Correction of Ametropia is very basic topic in Optometry background. Hope the SlideShare may help you. This PPT will help Bachelor students (B.optoms).
This presentation discusses about Dry eye due to Computer Vision Syndrome. It defines one of the cause of Dry Eye which occurs due to long hours working in front of Computer screen, Laptops, Mobiles etc
Topic:- Astigmatic error
This presentation only explained about Definition, types, classification of astigmatism, It did not explained about correction.
Ophthalmic presentation for workers and labors to protect their eyes and prevent the eye injuries in workplace. Ophthalmologist,ER physicians and residents should know the types and background of ocular trauma during work.
Correction of Ametropia is very basic topic in Optometry background. Hope the SlideShare may help you. This PPT will help Bachelor students (B.optoms).
This presentation discusses about Dry eye due to Computer Vision Syndrome. It defines one of the cause of Dry Eye which occurs due to long hours working in front of Computer screen, Laptops, Mobiles etc
Topic:- Astigmatic error
This presentation only explained about Definition, types, classification of astigmatism, It did not explained about correction.
Ophthalmic presentation for workers and labors to protect their eyes and prevent the eye injuries in workplace. Ophthalmologist,ER physicians and residents should know the types and background of ocular trauma during work.
Those who administer ionizing radiation must become familiar with the magnitude of exposure encountered in medicine, dentistry and every day life; the possible risks associated with such exposure; and the methods used to affect exposure.
Practitioners should remain informed about safety updates to further improve diagnostic quality of radiographs and decrease radiation exposure.
eye emergency occurs any time we have foreign objects or chemical in our eyes. this slide contain definition, classification, types of injury, identification, management, medical management, nursing management. care of eye in the condition.
It has been concluded that the management of radiation accidents is a very challenging process and that nuclear medicine physicians have to be well organized in.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This is a PowerPoint made to explain various hazards in an operation theater and with its preventive measures.This will hepl the nursing students to go through the important points rather than going into deep studies.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Surgical Site Infections, pathophysiology, and prevention.pptx
Occupational eye injuries and management
1. Occupational eye health in
health care workers
Department of Ophthalmology
Christian Medical College
Vellore
2. Objectives
• Potential occupational
eye injuries
• Potentially hazardous
areas
• Hazard identification
• Surveillance system
• Personal protective
equipment for eye
• Engineering checks
• Awareness capsules
• Eye safety policy
3. Why look at eye hazards
• Absenteeism
• Cataract
• Potentially blinding:
– Retinal burns
– Perforating eye injuries
– Severe chemical injuries
• ? Life threatening:
– Blood borne viral
transmission through
splashes
4. Questionnaire
• Work related eye injuries in your department
• What eye hazards
• How can it be reduced
• Do health care workers wear PPE for the eye
at your place
• Do you have an eye safety policy
5. Epidemiology
• Eye injuries: 3- 4% of all
occupational injuries*
*Xiang H, Stallones L, Chen G, Smith GA. Work-related eye
injuries treated in hospital emergency departments in the
US. Am J Ind Med. 2005 Jul; 48(1):57-62
8. DENTAL
PROCEDURES
• Hazards: Aerosol splash (saliva
and blood), flying debris
• Eye injuries: Ten % of
occupational injuries to dental
personnel 9 year period in a
dental hospital.
• Eye protection compliance
57% when using laboratory
cutting equipment.
British Dental Journal 2007; 203: E7; 1- 5
10. Engineering / Maintenance/ Non
clinical support services
• Engineering controls
– E.g. machine guards
– Welding curtains for arc
flash protection
• Administrative controls
– E.g. areas “off limits” for
those uninvolved
• Proper protective eyewear
– Painting, breaking down
11. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
10-14
10-12
10-10
10-8
10-6
10-4
10-2
1 102
104
106
108
Wavelength in Meters
1010
108
106
104
102
1 10-2
10-4
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-12
10-14
Broadcast
Short wave
TV
FM
Radar
Infrared
Near Far
Visible
Ultraviolet
X Rays
Gamma Rays
Cosmic Rays Power
Transmission
Ionizing Radiation Nonionizing Radiation
Energy - Electron VoltsHigh Low
LASER
RADIATION
12. Departments: Radiation Exposure
Department
Radio diagnosis
Radiotherapy
Nuclear Medicine
Cardiology
Operating Theaters
Gastroenterology
Orthopaedics
Haematology ((BMT)
Dental
Stem Cell
Transfusion Medicine
13. Dose Response Tissue
Examples of tissue Sensitivity
Very High White blood cells (bone marrow)
Intestinal epithelium
Reproductive cells
High Optic lens epithelium
Esophageal epithelium
Mucous membranes
Medium Brain – Glial cells
Lung, kidney, liver, thyroid,
pancreatic epithelium
Low Mature red blood cells
Muscle cells
Mature bone and cartilage
14. Radiation induced
cataract
• Cataract – deterministic effect
with threshold; may be even
linear – no threshold
• An annual limit of 15 rem
(0.15 Sv) to the lens of the
eye
• Latency α 1 / Dose
18. Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation (LASER)
• Non Beam Hazards
– Electrical
– Explosion
– Compressed Gases
– Dyes and Solvents
– Fire
• Beam Hazards
19. American National Standards Institute
(ANSI)
• Maximal Permissible Exposure
– The maximum permissible exposure (MPE) is the
highest power or energy density (in W/cm2 or J/cm2)
of a light source that is considered safe
• Nominal Ocular Hazard distance
– distance from the source at which the intensity or the
energy per surface unit becomes lower than the MPE
• Nominal hazard Zone
– space within which the level of direct, scattered or
reflected laser light emitted during laser operation
exceeds the MPE
https://www.lia.org/PDF/Z136_1_s.pdf
20. Commonly used lasers
TYPE Radiation type /
wavelength in nm
Examples of application
Carbon dioxide (gas) Infra red (10600) Surgery
Argon (gas) Visible, blue (488),
green (514)
Ophthalmology, Plastic Surgery
Krypton 532 (gas) Visible green (532) Surgery
Nd YAG (continuous wave, solid
state)
Infrared (1064) General Surgery
Nd YAG (Q switched, solid state) Visible (632) Ophthalmology
Helium Neon (gas) Visible red (632) Alignment for aiming invisible
beams
Ruby (solid) Visible red (694) Plastic Surgery, Dermatology
Rhodamine (dye) Visible red (630) Treatment of Malignancies
hwww.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/lasers.html
21. Laser - Biological effects in the eye
Spectral domain Wave length Eye (biological effects)
Ultraviolet B & C 200 – 315 nm Photokeratitis
Ultraviolet A 315 – 400 nm Photochemical cataract
Visible 400 -780 nm Photochemical and
thermal retinal injury
Infrared A 780 – 1400 nm Cataract and retinal burn
Infrared B 1.4 to 3.0 microns Corneal burn, aqueous
flare, cataract
Infrared C 3 to 1000 microns Corneal burn only
23. Factors
• Types of beam:
– Direct :NEVER UNDER ANY
CIRCUMSTANCES LOOK INTO
ANY LASER BEAM
– Specular reflection
– Diffuse
• Class IV can initiate fire!
• Duration
– Less than 0.25 s safe BLINK
• Class 1, 2 A and 2 (direct)
• intrabeam or specular
reflection viewing of Class
3a, 3b, or 4 or diffuse
Class 4 happens before
• Class
– 1 : No danger
• E.g CD ROM players
– 2 : Direct viewing
dangerous
• E.g Scanner at sales
points
– 3: Direct and Specular
• E.g Medical
– 4. Serious hazard
• Research
24.
25. Laser pointers
• Visible light
• Output power:
– 1 to 5 mW directly at eye,
– retinal irradiance similar
to that caused by staring directly at the sun
• blink reflex and aversion response.
• near 550 nm with less than 1 mW : safe
27. Thermal Hazards
• Central Sterilization
Supplies department
• Injury
– Cell death - limited to
the superficial
epithelium;
– thermal necrosis and
penetration can
occur.
29. Chemical Hazards
• Vulnerable
– House keeping Staff
– Laboratory Personnel
– Preclinical teaching
departments
– Service laboratories
– Personnel in the
Operating room
• Responsible for 7% of
work-related eye
injuries treated at US
hospital emergency
departments.
• 60% of chemical injuries
occur in workplace
accidents
30. Chemical Injuries
• Potentially blinding in 1
in five
• Approx 15 % of severe
injuries get functional
vision
• Acids / alkalis, latter
being worse
32. Transferring formalin from
40% container to another
container
Diluting the 40% formalin to
make a solution of 10%
concentration
33. Lifting body out of formalin tank and
transferring to a trolley and back
34. Management
• First Aid : Irrigate eye with sterile
Balanced salt solution, ringer
lactate or even tap water for 15 -
20 min ASAP
• Consult Ophthalmologist
– Agent / pH
– Slit lamp examination
– Medical : Steroid / cycloplegic /
anitbiotic / Vitamin C
– Surgical if extensive limbal stem cell
loss
36. Infection
• Microbes :
– Conjunctivitis (e.g.,
adenovirus, herpes
simplex, Staphylococcus
aureus)
– Systemic infections,
including bloodborne
viruses (e.g. hepatitis B
and C viruses, human
immunodeficiency
virus), herpes viruses,
and rhinoviruses.
• Mode of introduction
to eye
– Fomites
– directly (e.g., blood
splashes, respiratory
droplets generated
during coughing or
suctioning)
– touching the eyes with
contaminated fingers or
other objects : E.g
microbiology labs)
37. Conjunctivitis
• Adenovirus (3, 7, 8, 19 serotypes) -
nosocomial epidemic outbreaks
• Spread:
– Fomites / ophthalmic instruments
– Contaminated hand to surfaces
• Areas high risk
– Eye / staff clinics
– Neonatal ICU
– Long term facilities
41. Preventive aspects-
Conjunctivitis
• Epidemic potential,
absenteeism, economic loss
• Delayed treatment in
ophthalmology for primary
disorders, secondary
infections
• Infective as long as
symptomatic (with
discharge) up to two weeks
Identify
Educate
Treat
Isolate
Dispose
Reassure
CONTROL
EPIDEMIC
42. Body Fluid splashes - EYE
• Low risk of transmission
• Prophylaxis
recommended
AREAS LIKELY
• Blood collection Areas
• Dialysis suites
• Operating room
personnel
45. Eye protection devices
• Goggles
• Face protection Shields
• Safety glasses
(polycarbonate)
• Full face respirators
• Prescription users :
additional eyewear
• Z87 DEVICES
46. DO NOT
• rub when you suspect debris
• irrigate when suspecting perforation or
foreign body
• use ordinary prescription glasses, reading
glasses, sunglasses, and contact lenses
instead of protective eyewear.
• work without appropriate spectacle
correction: leads to injuries at workplace
47. Eye safety policy
• When must you wear PPE for eye
• What enforcement processes are in place
• How do you get help when there has been
health care related eye injury
• How do you report
• How do you rectify lapse if any
48. Occupational Eye Injury
Sustained
eye injury
First Aid
Inform OSH
team / SSHS
Eye consult
Manage
Preventive
measure assess
/ set up
Awareness
Compliance
49. Monitoring
• Reporting system for eye
– Acute eg : splashes / missiles report to emergency
– Chronic eg radiation induced damage will need
systems to be placed
• Preferably all acute eye injuries on the same
line as needle stick
• Customize staff health checks on the basis of
hazard risk in addition to general check up
50. Future plans
• Detailed eye hazard assessment
• Awareness capsules eg before the
conjunctivitis season
• Mandatory staff training modules / CME
• Surveillance systems
• Baseline evaluation of departments with
radiation for cataract
51. Eye safety checklist for health care
• Create a safe work environment
– Indications
– Safety features of instruments in place and
functional
– Workers educated on safe use
– Bystanders kept out e.g Laser sessions
• Identify
– Primary Hazards
– Hazards posed by work happening on premises !!!
52. Eye safety checklist for health care
• Prevent injury/ Good work practices
– If PPE, Ensure good condition / fit / and availablility
– If procedure ensure availability of preventive
preparation eg Sterilium
• Prepare for eye injuries esp chemical splashes
– Have sterile /appropriate solution for irrigation and
equipment ready if necessary