesRegional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
29

Rural Development through Rural -urban
Interrelationship
2.2 General Definitions :
•The general idea of urbanareas relates to a town or city that is free-standing, densely occupied and developed with a variety of shops and services.
•Two approaches are commonly used in determining urban perimeters:
(i) tracing the extent of the built up area;
(ii) classifying levels of population density
2.1 Introduction
Chapter Two:
•This chapter examines rural development from the context of rural-urban interrelationship.
•It provides understanding for defining these terms relating to rural and urban.
•The chapter makes its arguments based on the notion that the core aim of rural
•development is to make life better for all in rural areas (people and their environment).
•The concept of ‘rural’ is more complex and multidimensional.
•the economic and social changes that have taken place in rural areas which create interrelationships with urban areas and cultures.
•rural areas are characterized by a more personal and intimate web of social relationships.
•From a review of definitions of ‘rural’ five dimensions can be identified:
(i) negative, i.e. not urban
(ii) low population density;
(iii) extensive land use;
(iv) primary economic activity and employment;
(v) community cohesion and governance.Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
30

•Lea David A.M. and Chaudhri D.P. say that before the 1970s, rural development was synonymous with agricultural development and focused on “increasing agricultural production.”
2.3 Defining rural development
[Source: book -Rural development and the state: Contradictions and dilemmas in developing countries 1983 (Lea David A.M. and Chaudhri D.P.)]
•But today’s concept of rural development is fundamentally different from that used about fifty years ago.
•sustainability, governance, globalization and climate change are some of the factors that have broadened the scope of rural development.
So, what exactly does rural development portray?
•From a general perspective the rural development entails “overall development of rural areas”.
•It can be “a strategy designed to improve the economic and social well-being of a rural people”.
•It has also become agreeable that rural development should ensure sustainability and long term protection of the environment, its social system functions and values.
•This research defines it as all activities done for improving the socioeconomic conditions of all rural people, and the environmental conditions of their locality.
•This covers improvements in the cultural, economic, political, social and technological needs of all rural people.
2.4 Framework for promoting rural‐urban relations
•Existing urban-rural interrelationships have not always been all positive or beneficial to both ends of the spectrum.
•According to The International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) “cities and their metropolitan extensions absorb productive agricultural land, exploit water resources, pollute the rural environment”.
•This situation leads to a great difference in development.
•Rural-urban linkages and interdependencies
31

•This table shows the different interdependencies that co-exist between rural and urban areas.
•rural and urban areas are not a contradiction, but rather, are supplementary to each other. And lifestyle and community reflect individual blends of urban and rural value, culture and living standard.
•The patterns of rural urban flows of human and social capital may have positive outcomes for civil society on both sides.
•Generally, the trend is such that the dual way of urban-rural linkages determines the living conditions of people in rural areas and in urban centers.
32

•This table suggests a distribution of key functions and responsibilities between the public, community and private sectors in strengthening rural-urban linkages, leading to development.
•This distribution of functions, when well coordinated, serves as a major framework for promoting rural- urban linkages.
•This is possible within urban centers in rural areas, as well as between rural areas and urban areas.
•Institutional framework for promoting rural-urban linkages
•This chapter revealed the difficulties encountered in defining the concepts of urban and rural development.
•It surveyed literatures on different approaches to rural development objectives and stressed on the limitations of the traditional approaches and the need to follow a new pattern in the subject.
•It elaborated on the importance of rural towns in rural development, with focus on rural-urban interrelationship, and identified its importance for achieving even or balanced development.
2.5 ConclusionRegional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
33

Chapter Three: Regional Development –Theoretical Orientations
•Theoretical orientation is a review of interrelated and relevant concepts and theories used in the research to get an in-depth idea.
•This chapter surveys literatures related to regional development. It also surveys their associated definitional issues.
3.1 Introduction
•This is necessary for better understanding of the succeeding chapters of this research.
3.2 Regional development
•Regional development is about the spatial dimension of development. It is concerned with where people live and work.
•It is also concerned with the location of social and economic activity.
•Regional development is a comprehensive concept used as an objective of public policies for comprehensive results in economic, social, environmental and cultural improvements.
•Several important issues are involved in regional development: urban development, access to public services, rural development, regional cohesion, climate change, nature, mobility, agricultural and sustainable development
•In theory, the concept of regional development has its origin from spatial planning and development measures; and partly from socioeconomic measures.
•Regional development is a concept based on a multi-sectoralapproach, including the sustainable management of the rural space and its economic and social links with urban centers, as well as the decentralization process.
•The definition rightly identified regional development to involve actions that are born out of a long-term vision, with focus on improving a specific place.
•It recognizes to consist of integrated interventions in human, natural, social, economic and cultural resources of a specific place based on local conditions.
•Most importantly, the definition is flexibly applicable or stretchable between rural and urban perspectives.Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
34

3.3 Reference study
3.3.1 GARDEN CITY
•Garden City most potent planning model in Western urban planning.
•Created by Ebenezer Howard in 1898 to solve urban and rural problems.
•Source of many key planning ideas during 20th century.
•1850 –1928 -
SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
•1899 -Published ‘Garden City of Tomorrow’
•1903 -Garden City Association was formed
LETCHWORTHwas designed for 35000 persons
•1920 -WELWYNwas designed for 40000 persons.
•1947 -LETCHWORTHhad 16000 population & 10 factories
-WELWYNhad 18000 population & 75 factories
Ebenezer Howard
35

THE CONCEPT
•‘Garden City’ –an impressive diagram of THE THREE MAGNETSnamely the town magnet, country magnet with their advantages and disadvantages and the third magnet with attractive features of both town and country life.
•Naturally people preferred the third one namely Garden City
•Core garden city principles
1.Strong community
2.Ordered development
3.Environmental quality`
•These were to be achieved by:
•Unified ownership of land to prevent individual land
•speculation and maximize community benefit
•Careful planning to provide generous living and
•working space while maintaining natural qualities
•Social mix and good community facilities
•Limits to growth of each garden city
•Local participation in decisions
about development.
36

Affordability
•Howard wanted garden city for all incomes
•Most originally for those of modest incomes
•Their attractiveness as living environments has often made them become more popular with better off people
APPLICATION…
•Letch worth –35 miles from London
•Land of 3822 acres
•Reserved Green belt –1300 acres
•Designed for a maximum of 35000 population
•In 30 years –developed with 15000 population & 150 shops, industries
•Welwyn–24 miles from London
•Land of 2378 acres
•Designed for a maximum of 40000 population
•In 15 years –developed with 10000 population & 50 shops, industries
37

3.3.2 Central places theory is the basis for regional development
Christaller's Central Place Theory
•Central Place Theory (CPT) is an attempt to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of settlements. The theory was originally published in 1933 by a German geographer Walter Christaller who studied the settlement patterns in southern Germany.
•Details of the theory
•The theory consists of two basic concepts:
•threshold :
the minimum population that is required to bring about the provision of certain good or services
•range of good or services
the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services .
•From these two concepts the lower and upper limits of goods or services can be found. With the upper and the lower limits, it is possible to see how the central places are arranged in an imaginary area.
•Arrangement of the Central places/ settlements:
•As transport is equally easy in all direction, each central place will have a circular market area as shown in C in the following diagram:
•However, circular shape of the market areas results in either un-served areas or over-served areas. To solve this problem, Christaller suggested the hexagonal shape of the markets as shown in D in the above diagram.
•Evaluation of Central-Place Theory
•Transportation costs are not equal in all directions
•Rural markets (initially households) are not evenly distributed
•Non economic factors (culture, politics, leadership) may be important but not evenly distributed
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•Central place theory does a good job of describing the location of trade and service activity.
•Christaller'smodel will never be found in the real world because:
•Large areas of flat land are rare, with the presence of relief barriers channeling transport in certain directions.
•People vary their shopping trends, not always going to the nearest center.
•People or resources are never perfectly distributed.
•What are the advantages of central place theory?
•The theory does a reasonably good job of describing the spatial pattern of urbanization. No other economic theory explains why there is a social order of urban centers.
•In this case the object is economic centers, large and small.
•The central place hierarchy provides a description of the relationship between a central place--higher order place--and its tributary areas--lower order places.
39

`
3.3.3 UNIFIED SETTLEMENT PLAN FOR INDIA
•Introduction
1. Growth around the existing large cities.
2. Growth above the existing large cities.
3. Systematic growth of all the existing small cities.
4. Development of urban strips or nodes along the highways.
5. Development of satellites around the major cities.
•THE PROJECT INVOLVES:
1. DEVELOPMENT OF NUMEROUS ‘MICRO URBAN NODES’ (very small modules with the area of a regular sector in a developed township), for industrial activity, institutional activity & agricultural support, WITH MINIMAL RESIDENTIAL AREA, amidst the existing villages.
2. DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFICIENT PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM, WITH ITS ASSOCIATED ROAD NETWORK, for connecting these ‘MICRO URBAN NODES’ with each other and the existing villages
•THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT OF ‘REGIONAL-MODULES’ SHOULD BE PREFERRED, over the natural tendency of urban development (concentrated around the existing cities & the highways), PRIMARILY DUE TO:
1.BETTER LINKAGE OF THE NEW URBAN DEVELOPMENT WITH THE ENTIRE POPULATION/LAND.
2.LOWER COST OF LIVING.
3.MUCH BETTER VIABILITY FOR THE INSTITUTIONS AND THE INFRASTRUCTURE.
4.HIGHER LEVEL OF SECURITY FOR THE NEW URBAN DEVELOPMENT.
5.CONVENIENCE IN AVAILABILITY OF LAND FOR DEVELOPMENT, DUE TO THE SHAPE OF THE PROPOSED NODES.
6.CONVENIENCE OF DEVELOPMENT, DUE TO EASY IDENTIFICATION OF THE MODULES.
•THE ABOVE MENTIONED URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, for the contemporary aspiration for living in the rural areas with the comfort of the large cities MAY BE GIVEN AN APPROPRIATE NAME LIKE CITYGAON OR NAGARGAON and can be linked with slogans like, ‘CITYGAON KA KHEL -SHAHAR GAON KA MEL’.
40

•STRATEGY
•SIMULTANEOUS DEVELOPMENT OF A LARGE NUMBER OF THE VERY MICRO URBAN NODES.
•THE FACILITIES IN THE INSTITUTIONAL NODE SHOULD INCLUDE :
1. CORE BLOCK
•Three Interchange-points for public transport service.
•Primary health-care & emergency services.
•Commercial (retail & wholesale)
•Hostels for 500 workers & students, with clubs & restaurants.
2. CORE SECTOR
•Designated area for sports, cultural & academic area.
•Housing for about 150 families with associated areas.
•Three schools for secondary education.
•Local administration for security & maintenance.
3. PERIPHERAL BLOCK
•SMALL PLOTS (1000 sqmtto one acre) for construction of
Institutions, by the lessee, as per the specific
requirements of the activity.
4. WINGS
•FLATS for small Institutions.
•FEW LARGER PLOTS (10to 20 acre)for larger institutions like: Secondary & tertiary level health-care facilities Day colleges .
•Residential schools & colleges.
41

THE FACILITIES IN THE INDUSTRIAL NODE SHOULD INCLUDE :
. PERIPHERAL BLOCK
•SMALL PLOTS (1000 sqmtto one acre) for construction of factories/ industries/ commercial/ training complex etc, by the lessee, as per the specific requirements of the activity.
. WINGS
•FLATS FOR SMALL WORKSHOPS & INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES.
•FEW LARGER PLOTS (10 to 20 acre) for medium scale industries .
•THE FACILITIES IN THE AGRICULTURAL NODESHOULD INCLUDE :
PERIPHERAL BLOCK
•SMALL PLOTS (1000 mt2 to one acre) for construction of facilities, by the lessee, as per the specific requirements (open space, height, load, etc) of the activity like storage, processing, marketing etc.
WINGS
•FEW LARGER PLOTS (10 TO 20 ACRE) FOR LARGER ENTERPRISES LIKE:
•AGRICULTURE MARKETS
•PARKS FOR SOCIAL AND COMMERCIAL FESTIVALS
•ANIMAL FARMS, HUSBANDRY & HEALTH-CARE
•VOCATIONAL & SOCIAL EDUCATION CENTERS
THE ‘CENTRAL HUB’ FOR THE PUBLIC-TRANSPORT SYSTEM
•ADMINISTRATIVE COMPLEX
•CONVENTION CENTER WITH EXHIBITION SPACES
•SPIRITUAL CENTERS WITH BOTANICAL GARDEN
•RECREATIONAL CENTER
42

•DEVELOPMENT OF AN EFFICIENT NETWORK FOR A VIABLE, PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM (high-speed, high-frequency system for both passengers & goods), PROVIDING EFFICIENT MOVEMENT WITHIN & AROUND THE ‘REGIONAL MODULES’ (including the existing villages, the new urban nodes & the highways), WITH ROAD LENGTH OF ABOUT 150 KILOMETER FOR EACH REGIONAL MODULE of about 600 Sq. Kilometer area
43

`
3.3.4 PURA -Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas
•President Dr. A.P.J. Kalam'saddress on eve of Republic Day -2003
Introduction
•Visionoftransformationtoa‘developed’Indiacanonlyberealizedifwelaunchamegamissionforempoweringtheruralpeople.
•Creationofphysical,electronicandknowledgeconnectivitiesleadingtoeconomicconnectivityinvillages.Suchamodelofestablishingacircularconnectivityamongtheruralvillagecomplexeswillaccelerateruraldevelopmentprocessbyempowerment.
•PURAtobeabusinesspropositioneconomicallyviableandmanagedbyentrepreneurs,localpeopleandsmallscaleindustrialists.
Mission
•“Holistic and accelerated development of compact areas around a potential growth centre in a Panchayat (or group of Panchayats) through Public Private Partnership (PPP) by providing livelihood opportunities and urban amenities to improve the quality of life in rural areas.”
PURA Strategy & Uniqueness
•To address defects and incorporate new learnings, the strategy was based on combining rural infrastructure development with livelihoods creation.
•Implementation of scheme through PPP between Gram Panchayat (GP) and private sector partner.
•Core funding from PURA scheme of MoRD(Ministry of Rural Development) and additional support through convergence of other Central Government schemes.
44

AIM
•Combining livelihoods creation with infrastructure development in rural areas
•Simultaneous delivery of key infrastructure required in villages
•Standards of service delivery in rural areas almost at par to those set for urban areas
•Under MoRDSchemes (Existing and PURA):
•Water and Sewerage
•Village streets
•Drainage
•Solid Waste Mgt
•Skill Development
•Development of Economic Activity
•Under Non MoRDSchemes:
•Village Street Lighting
•Telecom
•Electricity, etc.
•Add-on Projectsi.e. Revenue earning
projects (Indicative):
•Village linked Tourism
•Integrated Rural Hub, Rural Market
•Agri –Common Services Centre, etc.
•Any other rural economy based project
Urban Amenities to be provided under PURA
45

`
What is a PURA Village ….?
•A Gram Panchayat / a cluster of geographically contiguous Gram Panchayats with a population of about 25,000 –40,000
•Water supply
•Piped water supply of 100 lpcd (litre per capita per day)through individual household connections
•Sustainability of water supply through water harvesting and water recharge activities
•Sewerage
•100% sanitation coverage, with provision of sewerage connections to individual households
•Solid waste management
•100% coverage of SWM services to individual households
•Scientific treatment of solid waste
•Village streets and drainage
•100% of village streets paved along with storm water drains, to cover entire rural populace
•100% of village streets to have street lighting
•Increase in livelihood opportunities
•Skills building program to cover 50% of candidates in BPL households
•Assure placement for at least 75% of the trainees
Qualified PURA projects: Across 8 districts in the country
1.Dehradun district, Uttarakhand;
2.Jaipur district, Rajasthan;
3.Rajsamanddistrict, Rajasthan;
4.Warangal district, Andhra Pradesh;
5.Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh;
6.Karaikaldistrict, Puducherry;
7.Malappuram district, Kerala;
8.Thrissur district, Kerala.
Major themes
Rural tourism
Food / Meat processing
Apparel Park
Agriculture Park / Support
Micro & Small Industries
Rural Business Hub
46

3.4 Present situation
•Figure shows how the central place system is organized, when viewed from its original (regional) perspective.
•In the center is a strong urban core, connected to surrounding cities, towns and rural villages (v) which fall within a neighboring rural area.
•The connections these towns have with villages (and the surrounding) provide a sort of one or more services.
•similar functions exist between the big city and its surrounding small towns and rural villages.
•In a system based on this theory, a continuous sequence a continuum of city-town, town- village, urban-rural, region-region interactions are bound to be encouraged.
•This can lead to active inter-linkages, interrelationships, partnerships between the two major sectors of the urban and rural.
47

3.6 Conclusion
•This chapter has explored the concepts of regional development.
•It also deal on associated concepts such as polycentrism and the central place theory. Its achievements depend on the definition of terms such as, region and regional development in the context of this research.
•As a literature review, the chapter raised critical aspects of the development discourse necessary for this research.
•This chapter connects with the previous one by providing the basis for understanding how the territoriality of the rural-urban interrelationship provides a path for achieving development.
3.5 Planning (and visioning)
•There is need for a plan for regional development. Such a plan needs to adopt specific visions for the people in the regional.
•For regional plan to be effective, it has to adopt an optimistic vision for the future.
•The role of the vision is to guide spatial development in the whole regional.
•The focus of the vision should be socioeconomic and environmental in nature. Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
48

Chapter Four: From Theoretical Orientation to Conceptual
4.1 Introduction
•This chapter introduces the conceptual framework of the research. This involved following a structured and scientific construct towards achieving the research objectives.
•This is possible by setting strategies for the achievement of specific outcomes.
•A first step in setting up a concept for tackling a challenge would be to specifically identify the problem and define its scope.
•Since challenges (such as poverty, poor infrastructure and rural-urban migration) exist region.
•Developing the concept involved two main steps: providing a general idea on why regional development is necessary and producing a specific approach for regional development in region.
4.2 Conceptualizingterritorial development in region
•To establish a new approach, it is important to adopt a holistic view of the rural place as a domain for development implementation.
•There are two basic principles behind this conception in this research.
1.rural and urbandevelopments are important to regional development. the development of one depends on the other.
2.rural –rural developments are important to regional development. the development of one depends on the other.
•They are institutional, land management and crosscutting(social, economic, cultural, etc.)contexts.
•Each of these contexts has its own development activity, which can lead to transformations (within the rural and urban) for regional development.
•the research identifies three issues that are necessary for territorial development in region.
FrameworkRegional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
49

•Figure presents a general framework for territorial development.
•The idea is to present a wholesome view of the idea of territoriality in general.
•As shown, if responsive institutional contexts are developed (and followed with land management principles), it will lead to responsive spatial arrangements.
•This will generate necessary linkages between urban –rural & rural -rural centers, leading to regional development.
4.3 General framework for regional development
50

4.4 Conceptualizing regional rural development at the local level
•From the general concept of regional development, the research moved towards
conceptualizing regional rural development.
•By this, it gave priority to the development of a rural territory.
•The objective of this type of development is to focus “stabilization of living conditions in rural regions”
•In conceptualizing territorial rural development in this research, it puts several issues into consideration.
•Regional rural development must be based on a vision
•The vision should be study in context to embrace major aspects of rural development.
•Based on contexts, a strategy is necessary.
•the strategy should embrace a combination of people focused (community), growth and multi- sectoralapproaches.
•The outcome must be effective to people’s needs on the long term impact.
•It may be wrong to assume that all rural areas want to live a rural lifestyle. Some may want to live in rural areas but expect to enjoy the rural beauty of their localities together with aspects of urban life.
4.5 Specific framework for regional rural development
•Figure constitutes of three main parts. They are the planning process (in yellow boundary), the regional rural development process (in red boundary) and the result of development process(in green boundary).
•Different activities take place within each of these boundaries.
•The planning process involves for developing vision and making it become a reality (outcome), so that it can have sustainable impact on rural people.
•There is a vertical relationship between each of the variables identified within the planning process: vision, context, strategy, implementation activities, outcome and impact.
•The impact of the planning process has a backward effect on the vision for planning.
51

•If the planning process is well coordinated, it will determine the direction of the regional rural development process (in the red box), which would constitute the implementation aspect of development.
•The regional rural development process involves series of activities or relationships of elements that would give result to a development impact.
52

•This research gives focus on four main contexts of development, which have both forward and backward effect on each other: institution, social/culture, environment and economy.
•Institution entailsdecentralisation(as a strategy of planning), which can lead to participation (as a process in planning).
•The institutional context provides the power and capacities for general enabling environment for rural development to work.
•The social/cultural and economic contexts help in strengthening human capacities and diversification of socioeconomic activities.
•These can be in the form of functional rural markets.
•The environmental context deals with identifying benefits for people and their responsibilities with issues relating to their environment, especially for sustainable land management and natural resource improvement.
•Following institutional context, the social/cultural, environmental and economic contexts form a system of regional rural development processes. Together,
they lead to improved livelihood options for poverty reduction within the region.
•Each of these contexts of rural development strategized to make outcomes that would cause regional rural development impact.
4.6 Conclusion
•Regional development concept represents identity in the sense that it embodies relations of social, political, cultural, and physical space.
•A combination of the principles of livelihoods analysis and spatially focused developmentRegional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
53

Chapter five: The Research Methodology
5.1 Introduction
•This research is not dependent on any on-going project or any previous specific studies on regional development in my region.
•Therefore, it raises many operational questions.
•Where is the research thinking from (basis of the research)?
•why is the research being done (purpose of research)?
•These questions are important elements of the investigation.
•The research is theoretical, conceptual and experience.
•The research is also conceptual because the theoretical orientation of this research plays very important part in its framework.
•its output depends on data collected through interviews (questioning) and observation of a particular study area located in region.
•this research uses and applies the concept only in the rural sense.
•It focuses to produce a rural development approach that can help in reducing poverty in rural areas of region.
•The chapter explains the research methods. It consists of how the entire research was carried out.
•The chapter provides details on how relevant data was gathered and analyzed in the course of achieving the objectives and answering the questions of the research.
•The research adopts a multidisciplinary approach.
•This is because of the multidisciplinary demands of rural development. Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
54

.
5.2 The reference study approach
•The approach to the research is mainly qualitative descriptive reference study.
•The reference study approach is most suitable for the use of multiple sources of data, which are very important in understanding real life situations.
•It is specifically important for this research because of the difficulty involved in express individual variables that influenceinteraction between growth centers in rural areas or between rural and urban areas.
5.3 Junagadhas a region
•Apart from its rural development challenges, Junagadh meets the definitional requirement for region in this research.
55

•Figure illustrates the study area as defined in the definitional context of territory adopted in this research.
•It views India as a national territory, Gujarat as state territory and Junagadh Local Government Area as a region.
•The community consists of rural individuals, families, households, hamlets and villages, city or urban node.
•Family and individuals emphasized here because of their importance in rural development –rural citizens.
•Characteristics of region as a suitable case study for the research
•Figure presents region as a rural area that shares some common features with urban areas.
•Region faces rural challenges such as lower population, loss of heritage and culture, low economic activities, lack of non-farm development.
•Most of its residents depend on land based livelihood options.
•However, it does have some urban nodes. These include town centers; commercial clusters, unique settlement patterns; and the need for development options.
•such as land occupancy practices and land access problems are common in the area.
•Based on these facts, this research views Region as a physical, political, social and geographical territory capable of development through a territorial approach
56

5.4 The methodological design of the research (with focus on analytical methods)
57

5.5 Analyses rural development approaches and opportunities for regional development
•This aspect of the research is involved a content analysis of rural development policy.
•It adopted an approach focused on explaining the evolution of rural development policy.
•In general, the analysis dwelt on specific issues related on the historical background of rural development and rural challenges.
•This analysis set the background for understanding national’s rural development arena.
5.6 Policy implementation analysis:
•This part of the analysis delved into rural development from the particular perspective of the case study area.
•this part of the analysis dwelt on evaluation of rural development programme, and assessment of the scope of regional approach to rural development.
•It paved the way for the refutation/verification of the research hypothesis based on collected fieldwork data.
5.7 Regional analysis:
•this involved analyses of the case study. It used a combination of spatial information collected at the local level and Google earth data.
5.8 Conclusion
•This chapter is methodological because it is concerned with how to gather and analyze data necessary for producing a new approach to rural development in region.
•It explains the research processes
–i.e. methods used in carrying out the research. Considering that the research identified a known problem or opportunity , it presented the paths taken in the course of producing an outcome for improving the problem (or opportunity).
•In the course of carrying out the research, several limitations were encountered. While acknowledging that these limitations form part of the methodological process. Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
58

Chapter six : Towards a New Approach to Rural Development
in the Study Area
6.1 Introduction
•This chapter is a direct search for a new approach to rural development in region.
•it presents the result of the assessment of the spatial situation of the study area. This involves presenting its current situation of polycentricism by identifying the development of important development centers from both urban (rural towns) and rural (village) contexts.
6.2 Existing hierarchal settlements development
•“The first group of people to arrive in that area were a group of nomadic farmers... they found the place rich with good soil, so, they began to inhabit the area in order to farm and survive from the food they farmed... they all lived in their. As time progressed, they shared spread further by occupying more land due to increase in their households, this led to the formation of hamlets and villages... today, and we
have small villages, bigger villages and even township villages...”
•The above statement, though based on oral heritage, fit into Christaller’s(1933a) ideas on the evolution of settlements.
•This figure represents the current hierarchy of settlements in region.
•Development improves towards the top (urban nodes) of the inverted pyramid. The inverted pyramid illustrates that despite that the small villages are rural; they form the basis of development for the territory due to their agricultural production capacities.
•On the other hand, the urban nodes have largest frequency of development factors, which are very important for rural development.
•The village centers play a middle role between the urban nodes and small villages. At the lowest part of the inverted pyramid (small villages) are the least developed areas. The up and downward arrows show the criteria for making these categorizations. Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
59

6.3 Currentpolycentric networks
•The research found that in the development of region, networks issues have never received any professional or conscious planning attention.
Potentials for polycentric networks
•As table shows, the connections shared by regional settlements are identifiable within five sectors: economy (rural and urban), mobility, governance and living.
•These sectors constitute the dominant activities that contribute to the development of the territory. Settlements are like people, they have relationships with each other and interact with others, and so, understanding their basic relationship with one another is important to understanding how best to make development decisions that affect peopleRegional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
61

6.3.1 Urban nodes:
•the main characteristics of these spatial areas are that they have population of above 10,000 people. This population is an agglomeration of non-native population and culture.
•They have high mixed-use of land (institutional, commercial and residential). They largely provide non-farm services and employment opportunities to surrounding settlements; and have least or no agricultural practices.
•Such places are accessible by highest quality of transit and transport paths. In general, they are the urban points in region.
6.3.2 Village centers:
•the main characteristics of these spatial areas are that they have a population of between 3,000 to 10,000 people.
•These areas have low mixed-use of land (commercial and residential).
•They have services and opportunities for employment, retail and education at lower level than the urban nodes. These services or employments are a combination of agricultural and non-farm activities.
•In general, they constitute of rural cultural centers, which are of importance for socio-cultural development of region.
6.3.3 Smallvillages:
•these consist of points of isolated dwellings and hamlets. The population of these places are usually less than 3,000.
•Agriculture is the predominant source of livelihood in these places.
•They have the least or no range of services and opportunities for non-farm employment or education.
•They also have least level of access to public amenities and infrastructure.
6.4 Existence of hierarchical settlement networks
•the transportation linkages between settlements and the perception of the level of economic activities amongst settlements, a hierarchical network is evident between settlements in region.
•The existence of four individual nodes surrounded by smaller village areas gives a polycentric appearance.
•Polycentrism is usually associated with a more even size distribution of urban centers in a given area
62

Chapter seven: General Conclusions and Recommendations
•The previous chapters provided New Approach to Rural Development situation in region.
•Based on findings from the previous chapters, the current chapter builds a practicable idea for undertaking territorial development as an approach to rural development.
•It draws a general conclusion for the study (within the context of the research objectives and questions). It makes recommendations for improving the rural challenges.
•It also discusses the implications of the recommendations.
7.1 General conclusion
•Rural development approaches in region
•With the overview of rural development approaches in region, it is obvious that most of the approaches practiced have failed. They have not been able to produce sustainable results in rural areas; so, rural development situation has lower standard.
•On-going and future programme-based approaches can be made to follow or adopt regional development principles for them to become more result-oriented and innovative approaches.
•The best way to tackle rural problems is to focus on improving the capacities available in their region – people, place, politics and needs. This is what territorial development focuses on.
•The research therefore conceptualizes the rural territory as a package consisting of natural, spatial, economic, cultural, technical and political assets.
•The natural asset demands for natural resource management.
•The political asset calls for leadership and public action.
•The spatial asset involves making decisions that cater for the quality of life, living and the environment. Regional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
63

•The economic asset releases economic viability and attractiveness.
•Cultural asset deals with social equality and cohesion between various populations
•It is connected to human resources, local knowledge and technical issues involved in managing processes of living and development.
•The technical asset links local knowledge to practical life applications (education, etc.).
64

•Taking cue from the impact of territorial development in urban-rural interrelationships & rural-rural interrelationships, it provides links between production and the society.
•Rural-Rural linkage
•There is a provision of links between 6 villages.
•An idea is to have balanced development.
•Creation of physical, electronic and knowledge connectivities leading to economic connectivityin villages.
•Providing a different different civic amenity in a villages.
•Example : providing a school in one village and hospital in a different village like that provide a basic amenity in all villages, so all villages depending on one-other villages.

7.2 Shifting from hierarchical to complementary polycentricism
•In this aspect, the research introduces a proposal for improving network for rural development.
•Priorities based on the needs of the people should build around improving existing networks and processes. Efforts should be made towards prioritizing development around nodes (or settlements) in order to boost the general quality of livability and environment.
•This is a step for the preparation of a suitable regional rural development approach, which is the main objective of this research.
•The idea here is to introduce consciously settlement networks that can enable balanced development within the territory.
•This research approaches this situation through the application of a clustering system to settlement structures. This means that settlements of closer proximity or those with similar characteristics can merge to form bigger functional units (clusters).
•Places with similar potentialities and challenges can unite (clustered together) to produce specific functionality that others can benefit from.
•The concept of clustering recommended here is an integrative measure.
7.3 Regional development is a linkage concept:
•Taking cue from the impact of territorial development in urban-rural interrelationships & rural-rural interrelationships, it provides links between production and the society.
•There is a provision of links between 6 villages.
•An idea is to have balanced development.
•Creation of physical, electronic and knowledge connectivitiesleading to economic connectivityin villages.
•Providing a different differentcivic amenity in a villages.
•Example : providing a school in one village and hospital in a different village like that provide a basic amenity in all villages, so all villages depending on one-other villages.
65

7.4 Regional rural development approach at the local level
•Based on the several challenges analysedin this research and the concept framework of the research, figure is the recommended new approach to rural development
•It presents the main ideas and actions needed for achieving development at a regional level in rural areas.
•It consists of three major parts: planning, legal measures and processes for improving rural areas.
•The planning activities are measures taken to ensure what and how people take actions for achieving development within the region.
•The policy/legal measures fortify rural institutions so that rules and regulations focus on how people behave in the course of their involvement in rural development.
•The rural development processes consist of activities taken in order to cause improvements in rural areas.
•These three aspects work together towards attaining sustainable results (poverty reduction).
69

7.5 Government scheme
•All this indiangovernment scheme covered in this ideal proposal.
70

•N = λI
•λ= 50Kh for hospital & Ks for school
•n = 19,700 number of people
•I = 10 (fix)
N = 50Kh.I
(Kh-is a number of beds in hospital)
19,700 = 50Kh(10)
(n = 19,700 number of people)
Kh= 19,700/500
= 39.4 = 40
In this case 40 bedsprovide in hospital
N = Ks.I
(Ks -is a number of student in school)
19,700 = Ks(10)
(n = 19,700 number of people)
Ks= 19,700/10
= 1970 = 2000
In this case 2000 students in school
7.6 EquationRegional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development
71

•N = λI
•λ= 50Kh for hospital & Ks for school
•n = 19,700 number of people
•I = 10 (fix)
•Kh= is a number of beds in hospital
•Ks-is a number of student in school
N = 50Kh.I
11826 = 50Kh(10)
Kh= 11826/500
= 23.65 = 25
N = KS.I
11826 = KS(10)
KS= 11826/10
=1182.6= 1200
In this case 1200 studentsprovide in school
N = 50Kh.I
7870 = 50Kh(10)
Kh= 7870/500
= 15.74 = 20
N = KS.I
7870 = KS(10)
KS= 7870/10
= 787 = 800
In this case 800 studentsprovide in school
1)
2)
6388
2028
3410
1396
1430
5044
1)
2)
72

SCHOOL
HEALTH CENTER
RECREATIONAL CENTER
GIDC
BANK
POST-OFFICE
AGRI. RESERCH CENTER
HOUSING

References
•Census 2011-india
•Panchayat Offices –Junagadhcity
•Rural development and the state: Contradictions and dilemmas in developing countries 1983 (Lea David A.M. and ChaudhriD.P.)
•Christaller, W. (1966). Central places in southern Germany. USA: Prentice Hal
•The international research journal of social science and management –ISSN 2251-1571
•Book -Urban-Rural Relations in China: A Study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region
•Rural Research Report -www.IIRA.org
•Integrated ecovillagedesign a new planning tools -HildurJackson may 2004
•Book -RURAL URBAN DIVIDE-IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
•Book -National Institute of Rural Development (India), Journal of Rural Development -2013
European Spatial Development Perspective Towards Balanced and Sustainable Development of the
Territory of the European Union.
•THEPOPULATIONEXPLOSION: SUSTAINABILITYANDCONTROLRaphael Houdmont, Imperial College London
•Singh, K. (1999). Rural development: principles, policies and management. Sage Publications India Pvt. Limited: New Delhi.
•Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2002). Rural-urban linkages and the role of small and medium- sized towns in development:
INTERNET SOURCES
•http://rural.nic.in/
•earth.google.com/
•http://censusindia.gov.in/.
•www.uspforindia.com/
•pura.net.in/
•www.junagadhmunicipal.org/
•
www.indiastudychannel.com/india/citiesRegional Development: Suggestions for a New Approach to Rural Development

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