\It is a condition of the lung characterized by permanent dilatation of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction of the walls of these airways.
Chronic Bronchitis
It is a disease characterized by daily cough with sputum for at least 3 months of the year for at least 2 consecutive years and airway obstruction which is irreversible.
physiotherapy management for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sunil kumar
role of physiotherapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, principles of physical therapy management in copd, physiotherapy assessing and treatment for copd
Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive intervention based on a thorough patient assessment followed by patient tailored therapies that include, but are not limited to, exercise training, education, and behavior change, designed to improve the physical and psychological condition of people with chronic respiratory disease and to promote the long-term adherence to health-enhancing behaviors”
\It is a condition of the lung characterized by permanent dilatation of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles with destruction of the walls of these airways.
Chronic Bronchitis
It is a disease characterized by daily cough with sputum for at least 3 months of the year for at least 2 consecutive years and airway obstruction which is irreversible.
physiotherapy management for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sunil kumar
role of physiotherapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, principles of physical therapy management in copd, physiotherapy assessing and treatment for copd
Pulmonary rehabilitation is a comprehensive intervention based on a thorough patient assessment followed by patient tailored therapies that include, but are not limited to, exercise training, education, and behavior change, designed to improve the physical and psychological condition of people with chronic respiratory disease and to promote the long-term adherence to health-enhancing behaviors”
Cardiac Rehabilitation has been defined as:
Coordinated, multifaceted interventions designed to optimize a cardiac patient’s physical, psychological, and social functioning so that they may, by their own efforts, resume and maintain as normal a place as possible in the community
CHEST MOBILIZATION EXERCISES, COUNTER-ROTATION TECHNIQUE, BUTTERFLY TECHNIQUE, BREATH CONTROL DURING WALKING. These Mobilization Techniques are useful to improve Chest Wall Mobility and Expansion in Patients with Restricted Chest wall movements and also Postoperative patients
Bronchiectasis
A condition characterized by chronic permanent dilation & destruction of bronchi due to destructive changes in the elastic and muscular layers of bronchial walls.
The common thread in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis consists of difficulty clearing secretions & recurrent infections with a “vicious circle” of infection and inflammation resulting in airway injury and remodelling.
PLEASE REFER TO REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS FOR CLARITY.
Cardiac Rehabilitation has been defined as:
Coordinated, multifaceted interventions designed to optimize a cardiac patient’s physical, psychological, and social functioning so that they may, by their own efforts, resume and maintain as normal a place as possible in the community
CHEST MOBILIZATION EXERCISES, COUNTER-ROTATION TECHNIQUE, BUTTERFLY TECHNIQUE, BREATH CONTROL DURING WALKING. These Mobilization Techniques are useful to improve Chest Wall Mobility and Expansion in Patients with Restricted Chest wall movements and also Postoperative patients
Bronchiectasis
A condition characterized by chronic permanent dilation & destruction of bronchi due to destructive changes in the elastic and muscular layers of bronchial walls.
The common thread in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis consists of difficulty clearing secretions & recurrent infections with a “vicious circle” of infection and inflammation resulting in airway injury and remodelling.
PLEASE REFER TO REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS FOR CLARITY.
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, and viruses.
Pneumonitis is a more general term that describes the inflammatory process in the lung tissue that may predispose and Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a microbial agent.
place the patient at risk for microbial invasion.
Pneumonia is classified into four: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), pneumonia in the immunocompromised host, and aspiration pneumonia.
INTRODUCTION OF GBS,
TYPES OF GBS,
INCUDENCE OF GBS,
ETIOLOGY OF GBS,
PATHOLOGY OF OF GBS,
CLINICAL FEATURES OF GBS,
INVESTIGATION OF GBS,
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF GBS,
PROGNOSIS OF GBS,
TRATMENT OF GBS,
PHYSIOTHERAPY MANAGEMENT IN CASE OF OF GBS,
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation that is slowly progressive. It is also known as Chronic obstructive lung disease. “(COLD)”
It refers to Chronic Bronchitis and emphysema, a pair of two commonly coexisting disease of the lungs in which the airways become narrowed.
Reading material on COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE) for Nursing students and teachers. It tells pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, medical and nursing management of COPD.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS
SUBMITTED TO : DR. JAMAL ALI MOIZ
SUBMITTED BY : SUALEHA KHANAM
ROLL NO. : 17BPT037
BPT 4th YR
SUBJECT : PT IN CARDIOPULMONARY CONDITION
(BPT402)
DATE OF PRESENTATION : 04/01/2021
JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
CENTRE FOR PHYSIOTHERAPY AND REHABILITATION SCIENCES
2. INTRODUCTION:
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that
involves the lungs. It may also spread to other organs causing
extrapulmonary TB.
It is chracterized by :
• Coughing lasting >3 weeks are not respond to usual antibiotic
• Production of purulent , sometimes blood stained sputum
• Evening rise of temperature
• Night sweats
• Weight loss
3. EPIDEMIOLOGY :
ETIOLOGY : caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Droplets Nuclie ( Coughing , sneezing , laughing )
Exposure to TB
MODE OF TRANSMISSION : Inhalation ,ingestion ,inoculation and
transplacental route .
INCIDECE AND PREVALENCE : Most common chronic disease
worldwide .Affected 1/3 population.
More common in poor countries of Asia and Africa.
4. PHASES:
• PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS ( Dormant or Latent) – Although a
person’s body can be infected with mycobacterium
tuberculosis, they may not be showing clinical signs and
symptoms.
• SECONDARY TUBERCULOSIS (Active ) – This will develop
after the immune system of a person is lowered.secondary
tuberculosis differs in clinical presentation from the primary
progressive disease. In secondary disease, the tissue reaction
and hypersensitivity is more severe, and patients usually form
cavities in the upper portion of the lungs.
5. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Due to etiological factors
• Bacteria goes to alveoli deposits and multiply
• Stimulate body immune response
• Macrophages destroy many bacteria and normal tissues
• Dead bacilli and live masses surrounded by macrophages (
Ghons tubercle )
• Necrotic degeneration occur ( production of cavity filled with
cheese like mass of tubercle bacilli ,dead WBCs and dead
tissues ). It leads to,
• Pulmonary tuberculosis
6.
7. SIGN AND SYMPTOMS
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Malaise
• Anorexia
• Rales could be heard in the lobes of involvement in the lungs
• Bronchial Breath Sounds
• Dull chest pain, tightness, or discomfort
• Dyspnea
• Haemoptysis (late-stage symptom)
8.
9. RISK FACTORS
• HIV - AIDS : due to compromised immunosuppressive
system
• Rheumatoid Arthritis - due to immunosuppressive
treatments
• Diabetes Mellitus
• End-stage Renal Disease
• Alcoholism
• Malnutrition
PREVENTION :
• Early diagnosis and treatment
• Use protective respiratory devices
• BCG vaccination
10. ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSTIC FINDINGS
• HISTORY COLLECTION
• PHYSICAL EXAMINATION : Abnormal breath sounds specially
over the upper lobes .Rales or bronchial breath signs
indicating lung consolidation
• Clubbing of the finger or toes
• Swollen or tender lymph nodes in neck or other areas.
• Montoux tuberculin skin test with purified derivatives proteins
• X- ray : Cavity formation , Non calcified nodules infiltrates
• Sputum smear ( Acid fast bacillus )
11. A person with advanced
tuberculosis: Infection in both lungs
is marked by white arrow-heads, and
the formation of a cavity is marked
by black arrows.
Ghons tubercle
12. TREATMENT
PHARMACOLOGICAL:
• Always treat with multiple drugs
• Treatment course depend on the categories of the patient.
Usually 6 months to 9 months
• Four drugs ( Isoniazid ,rifampicin ,ethambutol and
pyrszinamid ) for 2 months .And two drugs ( Isoniazid and
rifampicin ) for 4 to 7 months .
• DOTS ( direct observed treatment shourtcourse ) is given
.PHYSICAL MEASURES: Isolate patients with possible TB
in a private room with negative pressure.Continue isolation
until sputum smears are negative for 3 consecutive
determinations (usually after approximately 2-4 weeks of
treatment)
13. PULMONARY REHABILITATION
PR is a multidisciplinary programme, addressed to patients
with respiratory impairment this therapy is individualized and
involves physical training, psychological counselling, nutritional
support, along with compliance with TB drug treatment.
Nutrition support:
Proper nutrition is an important element in all stages of TB
infection
Nutritional supplementation may have a positive role in these
patients recovery. Adding high calorie supplements for patients
with TB in first phase of treatment has to be shown to have
benefits on lean mass, body weight and physical function after 6
weeks
14. Psychological support : relaxation techniques , stress
management .
Therapeutic education :Quitting smoking , avoiding
environment with toxins ,irritants or allergens that may worsen
the symptoms.
PR programs improves symptoms , exercise capacity and social
integration .it involves,
• Breathing exercises
• Upper and lower limb strengthening exercises and
conditioning exercise
• Relaxation exercise
• Respiratory muscle strengthening exercises
• Level walking
15. PR IN ACTIVE PHASE OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS :
Exercise training :
• Initially typically bed rest and avoidance of exercise is
recommended in patient with severe hemoptysis
• After few days , starting with passive exercise (arm , shoulder,elbow
,knee )active - assisted and active exercise
• Exercise at slow pacewill be preferred first follwed by increasing the
degree of precision and postural control .
• The exercise must target the both upper limb and lower limb and
walk test may be used
• In order to mobilize the diaphragm expansion and recovering the lung
reserve volumes, abdominal – diaphragmatic breathing, thoracic
mobilization against a resistance can be used. After 1 month, the rib
expansion exercise can be start .
16. PR IN POST TUBERCULOSIS SEQUELAE
Airway clearance techniques:
• Postural drainage : it must be done before a meal, once or several
times a but not more than 20–30 min, during which time several
positions will be used, 5–10 min each. At the end of each position
period, the drained region will be tap for 1 min.
• Another techniques used to diminish the sputum load are as follow
as : autogenic drainage ,forced expiration, vibration with special
devices and manual procedures such as clapping and
percussions.
17. COUGH EDUCATION :Cough education is important for patient with
TB and consist of : body positioning during coughing, control of
breathing in coughing (slowly nose inspiration, short apnoea and
strong air expiration in 2–3 sessions). The goal is to achieve
mobilization and secretions removal from the bronchial tree.
Exercise Training : PR programme, including physical aerobic
training,therapeutic education and activities of daily living. The
sessions took place three times per week for 8 weeks
exercisetraining was aerobic, performed on a treadmill for lower
limb, with training intensity starting from 60% and reaching 90% of
the maximum oxygen consumption.it leads to improvement in
exercise tolerance ,QOL,deminution of chest pain and hemoptysis.
18. PR IN MDR (Multiple drug resistant) TUBERCULOSIS
The PR programme in their case should be started as soon as
their condition becomes stable and include exercise training
(aerobic and endurance), nutrition support and psychological
counselling. A very important part is represented by the education
that aims to improve the long-term adherence to treatment and
the participation in daily life activities and social reintegration. The
palliative care should also be included in very severe patient with
MDR-TB.
19. SUMMARY
• Pulmonary TB is a bacterial infection of the lungs that can
cause a range of symptoms, including chest pain,
breathlessness, and severe coughing. Pulmonary TB can
be life-threatening if a person does not receive treatment.
• Most individuals who become infected with TB bacteria do
not feel sick or experience any symptoms. Latent TB is not
contagious but it can eventually develop into active TB.
• People with active TB usually begin to feel better after a
few weeks of treatment.
• Pulmonary rehabilitation useful tool in patient with active
phase and post TB sequeal.
20. REFRENCES:
• Maguire GP, Anstey NM, Ardian M, Waramori G, Tjitra et al.
Pulmonary tuberculosis, International Journal of Tuberculosis
and Lung Disease.
• Jones R, Kirenga BJ, Katagira W, Singh SJ, Pooler J,
Okwera A, et al. A pre-post intervention study of pulmonary
rehabilitation for adults with post-tuberculosis lung disease in
Uganda.
• WHO health organisation report on the global tuberculosis
epidemic Genera WHO :2008.