Occupational lungs disease: It contains Asbestosis, Silicosis, Coal miner’s lung/coal worker’s, pneumoconiosis, Bagasosis, Bysinosis
and their nursing management and prevention.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It has both congenital and acquired causes such as infections from tuberculosis, pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of purulent sputum, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and surgery in severe cases. Nursing care aims to improve lung function and prevent infections through techniques like postural drainage and breathing exercises.
Occupational lung diseases are caused by exposure to dusts, chemicals, or other agents in the workplace. Some examples described in the document include silicosis from inhaling silica dust, asbestosis from asbestos exposure, byssinosis from cotton dust, and farmer's lung caused by mold exposure. Symptoms vary but often include cough, shortness of breath, and lung impairment. Diagnosis involves exams, imaging, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on removing the causal exposure and managing symptoms, though many occupational lung diseases have no cure.
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Emphysema is damage and abnormal distention of airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles caused by cigarette smoking or air pollution. There are four main types: centrilobular affects central acini, panlobular affects all acini uniformly, distal acinar involves distal parts of acini, and irregular is mixed. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, difficulty breathing with exertion, and barrel chest. Complications can include respiratory failure, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, and right heart failure. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and possibly surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, administering medications and oxygen, and maintaining proper positioning.
This document defines occupational lung disorders as diseases of the lung arising from or during employment. It discusses various occupational lung diseases including asbestosis, silicosis, and coal workers' pneumoconiosis. For asbestosis, the document describes the pathology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tools including chest x-rays and CT scans, management, and complications such as lung cancer and mesothelioma. For silicosis, it discusses the classification including acute, accelerated and chronic forms, associated occupations, determinants, complications including tuberculosis, and management focusing on symptom relief. For coal workers' pneumoconiosis, it outlines the pathology, clinical features, and relationship to chronic bronchitis.
Lung abscess is a collection of pus within the lungs caused by aspiration or infection, usually by anaerobic bacteria. Risk factors include periodontal disease, impaired swallowing, and conditions causing altered consciousness. Symptoms include cough with purulent sputum and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, bronchoscopy, and culture of sputum. Treatment is long-term IV and oral antibiotics, postural drainage, and surgery if antibiotics fail or cause massive hemoptysis. Prevention involves good oral hygiene and care to prevent aspiration during unconsciousness or seizures.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi. It results from damage to the airways due to infection or inflammation that impairs mucus clearance. Common symptoms include chronic cough with sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and sputum culture. Treatment aims to clear secretions, treat infections, and manage symptoms. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance techniques, breathing exercises, infection control, nutrition support, and health education.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilation of the bronchi caused by inflammation and damage to the bronchial walls. It has several causes including post-infection, airway obstruction, immune deficiencies, and genetic disorders. Patients experience excessive sputum production, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, and sometimes hemoptysis. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans showing characteristic findings and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and long-term antibiotics tailored to sputum cultures. Surgery may be considered for severe, localized cases or massive hemoptysis.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by the permanent dilation of the bronchi. It has both congenital and acquired causes such as infections from tuberculosis, pneumonia, or cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include chronic cough, production of large amounts of purulent sputum, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, and surgery in severe cases. Nursing care aims to improve lung function and prevent infections through techniques like postural drainage and breathing exercises.
Occupational lung diseases are caused by exposure to dusts, chemicals, or other agents in the workplace. Some examples described in the document include silicosis from inhaling silica dust, asbestosis from asbestos exposure, byssinosis from cotton dust, and farmer's lung caused by mold exposure. Symptoms vary but often include cough, shortness of breath, and lung impairment. Diagnosis involves exams, imaging, and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on removing the causal exposure and managing symptoms, though many occupational lung diseases have no cure.
This document discusses empyema, which is an accumulation of thick, purulent fluid in the pleural space caused by bacterial pneumonia, lung abscess, chest trauma, or surgery. Common organisms include Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Empyema develops from a parapneumonic effusion through exudative, fibrino-purulent, and organizing stages. Symptoms include fever, chest pain, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves imaging and culture of pleural fluid. Treatment requires drainage of fluid, antibiotics for 10-14 days intravenously or longer orally, and oxygen. Nursing diagnoses relate to impaired gas exchange, acute pain, and risk for activity intolerance.
Emphysema is damage and abnormal distention of airspaces beyond the terminal bronchioles caused by cigarette smoking or air pollution. There are four main types: centrilobular affects central acini, panlobular affects all acini uniformly, distal acinar involves distal parts of acini, and irregular is mixed. Symptoms include shortness of breath, cough, difficulty breathing with exertion, and barrel chest. Complications can include respiratory failure, pneumonia, pulmonary hypertension, and right heart failure. Treatment involves smoking cessation, bronchodilators, oxygen therapy, and possibly surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring vital signs, administering medications and oxygen, and maintaining proper positioning.
This document defines occupational lung disorders as diseases of the lung arising from or during employment. It discusses various occupational lung diseases including asbestosis, silicosis, and coal workers' pneumoconiosis. For asbestosis, the document describes the pathology, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tools including chest x-rays and CT scans, management, and complications such as lung cancer and mesothelioma. For silicosis, it discusses the classification including acute, accelerated and chronic forms, associated occupations, determinants, complications including tuberculosis, and management focusing on symptom relief. For coal workers' pneumoconiosis, it outlines the pathology, clinical features, and relationship to chronic bronchitis.
Lung abscess is a collection of pus within the lungs caused by aspiration or infection, usually by anaerobic bacteria. Risk factors include periodontal disease, impaired swallowing, and conditions causing altered consciousness. Symptoms include cough with purulent sputum and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, bronchoscopy, and culture of sputum. Treatment is long-term IV and oral antibiotics, postural drainage, and surgery if antibiotics fail or cause massive hemoptysis. Prevention involves good oral hygiene and care to prevent aspiration during unconsciousness or seizures.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease characterized by irreversible dilation of the bronchi. It results from damage to the airways due to infection or inflammation that impairs mucus clearance. Common symptoms include chronic cough with sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and sputum culture. Treatment aims to clear secretions, treat infections, and manage symptoms. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance techniques, breathing exercises, infection control, nutrition support, and health education.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung condition defined by abnormal dilation of the bronchi caused by inflammation and damage to the bronchial walls. It has several causes including post-infection, airway obstruction, immune deficiencies, and genetic disorders. Patients experience excessive sputum production, chronic cough, recurrent pneumonia, and sometimes hemoptysis. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans showing characteristic findings and ruling out other conditions. Treatment focuses on airway clearance and long-term antibiotics tailored to sputum cultures. Surgery may be considered for severe, localized cases or massive hemoptysis.
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Emphysema is a lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli, resulting in shortness of breath. It is usually caused by smoking or long-term exposure to irritants or pollutants. As the disease progresses, the alveoli are destroyed, reducing the lungs' ability to take in oxygen. Symptoms start mild but worsen over time, ultimately causing severe shortness of breath and respiratory failure if left untreated. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, medications, surgery, pulmonary rehabilitation, and managing symptoms.
Asbestosis is a lung disease caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, which are thin and needle-like and can penetrate the lungs. Over many years, the presence of asbestos in the lungs causes scarring and fibrosis. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, persistent dry cough, chest tightness, and clubbing of fingers in advanced stages. Chest X-rays show irregular opacities in the lower lobes and a honeycomb appearance in late stages. There is no cure for asbestosis, but symptoms can be treated with steroids or lung transplants in severe cases.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease defined by irreversible dilation of the bronchi. It develops from an initial event that impairs mucociliary clearance, allowing bacteria to colonize and further damage the lungs. The hallmark symptoms are a chronic cough and sputum production lasting months to years. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, infections, immunodeficiencies, and exposures to toxic substances. Management involves antibiotics, airway clearance techniques, and supplemental oxygen. Severe cases may require surgery.
This document provides information on lung abscesses, including:
- Dr. David Smith postulated in the 1920s that aspiration of oral bacteria was the main mechanism of lung abscess infection.
- A lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue destruction greater than 2cm in diameter caused by pyogenic bacterial infection.
- In the pre-antibiotic era, 1/3 of lung abscess patients died, another 1/3 recovered, and the remaining 1/3 developed chronic illnesses.
- Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, gastric issues, and pre-existing lung diseases. Common causative organisms are described.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura covering the lungs and chest wall. It is commonly caused by pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, or trauma. The inflammation irritates sensory fibers and causes sharp, knifelike pain during inspiration that may radiate to the shoulder or abdomen. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum examination, or thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and pain relief through analgesics, heat/cold, or nerve blocks. Complications can include pleural effusions or respiratory issues from shallow breathing.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart that causes chest pain. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, uremia, myocardial infarction, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include chest pain worsened by deep breathing or lying down, fever, and potential heart failure from fluid buildup or tamponade. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam for rubs, ECG changes, imaging like echocardiogram, and labs. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause with rest, drainage procedures, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and steroids along with pain management and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
The document discusses respiratory failure and insufficiency. It defines respiratory failure as inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, resulting in abnormal blood levels of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide. Respiratory insufficiency refers to the lungs' inability to function normally. The document then describes different types of respiratory failure including acute vs chronic and hypoxemic vs hypercapnic respiratory failure. It lists and explains various causes of each type of respiratory failure including diseases, injuries, and neurological conditions.
Cor pulmonale, or right heart failure, is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle due to conditions that restrict pulmonary blood flow such as chronic lung diseases. It develops when pulmonary hypertension leads to enlargement and failure of the right ventricle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and assessing pulmonary pressures. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, giving diuretics and vasodilators, and may involve oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in severe cases.
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years. Tobacco smoking is the primary cause and leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in most cases. Symptoms include a chronic cough with mucus, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, using inhaled bronchodilators and steroids, and addressing exacerbating factors through medications, oxygen therapy, or lung transplantation in severe cases.
This document provides information about atelectasis, including:
- Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions.
- Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery.
- Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
Bronchial asthma in that Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatme...sonal patel
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways characterized by temporary narrowing of the bronchi. It is multifactorial, with predisposing factors including heredity and excitatory factors such as allergens, infections, environmental irritants, and emotional stress. Bronchial asthma is classified as allergic or nonallergic and is diagnosed through patient history, physical examination, and tests such as pulmonary function tests. Management involves medication like bronchodilators and corticosteroids, avoidance of triggers, and nursing care including monitoring, positioning, administering treatments, and providing emotional support. Prognosis depends on severity and control of symptoms, though childhood asthma often continues into adulthood.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum smears, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotic medications daily for 6-9 months. Directly observed treatment is recommended to ensure compliance and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on monitoring symptoms, preventing spread, promoting nutrition and activity, and supporting the treatment regimen.
Silicosis is caused by inhalation of dust containing silica, and the risk depends on particle size, exposure duration, and individual susceptibility. It manifests as chronic (after 10+ years), accelerated (5-10 years), or acute (weeks/months) forms. Workers at risk include miners, pottery/ceramic workers, metal grinders, sand blasters, and construction workers. Upon inhalation, silica particles are engulfed by macrophages, causing inflammation and fibrosis that appears as nodules in the lung's upper zones. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis is via chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on removing exposure
1. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the airspaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of their walls.
2. The main symptoms of emphysema include dyspnea, recurrent respiratory infections, and right heart failure. Chest imaging shows increased lung volumes and flattened diaphragms.
3. There are several classifications of emphysema based on the areas of the lung affected, including centriacinar, panacinar, paraseptal, and mixed emphysema. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor and can cause an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lungs.
Lobular pneumonia, also known as lobar pneumonia, is a serious lung infection where air sacs become filled with pus and fluid. It affects one or more lobes of the lungs. There are four stages of lobular pneumonia: congestion, red hepatization/consolidation, grey hepatization, and resolution. Symptoms include chest pain, confusion, cough, fatigue, fever, nausea, and shortness of breath. Lobular pneumonia is typically caused by bacteria like streptococcus or mycoplasma, but can also be caused by fungi or viruses. Treatment involves tests like blood work, chest x-rays, and sputum tests to identify the cause, along with antibiotics if bacterial.
Bronchiectasis is an abnormal, permanent dilatation of the bronchi. It was first discovered in 1819 by René Laennec, the inventor of the stethoscope. Common causes include cystic fibrosis, childhood infections like pertussis and measles, and obstructive lung diseases. Patients present with chronic cough, sputum production, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like CT scan which can classify the type of bronchiectasis. Treatment involves airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and surgery in some severe cases. The goal is to treat infections, clear secretions, and reduce inflammation.
The document discusses occupational lung diseases, including their causes, types, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
1. Occupational lung diseases are caused by inhaling dusts, chemicals, or proteins at work. Pneumoconiosis refers specifically to diseases from inhaling mineral dust.
2. Major causes of occupational lung disease include occupational asthma, pneumoconiosis like silicosis and asbestosis, and mesothelioma from asbestos exposure.
3. Pneumoconiosis is classified as major, minor, or benign depending on the severity of lung fibrosis. Major types include asbestosis, silicosis, and coal worker's pneumoconiosis.
4. Diagn
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Silicosis is an occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust. It has three main types: chronic/classic, accelerated, and acute. Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, CT scans, and pulmonary function tests. Prevention focuses on reducing silica exposure through protective equipment and ventilation. Treatment options include cough suppressants, antibiotics for infections, and oxygen therapy. Corticosteroids may help reduce nodules in acute cases. However, lung transplantation is generally not effective for silicosis due to the location of fibrosis in the lungs.
Pneumoconiosis is a lung disease caused by inhaling dust in the workplace. It can be caused by dusts like coal, silica, asbestos, and others. The disease results in inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue over time. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, and reduced lung function. While removal from dust exposure may stop progression, the lung damage is generally permanent. Preventing exposure to harmful dusts is the best way to avoid pneumoconiosis.
This lecture elucidates in detail the important occupational health diseases, the all-important concept of work absenteeism and, lastly, the prevention of occupational diseases.
Lung abscess is a localized infection and necrosis of lung tissue that forms a cavity containing pus. It is usually caused by aspiration or infection traveling via the bloodstream. Common symptoms include fever, cough, sputum production, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray or CT scan to identify lung cavities. Treatment consists of antibiotics chosen based on suspected bacteria and may require hospitalization. Complications can include spread of infection to the pleural space or amyloidosis.
Emphysema is a lung disease that causes damage to the air sacs in the lungs called alveoli, resulting in shortness of breath. It is usually caused by smoking or long-term exposure to irritants or pollutants. As the disease progresses, the alveoli are destroyed, reducing the lungs' ability to take in oxygen. Symptoms start mild but worsen over time, ultimately causing severe shortness of breath and respiratory failure if left untreated. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, medications, surgery, pulmonary rehabilitation, and managing symptoms.
Asbestosis is a lung disease caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, which are thin and needle-like and can penetrate the lungs. Over many years, the presence of asbestos in the lungs causes scarring and fibrosis. Common symptoms include shortness of breath, persistent dry cough, chest tightness, and clubbing of fingers in advanced stages. Chest X-rays show irregular opacities in the lower lobes and a honeycomb appearance in late stages. There is no cure for asbestosis, but symptoms can be treated with steroids or lung transplants in severe cases.
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease defined by irreversible dilation of the bronchi. It develops from an initial event that impairs mucociliary clearance, allowing bacteria to colonize and further damage the lungs. The hallmark symptoms are a chronic cough and sputum production lasting months to years. Risk factors include cystic fibrosis, infections, immunodeficiencies, and exposures to toxic substances. Management involves antibiotics, airway clearance techniques, and supplemental oxygen. Severe cases may require surgery.
This document provides information on lung abscesses, including:
- Dr. David Smith postulated in the 1920s that aspiration of oral bacteria was the main mechanism of lung abscess infection.
- A lung abscess is a localized area of lung tissue destruction greater than 2cm in diameter caused by pyogenic bacterial infection.
- In the pre-antibiotic era, 1/3 of lung abscess patients died, another 1/3 recovered, and the remaining 1/3 developed chronic illnesses.
- Risk factors include dental/sinus infections, impaired swallowing, gastric issues, and pre-existing lung diseases. Common causative organisms are described.
Pleurisy is inflammation of the pleura covering the lungs and chest wall. It is commonly caused by pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary embolism, or trauma. The inflammation irritates sensory fibers and causes sharp, knifelike pain during inspiration that may radiate to the shoulder or abdomen. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum examination, or thoracentesis. Treatment focuses on the underlying cause and pain relief through analgesics, heat/cold, or nerve blocks. Complications can include pleural effusions or respiratory issues from shallow breathing.
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac surrounding the heart that causes chest pain. It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, uremia, myocardial infarction, or autoimmune disorders. Symptoms include chest pain worsened by deep breathing or lying down, fever, and potential heart failure from fluid buildup or tamponade. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam for rubs, ECG changes, imaging like echocardiogram, and labs. Treatment focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause with rest, drainage procedures, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and steroids along with pain management and monitoring for complications like cardiac tamponade.
The document discusses respiratory failure and insufficiency. It defines respiratory failure as inadequate gas exchange by the respiratory system, resulting in abnormal blood levels of oxygen and/or carbon dioxide. Respiratory insufficiency refers to the lungs' inability to function normally. The document then describes different types of respiratory failure including acute vs chronic and hypoxemic vs hypercapnic respiratory failure. It lists and explains various causes of each type of respiratory failure including diseases, injuries, and neurological conditions.
Cor pulmonale, or right heart failure, is caused by high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and right ventricle due to conditions that restrict pulmonary blood flow such as chronic lung diseases. It develops when pulmonary hypertension leads to enlargement and failure of the right ventricle. Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like echocardiogram and chest x-ray, and assessing pulmonary pressures. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying lung condition, giving diuretics and vasodilators, and may involve oxygen therapy or lung transplantation in severe cases.
Chronic bronchitis is defined as a productive cough that lasts for three months or more per year for at least two years. Tobacco smoking is the primary cause and leads to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in most cases. Symptoms include a chronic cough with mucus, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment focuses on quitting smoking, using inhaled bronchodilators and steroids, and addressing exacerbating factors through medications, oxygen therapy, or lung transplantation in severe cases.
This document provides information about atelectasis, including:
- Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange.
- It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions.
- Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery.
- Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
Bronchial asthma in that Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatme...sonal patel
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways characterized by temporary narrowing of the bronchi. It is multifactorial, with predisposing factors including heredity and excitatory factors such as allergens, infections, environmental irritants, and emotional stress. Bronchial asthma is classified as allergic or nonallergic and is diagnosed through patient history, physical examination, and tests such as pulmonary function tests. Management involves medication like bronchodilators and corticosteroids, avoidance of triggers, and nursing care including monitoring, positioning, administering treatments, and providing emotional support. Prognosis depends on severity and control of symptoms, though childhood asthma often continues into adulthood.
Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It spreads through airborne droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include cough, fever, weight loss, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, sputum smears, and the tuberculin skin test. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotic medications daily for 6-9 months. Directly observed treatment is recommended to ensure compliance and prevent drug resistance. Nursing care focuses on monitoring symptoms, preventing spread, promoting nutrition and activity, and supporting the treatment regimen.
Silicosis is caused by inhalation of dust containing silica, and the risk depends on particle size, exposure duration, and individual susceptibility. It manifests as chronic (after 10+ years), accelerated (5-10 years), or acute (weeks/months) forms. Workers at risk include miners, pottery/ceramic workers, metal grinders, sand blasters, and construction workers. Upon inhalation, silica particles are engulfed by macrophages, causing inflammation and fibrosis that appears as nodules in the lung's upper zones. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis is via chest X-ray and pulmonary function tests. Treatment focuses on removing exposure
1. Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by abnormal enlargement of the airspaces in the lungs accompanied by destruction of their walls.
2. The main symptoms of emphysema include dyspnea, recurrent respiratory infections, and right heart failure. Chest imaging shows increased lung volumes and flattened diaphragms.
3. There are several classifications of emphysema based on the areas of the lung affected, including centriacinar, panacinar, paraseptal, and mixed emphysema. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor and can cause an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases in the lungs.
Lobular pneumonia, also known as lobar pneumonia, is a serious lung infection where air sacs become filled with pus and fluid. It affects one or more lobes of the lungs. There are four stages of lobular pneumonia: congestion, red hepatization/consolidation, grey hepatization, and resolution. Symptoms include chest pain, confusion, cough, fatigue, fever, nausea, and shortness of breath. Lobular pneumonia is typically caused by bacteria like streptococcus or mycoplasma, but can also be caused by fungi or viruses. Treatment involves tests like blood work, chest x-rays, and sputum tests to identify the cause, along with antibiotics if bacterial.
Bronchiectasis is an abnormal, permanent dilatation of the bronchi. It was first discovered in 1819 by René Laennec, the inventor of the stethoscope. Common causes include cystic fibrosis, childhood infections like pertussis and measles, and obstructive lung diseases. Patients present with chronic cough, sputum production, and recurrent lung infections. Diagnosis is made through chest imaging like CT scan which can classify the type of bronchiectasis. Treatment involves airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and surgery in some severe cases. The goal is to treat infections, clear secretions, and reduce inflammation.
The document discusses occupational lung diseases, including their causes, types, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
1. Occupational lung diseases are caused by inhaling dusts, chemicals, or proteins at work. Pneumoconiosis refers specifically to diseases from inhaling mineral dust.
2. Major causes of occupational lung disease include occupational asthma, pneumoconiosis like silicosis and asbestosis, and mesothelioma from asbestos exposure.
3. Pneumoconiosis is classified as major, minor, or benign depending on the severity of lung fibrosis. Major types include asbestosis, silicosis, and coal worker's pneumoconiosis.
4. Diagn
Lung abscess is a type of liquefactive necrosis of the lung tissue and formation of cavities (more than 2 cm) containing necrotic debris or fluid caused by microbial infection.
Silicosis is an occupational lung disease caused by inhalation of crystalline silica dust. It has three main types: chronic/classic, accelerated, and acute. Signs and symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays, CT scans, and pulmonary function tests. Prevention focuses on reducing silica exposure through protective equipment and ventilation. Treatment options include cough suppressants, antibiotics for infections, and oxygen therapy. Corticosteroids may help reduce nodules in acute cases. However, lung transplantation is generally not effective for silicosis due to the location of fibrosis in the lungs.
Pneumoconiosis is a lung disease caused by inhaling dust in the workplace. It can be caused by dusts like coal, silica, asbestos, and others. The disease results in inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue over time. Symptoms include cough, shortness of breath, and reduced lung function. While removal from dust exposure may stop progression, the lung damage is generally permanent. Preventing exposure to harmful dusts is the best way to avoid pneumoconiosis.
This lecture elucidates in detail the important occupational health diseases, the all-important concept of work absenteeism and, lastly, the prevention of occupational diseases.
Pneumoconiosis refers to lung diseases caused by inhaling dust particles, mostly from occupational exposure. There are several main types including coal workers' pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and asbestosis. The diseases develop due to an inflammatory response when dust particles are inhaled and engulfed by lung macrophages. Over time, fibrosis can develop in the lungs. While removal from exposure is important, there is no definitive treatment for pneumoconiosis. Prevention through limiting dust exposure is key.
This document provides information on occupational lung diseases. It begins with a brief history of occupational lung diseases dating back to Roman times. It then defines occupational lung diseases and pneumoconiosis. The document classifies and describes various types of pneumoconiosis including anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, and berylliosis. For each type, it discusses associated occupations, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. The document provides detailed information on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and complications of major occupational lung diseases like silicosis and asbestosis.
This document discusses occupational lung diseases, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention. It covers several specific lung diseases:
- Pneumoconiosis like silicosis and asbestosis caused by long-term inhalation of inorganic dust like silica and asbestos particles. Silicosis presents with nodular opacities on x-ray and has no cure. Asbestosis has several related diseases and mesothelioma risk persists for decades after exposure.
- Byssinosis, an asthma-like disease from cotton, flax, hemp and sisal dust exposure common in textile workers. It causes obstructive lung impairment.
- Occupational asthma triggered by specific antigens
This document discusses several occupational lung diseases:
Pneumoconiosis results from inhalation of certain fibers and causes lung inflammation and fibrosis over many years. Asbestosis and silicosis are types of pneumoconiosis caused by asbestos and silica exposure respectively. Coal miner's lung, or coal worker's pneumoconiosis, affects miners through long-term inhalation of coal dust. The diseases present with symptoms like shortness of breath and cough. Chest x-rays show opacities, plaques or nodules indicative of lung scarring. Exposure history is important for diagnosis. There are no cures, so prevention of inhalation is key.
Overview on 'Occupational Hazards in India" Including: causes, symptoms, prevention, Prevalence, complications, etc. For more information, please contact us: 9779030507.
Pneumoconiosis is an occupational lung disease caused by inhaling dust particles like coal, asbestos, silica, and others. It is classified based on the type of dust inhaled, like silicosis from silica dust. The pathology requires exposure to dust particles of a certain size for a sufficient duration. Silicosis specifically results from inhaling crystalline silica dust and shows characteristic lesions and calcifications on chest x-rays. It is a major global health problem resulting in thousands of deaths annually.
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, effects, and prevention. It begins by defining air pollution as the presence of substances in the air that can harm health, vegetation, or property. Major sources of air pollution include automobiles, industries, domestic sources, and miscellaneous activities. Air pollutants can be primary (directly emitted) or secondary (formed from chemical reactions in the air). Examples given are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, and particulate matter. Air pollution negatively impacts human health, animal health, the environment, and social/economic aspects. Prevention of further air pollution is needed through containment, replacement, dilution of pollutants, legislation, and international cooperation.
Restrictive lung diseases (interstitial lung diseases)
Histological Structure of Alveoli
The wall of the alveoli is formed by a thin sheet of tissue separating two neighbouring alveoli.
This sheet is formed by epithelial cells and intervening connective tissue.
Collagenous , reticular and elastic fibres are present.
Between the connective tissue fibres we find a dense, anastomosing network of pulmonary capillaries. The wall of the capillaries are in direct contact with the epithelial lining of the alveoli.
Neighbouring alveoli may be connected to each other by small alveolar pores (pores of Kohn).
The epithelium of the alveoli is formed by two cell types:
Alveolar type I cells (small alveolar cells or type I pneumocytes) are extremely flattened and form the bulk (95%) of the surface of the alveolar walls.
Alveolar type II cells (large alveolar cells or type II pneumocytes) are irregularly (sometimes cuboidal) shaped.
They form small bulges on the alveolar walls.
Type II alveolar cells contain are large number of granules called cytosomes (or multilamellar bodies), which consist of precursors to pulmonary surfactant (the mixture of phospholipids which keep surface tension in the alveoli low) .
Cilia are absent from the alveolar epithelium and cannot help to remove particulate matter which continuously enters the alveoli with the inspired air. Alveolar macrophages take care of this job. They migrate freely over the alveolar epithelium and ingest particulate matter.
FUNCTIONS OF PULMONARY CELLS
Type I pneumocytes
Permeable to Oxygen and CO2, do not divide
Type II pneumocytes
Reserve cells
secrete pulmonary surfactant
Serve as repair cells
Alveolar macrophages
Phagocytosis
Pores of Kohn (allow passage of Macrophages)
1. The document discusses various occupational lung diseases caused by the inhalation of mineral and organic dusts.
2. It describes diseases such as coal worker's pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestosis, and berylliosis which are caused by inorganic dusts like coal, silica, asbestos, and beryllium. Diseases from organic dusts mentioned include byssinosis, farmer's lung, and bagassosis.
3. The signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and chest x-ray findings of some of these diseases are outlined including symptoms like cough, dyspnea, and fibrosis seen in conditions like silicosis, asbestosis and coal worker's pneumocon
The document discusses various lung diseases caused by inhaling certain dust particles, known as pneumoconiosis. It provides details on several primary pneumoconiosis diseases including asbestosis, caused by inhaling asbestos fibers; silicosis caused by inhaling silica dust; and coal worker's pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling coal mine dust. It describes the pathological processes, symptoms, diagnoses and treatments of these three dust-induced lung diseases.
Complexities of occupational and environmental lung diseases, exploring their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and prevention measures. For more information please contact us: 9779030507.
This document defines various types of pneumoconiosis (occupational lung disease caused by dust inhalation). It discusses silicosis caused by silica dust, asbestosis caused by asbestos dust, coal worker's pneumoconiosis caused by coal dust, and other diseases. The classification, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and control methods are described for different pneumoconioses. It emphasizes that pneumoconiosis remains an important global issue and that primary prevention through dust control and worker protection is key to addressing this occupational health problem.
This document summarizes several occupational lung diseases. It discusses the size of airborne particles that can penetrate the lungs and cause disease. It classifies lung diseases as inorganic, organic, or immunologic. Pneumoconiosis is defined as the accumulation of dust in the lungs and tissue reactions. Specific pneumoconioses discussed include coal worker's pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and asbestosis. Asbestos can also cause malignant mesothelioma or lung cancer. Berylliosis is an immunologic reaction caused by beryllium exposure. The document provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and management of these important occupational lung diseases.
OCCUPATIONAL LUNG DISORDERS by postgraduate students .pptxDrGarimaRatan
Occupational lung disease can result from inhaling dusts, fumes or other substances on the job. Common examples include pneumoconiosis caused by inhaling mineral dusts like coal, silica or asbestos. Coal workers' pneumoconiosis and silicosis develop due to deposition of dust deep in the lungs, causing inflammation and fibrosis over time. Asbestosis and certain cancers are associated with asbestos exposure. Chest x-rays and pulmonary function tests can help diagnose these conditions. Prevention involves eliminating dust exposure through measures like ventilation and use of protective masks.
A new hope for protection from adverse healthECRD2015
This document summarizes the prevalence and health risks of silica exposure in India. Some key points:
- Silica is widely distributed in soil and the earth's crust. Many occupational and non-occupational exposures exist through industries, mining, construction, agriculture, and windblown dust.
- High levels of silica exposure are common in many parts of India and can cause respiratory diseases like bronchitis, pneumoconiosis, and silicosis. These diseases often go undiagnosed and are difficult to treat.
- Modern medicine has not found effective treatments for silica-induced diseases. However, an Ayurvedic formulation called Kamadgiri was found to significantly reduce cough and
This document discusses pneumoconioses, a group of lung diseases caused by long-term exposure to mineral dust particles. It outlines different types of pneumoconioses associated with exposure to silica, asbestos, coal dust and other minerals. The pathophysiology involves deposition of dust in the lungs leading to inflammation and fibrosis. Clinical features vary depending on the specific dust but include cough and breathing difficulties. Diagnosis is made based on exposure history and chest x-ray findings. Management involves removal from exposure and treatment of any complications. Prevention relies on exposure controls and proper use of protective equipment in high-risk industries like mining.
This document provides an overview of interstitial and infiltrative pulmonary diseases. It discusses diffuse parenchymal lung disease including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis which presents with progressive breathlessness. Drug-induced interstitial lung disease and sarcoidosis are also covered. Occupational lung diseases from exposures like hypersensitivity pneumonitis are explained. Pneumoconioses such as coal worker's pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and asbestosis are defined. Mesothelioma is discussed as associated with asbestos exposure. Characteristic chest x-ray patterns are provided to help identify different interstitial lung diseases.
Dust in mines can cause serious health hazards. The problem has been exacerbated by increased mechanization producing more dust. Dust can be explosive or cause physiological harm depending on its properties. Inhaled dust can cause respiratory diseases like pneumoconiosis depending on dust composition, size, and concentration. Silicosis is the most dangerous type of pneumoconiosis, causing nodular fibrosis in the lungs that can be fatal. Asbestosis is also a severe lung disease caused by inhaled asbestos fibers. Proper dust control methods are needed to prevent respiratory illnesses from mine dust exposure.
UNIT 5.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS: Estrogens replacement therapy is commenced on the basis of dependent or previously estrogen sensitive women.
Low dose estrogens for short period to improve metabolic state. Estrogens therapy relieves unpleasant symptoms such as hot flashes and vaginal dryness and also appeared to protect against postmenopausal conditions such as osteoporosis and heart disease
A wound is a break or cut in the continuity of any body structure, internal or external caused by physical means.
A wound is a type of injury which happens relatively quickly in which skin is torn, cut, or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound).
“Trauma” = Injury of one or more systems,that results in excessive bleeding and mayaffect the normal body functioning.
Defined as cellular disruption caused by anexchange with environmental energy that isbeyond the body's resilience.
This document discusses substance abuse, focusing on alcohol overdose and cannabis intoxication. It defines substance abuse and lists the most common substances abused, including alcohol and cannabis. For alcohol overdose, it describes the lethal dose, signs and symptoms, diagnosis involving breathalyzer or blood tests, and emergency management following CAB principles. For cannabis intoxication, it discusses lethal doses, causes of dependency and overdose, signs of dependency and overdose, diagnosis using urine tests, and general emergency management involving supportive care.
Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhalation, touching or injecting various drugs, chemical, venoms or gases.
Many substances such as drugs, carbon monoxide, food poisoning, organo-phosphorus are poison.
Poisoning can be an accident or a planned action.
Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs). Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, and nerve agents.
Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea, vomiting, small pupils, sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion.
Other names: Organophosphate toxicity
Causes: organophosphates
Hypovolemic shock is a life-threatening emergency in which severe blood or other fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working.
Hypovolemic shock is a dangerous condition that happens when suddenly lose a lot of blood or fluids from body. This drops blood volume, the amount of blood circulating in body. That’s why it’s also known as low-volume shock.
Heat stroke a core temperature ≥40°C accompanied by CNS dysfunction in patients with environmental heat exposure. This condition represents a failure of the body's ability to maintain thermoregulatory homeostasis.
Hemorrhage is the loss of blood escaping from the circulatory system.
Bleeding can occur internally, where blood leaks from blood vessels inside the body, or externally either through a natural opening such as mouth, nose, ear, urethra or anus or through a break in the skin.
Uncontrolled bleeding can rapidly lead to shock and death.
Excessive or uncontrollable bleeding, often caused by trauma, surgical or obstetrical complications, or the advanced stages of certain illnesses such as cirrhosis and peptic ulcer disease.
An airway obstruction is a blockage in any part of the airway.
The airway is a complex system of tubes that conveys inhaled air from nose and mouth into the lungs.
An obstruction may partially or totally prevent air from getting into lungs.
Acute upper airway obstruction is a life-threatening medical emergency.
This document provides information on emergency care and triage. It discusses the principles of emergency care which include providing care without delay and using triage to prioritize patients. Triage involves sorting patients into categories of emergent, urgent, and non-urgent based on the seriousness of their conditions. The document then describes the triage process in more detail, including the different color codes used to categorize patients and the criteria for each category. It also discusses the roles of triage team members and how to set up an effective triage system.
Emergency nursing is a nursing specialty in which nurses care for patients in the emergency or critical phase of their illness or injury.
While this is common to many nursing specialties, the key difference is that an emergency nurse is skilled at dealing with people in the phase when a diagnosis has not yet been made and the cause of the problem is not known.
The document provides information on the care of patients undergoing traction. It defines traction as applying a pulling force to part of the body. Traction is used to provide alignment, reduce muscle spasms, prevent deformities, provide immobilization, and increase space between opposing surfaces. The document outlines different types of traction including skin, skeletal, and manual traction. It discusses nursing responsibilities like ensuring comfort, preventing complications, educating patients, and promoting exercise and mobility.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) facts
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that can cause chronic inflammation of the joints and other areas of the body.
It can affect people of all ages.
The cause of rheumatoid arthritis is not known.
In rheumatoid arthritis, multiple joints are usually, affected in a symmetrical pattern.
Paget disease is a chronic bone disorder that typically results in enlarged, deformed bones due to excessive breakdown and formation of bone tissue that can cause bones to weaken and may result in bone pain, arthritis deformities or fractures.
Osteomalacia is a bone condition caused by vitamin D deficiency or impaired mineralization. It results in soft, weakened bones due to incomplete mineralization of bone matrix. Symptoms include bone pain, tenderness, fractures, and muscle weakness. Diagnosis involves x-rays showing pseudofractures and bone biopsy showing excess osteoid tissue. Treatment focuses on calcium and vitamin D supplementation to promote bone mineralization. Nursing care includes education on diet, sunlight exposure, pain management, and monitoring for treatment effectiveness.
Osteoporosis is a chronic, progressive disease of multifactorial etiology.
It is most frequently recognized in particularly in elderly people and does occur in sexes, all races, and all age groups.
Osteoporosis is a preventable disease that can result in disturbing physical, psychosocial, and economic consequences.
Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue.
This document provides information about osteomyelitis, including:
1) Osteomyelitis is an inflammation of bone caused by an infecting organism that may remain localized or spread through the bone. Common causes are bacteria or fungi entering through a break in the skin or spreading via blood.
2) It can be classified as acute (less than 2 weeks), subacute (2-6 weeks), or chronic (over 6 weeks) based on duration of symptoms. It can also be classified based on mechanism of infection such as exogenous (from outside trauma/surgery) or hematogenous (from another infectious site).
3) Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen. Risk factors
Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body. The body is made up from millions of tiny cells. There are several types of oral cancers, but around 90% are squamous cell carcinomas originating in the tissues that line the mouth and lips.
Oral or mouth cancer most commonly involves the tongue.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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6. Occupational lung diseases are lung problems that
are made worse in certain work environments.
They are caused by long-term exposure to certain
irritants that are breathed into the lungs. These
lung diseases may have lasting effects, even after
the exposure ends.
Most occupational lung diseases are caused by
repeated, long-term exposure, but even a severe,
single exposure to a hazardous agent can damage
the lungs. Occupational lung diseases are
preventable. Smoking can increase both the
severity of an occupational lung disease and the
risk of lung cancer.
7/24/2022 6
7. Among the occupational diseases, silicosis is the
major cause of permanent disability and mortality.
It is caused by inhalation of dust containing free
silica or silicon dioxide.
Particles between 0.5 to 3 micron are the most
dangerous because they reach the interior of the
lungs with case.
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8. Occupational lung disease are usually defined as
diseases arising out of or in the course of
employment in lungs.
(or)
Damage to the lung caused by dust or fumes or
noxious substances inhaled by the workers in
certain specific occupations is known as
“occupational lung diseases”.
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9. Occupational disease are grouped as under:
Diseases due to physical agents ( heat, cold, light,
pressure, noise)
Diseases due to chemical agents ( Gases, dusts)
Diseases due to biological agents (anthrax,
encephalitis, fungal infections)
Diseases of psychological origin (hypertension,
peptic ulcer)
Occupational cancer (cancer of skin, lung)
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10. Chronic cough
Dyspnea on exertion
Fatigue
Loss of appetite
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11. Chest pain
Acute silicosis patients may also have fever and
experience rapid, unintended weight loss
Impairment of total lung capacity(TLC)
Shortness of breath
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13. The term‘Pneumoconiosis’ was coined by Zenker
to define a group of lung diseases caused by
inhalation of dust that are breathed in and then
deposited deep in lungs causing damage
It can be defined as the non-neoplastic reaction of
lungs to inhaled minerals or organic dust and the
resultant alteration in their structure excluding
asthma, bronchitis and emphysema.
It is also known as “ Black lung disease”
Usually, pneumoconiosis apears 20–30 years after
constant exposure to offending agents (metal
mining of gold, silver, lead, copper).
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15. Hx:
-History of working around coal, asbestos, or silica,
lungs disease related symptoms,
-chest X-ray :X-ray abnormalities: we can diagnosed
by having a routine X-ray during the time of
employee.
Pathology: Alveolar macrophages engulf
offending agents, causing inflammation and
fibrosis of the lung parenchyma in
pneumoconiosis.
Respiratory insufficiency is the ultimate
consequence of the pneumoconioses.
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16. Signs and symptoms: dyspnea, shortness of
breath, cough, sputum production, cor pulmonale,
and clubbing.
Chest x-ray findings include small irregular
opacities, interstitial densities, ground glass
appearance, and honeycombing.
7/24/2022 16
18. Asbestosis is an occupational lung disease caused
by prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust. The
result is lung parenchymal fibrosis which results in
respiratory compromise.
Signs and symptoms: exertional dyspnea and
reduced exercise tolerance, cough and wheezing
(especially among smokers), chest wall pain, and
ultimately respiratory failure.
History of exposure to asbestos is needed to
consider the diagnosis.
7/24/2022 18
20. On chest x-ray, diffuse or local pleural thickening,
pleural plaques, and calcifications at the level of
the diaphragm are seen. Pleural effusions are
commonly seen, and the interstitial lungs process
associated with asbestosis usually involves the
lower lung fields.
7/24/2022 20
22. For diagnosis a lung biopsy is usually needed; the
classic barbell-shaped asbestos fiber is found.
No specific treatment is offered. Patients with
asbestos exposure should strongly be advised to
stop smoking since their risk of lung cancer is 75
times higher than that of the normal population.
7/24/2022 22
24. Silicosis is an occupational lung disease caused by
inhalation of silica dust in lung parenchyma tissue
reaction to it. It is seen in individuals who work in
mining, quarrying, tunneling, glass and pottery
making, and sandblasting.
Silicon dioxide or silica is the most abundant
compound in the earth’s crust, where it is mostly
found in the crystalline form known as quartz.
7/24/2022 24
25. Mining
Tunnelling
Stone masonry
Sand blasting
Fettling and foundry work
Ceramics
Brick-making
Silica flour manufacture
7/24/2022 25
29. Silicosis causes similar symptoms to asbestosis
except the acute form of silicosis, which is caused
by massive exposure that causes lung failure in
months.
Pathology: Silica enters and cause inflammatory
reactions with pathologic lesions being the hyaline
nodule.
7/24/2022 29
32. There are 3 key elements to diagnosis of silicosis :
Patient history should reveal exposure to sufficient silica
dust to cause this illness.
Chest X-Ray revealing findings consistent with silicosis. In
silicosis there are nodules (1–10 mm) seen throughout the
lungs that are most prominent in the upper lobes.
There are no underlying illnesses that are more likely to
causing the abnormalities
Physical examination is usually unremarkable unless there
is complication. PFT may reveal air flow limitation,
restrictive defects, ↓diffusion capacity, mixed defects or
may be normal
7/24/2022 32
33. Silicosis is an irreversible & progressive condition with
no cure. There is no effective therapy for silicosis. Death
occurs usually because of progressive respiratory
insufficiency
Treatment options currently focus on alleviating
symptoms & preventing complications including
stopping further exposure to silica & other lung irritants,
including tobacco smoking, cough suppressants,
antibiotics for bacterial lung infection, ATT for those
with active TB,
-chest physiotherapy to help bronchial drainage of mucus,
-O2 administration to treat hypoxemia, bronchodilators to
facilitate breathing.
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34. Lung transplantation to replace damaged lung
tissue is the most effective treatment.
7/24/2022 34
35. Coal miners are exposed to dust that contains mixture
of coal, mica and silica in varying proportions
Coal- workers’ pneumoconiosis is virtually confined to
underground coal-miners, it may occur in any place
where a worker is exposed to high levels of coal dust in
poorly ventilated conditions. Thus it has been
described in coal trimmers, loading coal in the holds of
ships, and in men and women sorting coal on surface
screens.
7/24/2022 35
37. The risk of development and progression of coal
miner’s lung (CWP) is related:
the amount of coal dust exposure
higher rank (hardness) of coals
and increased silica content of inhaled dust.
Simple CWP is seen in 12% of all miners.
Patients clinically present as they would with any
other occupational lung disease.
7/24/2022 37
39. On chest x-ray, small round densities are seen in
the parenchyma, usually involving the upper half
of the lungs.
Complicated or progressive massive fibrosis is
diagnosed by the presence of larger densities from
1 cm in diameter to the entire lobe.
Increased levels of IgA, IgG, C3, antinuclear
antibodies (ANA), and rheumatoid factor are also
seen.
7/24/2022 39
43. Bagasse is the residue after sugar is
extracted from cane. It is a fibrous material
used in the manufacture of paper, board sand
building materials
Typically it becomes contaminated with
thermophilic actinomycetes when lying in the
hot and humid conditions where sugarcane is
processed.
Although the disease commonly affects
workers handling the bagasse it may also
occur wherever mouldy material is imported
7/24/2022 43
48. Byssinosis is a lung disease caused by
occupational exposure to dust from cotton,
hemp or flax.
or
Byssinosis is a term applied to a complex of
symptoms associated with the manufacture of
cotton, flax, jute dust and hemp
Other names for byssinosis include Monday fever,
brown lung disease, mill fever or cotton workers'
lung.
Up to one-third of people exposed to cotton dust
for the first time develop an acute airway
reaction.
7/24/2022 48
50. people with asthma and is associated with
increased bronchial reactivity
A sensation of oppression in the chest or
difficulty in breathing on the first day of the
working week. As light rise in temperature
with cough and wheeze. The symptoms
usually occur after about 2–4h of exposure.
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51. Textile workers(1ststage of processing of
cotton)
Smoking
Impaired lung function
History of respiratory allergy
Bronchitis
Asthma
Infections
Exposure >20 years
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52. Byssinosis is common among textile workers,
who often inhale significant amounts of
cotton dust.
Cotton dust may stimulate inflammation that
damages the normal structure of the lung.
It causes the release of histamine, which
constricts the air passages.
As a result, breathing becomes difficult.
Over time the dust accumulates in the lung,
producing a typical discoloration that gives
the disease its name BROWN LUNG DISEASE.
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53. Tightness in the chest
Wheezing
Coughing
Dyspnea
Fever
7/24/2022 53
54. Muscle and joint pain
Shivering
Tiredness
Dry cough
The condition is worse at the beginning of the
week or upon acute exposure after a period
away from the work environment. Hence the
other common name for byssinosis –Monday
fever.
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56. Detailed medical history
Physical examination
Pulmonary function test
Chest X-ray
CT scan
7/24/2022 56
57. Appearance of the Patient
Weight loss is present in the chronic form of
the syndrome.
Vital Signs
Fever and tachypnea are often present.
Auscultation
Diffuse fine bi basilar crackles over lower
lung fields often are present.
Extremities
Clubbing is observed in 50% of patients with
the chronic form of the syndrome. Muscle
wasting is also observed in the chronic form of
the syndrome.
7/24/2022 57
58. Byssinosis is generally not serious.
But if left untreated it can lead to chronic
illnesses such as emphysema and chronic
bronchitis.
When exposure of fiber stops, the illness will
clear up.
In case of long time exposure there is
irreversible damage to lungs.
7/24/2022 58
59. In acute settings patients are encouraged to
consider alternate occupations or at least
reduce the exposure in the work
environment.
Smokers should be encouraged to stop
smoking.
Physical activity and breathing exercises may
help in management.
7/24/2022 59
60. Bronchodilators help to relax and widen
(dilate) the airways.
Bronchodilators include beta-adrenergic
drugs (both those for quick relief of
symptoms and those for long-term control),
anti cholinergics, and methyl xanthines.
Corticosteroids are given only in severe
cases.
Immuno modulators and Antihistamines can
also be used.
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61. Oxygen therapy is given in case of hypoxia -
diminished blood oxygen levels (oxygen
saturation levels of <92%).
Nebulizers used in chronic byssinosis.
7/24/2022 61
62. Steaming of raw cotton to reduce particle
formation.
Quit smoking.
Wear protective gears.
Increase ventilation.
Avoid long term exposure.
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63. History & physical examination
Chest x-ray –snow storm appearance in the lung
fields.
CT Scan
Sputum test –helps to evaluate other lung diseases,
like TB
7/24/2022 63
64. There is no cure for silicosis right now. Treatments
can help to reduce symptoms.
Medications-inhaled steroids reduce lung mucus.-
Bronchodilators help to relax breathing passages.
Oxygen therapy
Lung transplant –if you have advanced lung
damage
7/24/2022 64
65. Limit the time exposed to silica.
Use respirators that protect you from inhaling
silica
Stop smoking.
Avoid secondhand smoke and areas with lot of
dust, air pollution and allergens.
7/24/2022 65
68. SILICOTUBERCULOSIS –Silica is cytotoxic to
alveolar macrophages so patients are at risk of
tuberculosis.
Autoimmune disorder –rheumatoid arthritis,
scleroderma.
Malignancy
7/24/2022 68
69. Mandal G.N, Textbook of medical surgical nursing
(adult nursing) published by Makalu publication
house, 3rd edition, page no. 66-67
Brunner and siddarth, Textbook of Medical-
Surgical Nursing, 13th edition, page no. 573-582,
605
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