Landslides are a type of mass movement that causes significant damage and loss of life. The document discusses landslides, their causes such as heavy rainfall, erosion, deforestation, and construction activities. It provides examples of deadly landslides in India like the 2014 Malin landslide in Pune that killed over 160 people. Guidelines for landslide hazard mitigation include creating landslide hazard maps, developing early warning systems, adopting safe land use practices, and implementing engineering stabilization measures. Preventive measures involve controlling slope angles, improving drainage, protecting weak geological structures, and considering the effects of water during development planning.

1. DISASTER MITIGATION
LANDSLIDES
SUBMITTED BY – JANUMI RATHOD
PARTH SADARIA
MASTERS OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
Department of Architecture,
Faculty of Technology & Engineering
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda,
Vadodara, India
SEPTEMBER 2015

2. Understanding Disaster
CRED (The Centre for
Research on the Epidemiology
of Disasters)
“A situation or event which overwhelms local capacity,
necessitating a request to a national or international level for
external assistance; an unforeseen and often sudden event
that causes great damage, destruction and human suffering.”
International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent
Societies
A disaster occurs when a hazard impacts on vulnerable
people.
(VULNERABILITY+ HAZARD ) / CAPACITY = DISASTER

3. Natural Disasters – Categories, Types

4. Mass Movements - Mass movements are massive failures of slope masses including
rock, debris, soils and snow/ice that cause loss of life, economy, environment, land and natural
resources, the main reason being gravity.
TYPES Rock fall Landslide Avalanche Subsidence
AGENTS/TRIGGERS –
wind, air, water
MOVEMENT –
Slide, Flow, Rotate, Fall
MATERIALS –
Rock, Debris, earth

5. Characteristics landslide landforms
Soil and rock
fragments slide
down the slope
The wet ground
breaks up and
falls down the
hillside
Rotational slide
of loose
materials or rock
fragment
The falling of a
newly detached
mass of rock
from a cliff or
down a very
steep slope.Source - British Geological Survey and Eastern Illinois University

6. Causes
Man- made Causes
•Excavation (particularly at the toe of
slope)
•Loading of slope crest
•Draw -down (of reservoir)
•Deforestation
•Irrigation
•Mining
•Artificial vibrations
•Water impoundment and leakage from
utilities
Physical Causes
•Prolonged precipitation
•Rapid draw- down
•Earthquake
•Volcanic eruption
•Thawing
•Shrink and swell
•Artesian pressure
Morphological Causes
•Ground uplift (volcanic, tectonic etc)
•Erosion (wind, water)
•Scour Deposition loading in the slope
crest
•Vegetation removal
(by forest fire, drought etc)

7. Source - American Geophysical Union, Nick Rosser
Landslide Fatalities, 2007

8. Existing large dams UN large dam database (2012)
• Each red dot is a large dam on the database
• Existing dams are concentrated in mountainous areas, but not in very high mountains
Source - Dave Petley, American Geophysical Union, Vajont Conference, 2013

9. Large dam density UN large dam database (2012)
• Contour map of the density of existing large dams
Source - Dave Petley, American Geophysical Union, Vajont Conference, 2013

10. Large dams and fatality-inducing landslide events (2004-2011)
• The distribution of fatal landslides and large existing dams does not overlap, specifically
in the Himalayas
Source - Dave Petley, American Geophysical Union, Vajont Conference, 2013

11. Distribution of landslides associated with large dams
• Each dot is a landslide associated with a large dams in the period 2003-2012
• NOTE- Almost all are in Asia, Hotspots are in Himalayas and China
Source - Dave Petley, American Geophysical Union, Vajont Conference, 2013

12. Proposed dams and dam related landslides in Himalayan region
• Dam: planned or under construction
• Fatal landslide associated with a dam
Source - Dave Petley, American Geophysical Union, Vajont Conference, 2013

13. Scenario
• Landslides rank third in terms of
number of deaths due to natural
disasters.
• Himalayan Landslides kill 1 person /
100 Km² / yr.
• Estimated average losses due to
landslides in Himalaya costs > Rs. 550
crores / yr. & > 200 deaths.
• The hazard affects over 0.49 million km²,
over 15 % of our country's area
Top countries affected by landslides

14. Scenario

16. Case study - Malin landslide-Pune – 30th July, 2014, 0300 hours
Major causes (Geological Survey of India study) -
Immediate trigger –
 Intense rainfall - 10.8 cm (4 in) of rain on
29 July and continuing the next day
Long term –
 Agricultural practice –paddy cultivation,
which required levelling of steep areas
in the upslope, which contributed to
instability
 Deforestation
 Large scale land use modifications
 Construction activities – stone
quarrying, etc.
 1.5 km from Dimbhe dam
Causalities –
 more than 160 deaths
• Malin village, Ambegaon Taluka, 110 km from Pune,
West Maharashtra,

18. Malin receives very heavy rainfall on the 29th July, 9 pm by NASA
TRMM
Malin receiving high rainfall on the 30th July 2014, 9 pm IST NASA
TRMM
Rainfall

19. Mass movement events in the Himalaya: The impact of landslides
on Ladakh, India.

20. Case – Landslide Hazard Mitigation in Nilgiris district,
Tamil Nadu
• Severe to very high landslide hazard prone area
- (Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC), Government of India
• GSI and State Geology Branch of Government of Tamil Nadu studied 300 landslides
from 1978-1979 in the densely populated and developed area of 200 sq.km between
Ooty and Coonoor.
• OUTCOMES –
a. The main causes of landslides
b. The role played by excessive deforestation, obstruction to the normal
drainage channels and changes in land use were studies by the team.
From 10th to 15th November, 2009
Landslides/Landslips Lives lost Damage
1150 80
3785 huts damaged, parts
of railway and road line
damaged

21. Case – Landslide Hazard Mitigation in Nilgiris district,
Tamil Nadu
Issues identified by the study –
• The possibility of occurrence of
landslide will increase from 70% to
100% in the Next 10 – 20 years
• Urban areas where buildings are
constructed on or close to landslide
• Improper drainage system
• Lack of awareness
• No early warning system
Recommendations –
• Avoid further development in high-risk
landslide prone areas, limit existing-use rights
to rebuild, and limit the use of buildings
• As suggested by National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA),
Government of India in the National Disaster
Management Guidelines for landslides, from
the funds available with the District Planning
and development Council in landslide prone
areas, a part will be allocated for the
implementation of landslide management
schemes in the Nilgiri district.
• Landslide Hazard Mitigation Through Cost
Effective Technology – Soil bio-engineering
Soil bio-engineering - the use of plant material,
living or dead, as building material to reduce
environmental problems such as shallow, rapid
landslides and eroding slopes and stream banks

22. Preventive Engineering Measures
• The main factors which contribute to landslides are Slope, water content, geological
structure, unconsolidated or loose sediments, lithology and human interference.
a) Slope: Retaining wall may be constructed against the slopes, which can prevents rolling
down of material. Terracing of the slope is an effective measure.
b) Effect of water: Make proper drainage network for quick removal of percolating moisture
or rain water by constructing ditches and water ways along the slope
c) Geological structures: Weak planes or zones may covered or grouted to prevent
percolation of water, this increases the compaction of loose material.
Source – International Council For Science, Science Plan for Hazards and disasters

24. NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES, MANAGEMENT OF LANDSLIDES AND SNOW
AVALANCHES,
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Mission - To minimise the impact of landslides and snow avalanches on life, property
and economic activity
The following nine major areas have been identified for systematic and coordinated management of landslide
hazards:
• Landslide hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessment.
• Multi-hazard conceptualisation.
• Landslide remediation practice.
• Research and development; monitoring and early warning.
• Knowledge network and management.
• Capacity building and training.
• Public awareness and education.
• Emergency preparedness and response.
• Regulation and enforcement.

25. 1. Preparation of landslide hazard zonation
maps
2. Plan/induce settlements such that they do
not fall under the path of risk
3. General Development Control Regulations
(GDCR) to be formulated keeping in mind
the location and context of place and have
to include no development zones or risk
zones
4. Prepare monitoring and early warning
systems
5. Create preparedness (landslide event,
medical) by awareness in the locality
6. Consider role of private and corporate
sector in post-disaster situation
Mitigation Measures
7. Construct suitable engineering slope
stabilizing mechanisms along with cost-
effectiveness
o Geometric – changing geometry of slope
o hydrological – attempt to reduce ground water
level or reduce water content
o Mechanical – increase strength by active (e.g.
anchors, rock or ground nailing) or passive
external forces (e.g. structural wells, piles or
reinforced ground)
8. Suitable site selection for urban planning
components like housing, infrastructure,
etc in hilly areas
9. Adopt landslide safe land use practices
10. Update and revise Model Town Planning
and Land Use ByeLaws
Mitigation Preparedness
ResponseRecovery

26. Landslide Hazard Zonation Map
1. Parameters for Slope Instability
1.Lithology
2.Structure
3.Slope Morphology
4.Relative Relief
5.Land Cover
6.Land Use
7.Hydrological Conditions
8.Slope Erosion
9.Rainfall
10.Landslide Activity
11.Material / Overburden Properties
12.Seismicity
2. Finally, prepare Landslide Hazard
Management Plan and hence publish
Landslide Atlas
3. Example of a corridor in Himachal
Pradesh -
Source - Defence Terrain Research Laboratory

27. Source - Defence Terrain Research Laboratory

28. Source - Defence Terrain Research Laboratory

29. References
• Landslide Mapping and Vulnerability Assessment, Defence Terrain Research
Laboratory
• International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 5,
October 2012, G. P. Ganapathy and C. L. Hada, Landslide Hazard Mitigation in the
Nilgiris District, India–Environmental and Societal Issues
• Dave Petley, American Geophysical Union, Vajont Conference, 2013
• www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/agriculture/agri_majorareas_disastermgt_landslide.html
• www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,671647&_dad=portal&_schema=
PORTAL&1200
• www.prezi.com/agxieocrjbr4/mass-movement-management-case-studies-
definitions
• www.dnaindia.com
• www.sandrp.wordpress.com

30. Thank you