This document discusses various hazards present in operating theatres. It defines hazards as dangers or risks and classifies operating theatre hazards into physical/accidental, chemical, biological, fire, and other hazards. For each category, specific hazards are identified and precautions are recommended. The document emphasizes the importance of recognizing potential hazards through awareness, constant vigilance, and following standard operating procedures to ensure a safe operating theatre environment for patients and staff.
• Medical gas supply system in hospitals and
other healthcare facilities are utilized to supply
specialized gases and gas mixtures to various
parts of the facility .
Supply of Medical Gases:
• From:
• Cylinders (Manifold)
• PIPED gas system
• Medical gases commonly
used:
• Oxygen
• Nitrous oxide
• Air
• Nitrogen
• Carbon Dioxide
• Medical gas supply system in hospitals and
other healthcare facilities are utilized to supply
specialized gases and gas mixtures to various
parts of the facility .
Supply of Medical Gases:
• From:
• Cylinders (Manifold)
• PIPED gas system
• Medical gases commonly
used:
• Oxygen
• Nitrous oxide
• Air
• Nitrogen
• Carbon Dioxide
Diathermy
• Diathermy uses an electric current to cause localized heating,
permitting cutting of tissue and coagulation of blood.
• It may be unipolar or bipolar, the former having several settings
depending on which function is required.
Unipolar diathermy
Bipolar diathermy
• Advantages
• Allows surgery to proceed with better hemostatic control than using sharp
instruments.
• Different modes can be used to achieve different effects on different
tissues.
• Disadvantages
• High currents used in diathermy equipment cause induction in cables
used for other purposes. This results in interference in the ECG and other
monitors when diathermy is in use.
Safety
An oropharyngeal airway (also known as an oral airway, OPA or Guedel pattern airway) is a medical device called an airway adjunct used in airway management.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This is a PowerPoint made to explain various hazards in an operation theater and with its preventive measures.This will hepl the nursing students to go through the important points rather than going into deep studies.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre Part 2-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This contains a detailed information about what causes accidents in an operation theater,its preventive measures and what else to be done to prevent such hazards taking place in an OT
Diathermy
• Diathermy uses an electric current to cause localized heating,
permitting cutting of tissue and coagulation of blood.
• It may be unipolar or bipolar, the former having several settings
depending on which function is required.
Unipolar diathermy
Bipolar diathermy
• Advantages
• Allows surgery to proceed with better hemostatic control than using sharp
instruments.
• Different modes can be used to achieve different effects on different
tissues.
• Disadvantages
• High currents used in diathermy equipment cause induction in cables
used for other purposes. This results in interference in the ECG and other
monitors when diathermy is in use.
Safety
An oropharyngeal airway (also known as an oral airway, OPA or Guedel pattern airway) is a medical device called an airway adjunct used in airway management.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This is a PowerPoint made to explain various hazards in an operation theater and with its preventive measures.This will hepl the nursing students to go through the important points rather than going into deep studies.
Prevention of Accidents in An Operation Theatre Part 2-NURSINGMariaKuriakose5
This contains a detailed information about what causes accidents in an operation theater,its preventive measures and what else to be done to prevent such hazards taking place in an OT
It has been concluded that the management of radiation accidents is a very challenging process and that nuclear medicine physicians have to be well organized in.
Workplace hazards are the sources of potential harm or damage to someone or something in any work environment. It can be material or any activity that has the likelihood to cause injuries under specific conditions. It should be eliminated as soon as they are identified to prevent workplace incidents or fatalities.What are the 5 basic workplace hazards?
5 Major Hazards in the Workplace - myComply Safety Tips ...
What are the 5 major hazards in the workplace?
Falls and Falling Objects.
Chemical Exposure.
Fire Hazards.
Electrical Hazards.
Repetitive Motion Injury.
Typically, OSHA cites the same workplace injuries or hazards over and over. We hear that falls are dangerous, to be cautious when handling chemicals, or to be aware of fire hazards. But, when it comes down to it, do companies have a strategy in place to ensure they are protecting their workers and ensuring their liability is defended?
What are the 5 major hazards in the workplace?
Falls and Falling Objects
Chemical Exposure
Fire Hazards
Electrical Hazards
Repetitive Motion Injury
Where OSHA cites the most accidents is in the construction industry, which is not really a surprise due to the dangerous work performed on job sites. However, no matter the industry there are workplace hazards – including sitting at a desk in a cozy office job.
At the heart of avoiding accidents or identifying hazards is ensuring your workplace or job site has individuals performing tasks who are properly trained. Training is the key to prevention! You’ll see this trend in our “Prevention Tip(s)!” below.
Workplace Hazard #1: Falls and Falling Objects
Approximately 19,565 people die in the U.S. annually due to injuries caused by unintentional falls
Slips, trip and fall injuries cost employers approximately $40,000 per incident;
About 9.2 million people were treated in emergency rooms for fall-related injuries in 2016.
65% of fall-related injuries occur as a result of falls from same-level walking surfaces;
In 2017, there were 366 fatal falls to a lower level out of 971 construction fatalities
CFR 1926.501 Fall Protection is the single most cited workplace violation by the OSHA
85% of worker’s compensation claims are attributed to employees slipping on slick floors (Industrial Safety & Occupational Health Markets 5th edition)
Prevention Tip!
Since 2012, OSHA has recognized training as the best way to minimize fall injuries: Use myComply to book training and keep track of who has been trained!
Workplace Hazard #2: Chemical Exposure
Breathing of contaminated air is the most common way that workplace chemicals enter the body.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate more than 32 million workers in the United States are potentially exposed to chemicals that can be absorbed through the skin.
Roughly 860,000 illnesses resulting from chemical exposure occur in the workplace every year.
Employers must develop, im
Infection control prevents or stops the spread of infections in healthcare settings
sterilization is a process which kills all forms of microbial life including transmissible agents such as virus, bacteria, fungi and spore forms
disinfection is define as a destruction or inhibition of most pathogenic agent on the surface of inanimate object by chemical or physical means.
Methods of Handwashing are
A.Short Scrub
B. Short Standard Handwash
C. Surgical Hand Scrub
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
4. “Risk management is a more realistic term
than safety. It implies that hazards are ever-
present, that they must be identified,
analyzed, evaluated and controlled or
rationally accepted.”
– Jerome F. Lederer
6. Introduction
• Operation theater is a specialized world where
ignorance or inadequate safety measures may cause
many hazards that can affect the patient and the
operating team as well.
• Recognition of these potential hazards through
awareness and constant vigilance can control the OT
environment and make it a safe place.
7. DEFINITION
• Hazard: “Danger or Risk”
• A situation that poses a level of threat to life, health,
property or environment.
• Anesthesia and surgery are conducted in
technologically intense environment which is
potentially hazardous.
8. CLASSIFICATION
A. Physical and accidental hazards
B. Chemical hazards
C. Biological hazards
D. Fire hazards
E. Other hazards.
9. CLASSIFICATION
A. Physical and accidental hazards
B. Chemical hazards
C. Biological hazards
D. Fire hazards
E. Other hazards.
10. Physical and accidental hazards
• Architectural
– Room design
– Lighting arrangements
– Air flow
• Electrical Hazard
• Radiation
– Ionising
– Nonionising
• Acoustic
• Accidents
- Patient related
- Staff related
11. Physical and accidental hazards
• Nonporous floor, wall, and ceiling.
• Easy movement of the team
personnel.
• Sufficient space for necessary
equipments.
• Tele communication
• Temperature and humidity
regulated
• Architectural
– Room design
– Lighting
arrangements
– Air flow
• Electrical Hazard
• Radiation
– Ionising
– Nonionising
• Acoustic
• Accidents
– Patient related
– Staff related
12. Physical and accidental hazards
• Architectural
– Room design
– Lighting
arrangements
– Air flow
• Electrical Hazard
• Radiation
– Ionising
– Nonionising
• Acoustic
• Accidents
– Patient related
– Staff related
• Use of head lamps with fiber-optic
lighting for confined space surgery
makes room in the operation table area.
• Adjustable movable ceiling OT lights,
free of glare, nonreflective, at
appropriate height for adequate
illumination.
• Caution : Falls, burns, short circuits,
injury
13. Physical and accidental hazards
• Architectural
– Room design
– Lighting
arrangements
– Air flow
• Electrical Hazard
• Radiation
– Ionising
– Nonionising
• Acoustic
• Accidents
– Patient related
– Staff related
• Unidirectional laminar airflow into
the OT is ideal that, at the entry
point, gets filtered by high-efficiency
particulate air filter.
• Hygiene of OT should be maintained
by an efficient gas scavenger system.
• Caution : Infection, pollution,
allergens
14. Physical and accidental hazards
• Architectural
– Room design
– Lighting
arrangements
– Air flow
• Electrical Hazard
• Radiation
– Ionising
– Nonionising
• Acoustic
• Accidents
– Patient related
– Staff related
• Two types
• Macro shock – due to faulty
connections
• Micro shock – skin burns due it
improper insulation requied for use
of electrocautery
15. Physical and accidental hazards
• Architectural
– Room design
– Lighting
arrangements
– Air flow
• Electrical Hazard
• Radiation
– Ionising
– Nonionising
• Acoustic
• Accidents
– Patient related
– Staff related
• Lead aprons
• 0.25 mm thickness reduces radiation by
90%
• 0.5 mm thickness by 99%
• As the intensity of scattered radiation is
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance minimum of 3 feet distance from the
X-ray source is recommended.
16. Physical and accidental hazards
• Architectural
– Room design
– Lighting
arrangements
– Air flow
• Electrical Hazard
• Radiation
– Ionising
– Nonionising
• Acoustic
• Accidents
– Patient related
– Staff related
• 16% of the disabling hearing loss in adults is
attributed to occupational noise.
• Orthopedic procedures
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) recommends protective devices where
exposure of continuous sound intensity is > 80dB for
>8h.
• Precautions : Ear plugs, Ear canal caps, Least verbal
communications, Soft Music
17. Physical and accidental hazards
• Architectural
– Room design
– Lighting
arrangements
– Air flow
• Electrical Hazard
• Radiation
– Ionising
– Nonionising
• Acoustic
• Accidents
– Patient related
– Staff related
• Related to Patient
• Faulty operative procedures
• Fall from OT table
• Improper positioning
• Wrong patient having identical names.
• Precaution : Safety check list, Proper padding
during positioning, care during shifting,
Adequate size of OT table & Trolley for obese
patients
18. Physical and accidental hazards
• Architectural
– Room design
– Lighting
arrangements
– Air flow
• Electrical Hazard
• Radiation
– Ionising
– Nonionising
• Acoustic
• Accidents
– Patient related
– Staff related
• Related to Team
• Slip and fall on wet floor
• Cuts from blades
• Needle pricks
• Prolonged standing
• Precaution : Caution sign for wet floor,
antiskid shoes/slippers, proper waste
disposal, Use of personal protective
equipments.
19. CLASSIFICATION
A. Physical and accidental hazards
B. Chemical hazards
C. Biological hazards
D. Fire hazards
E. Other hazards.
20. Chemical hazards
• Hazardous materials are the substances that
on contact cause harm to a person or the
environment.
• Chemical hazards form the broadest category
among the potential hazards in the OT.
21. Chemical hazards
• Solid : found in some chemical disinfectants/
containers.
• Liquid : used as medication, for tissue preservation,
as agents in sterilization process.
• Gas/vapor: usage is associated with anesthesia,
sterilization, and disinfection process of both the
surgical equipment and the OT.
22. Chemical hazards
• For the Patient
– Faulty connection or labeling of anesthetic gas cylinders
– Wrongly calculated dose of drugs
• For the Team
– Allergic reaction to powdered gloves, hand washing agents,
cement or acrylic monomer used in joint replacement surgery.
Precaution : Repeated pre-use verification of all anesthetic
equipments and drugs, avoid agents that cause itching on
contamination.
23. CLASSIFICATION
A. Physical and accidental hazards
B. Chemical hazards
C. Biological hazards
D. Fire hazards
E. Other hazards.
24. Biological hazards
• For the Patient
– Nosocomial infections from a carrier in the OT
team or seedling of microflora from the OT
environment can cause postoperative surgical site
infection.
– Patient may acquire infection of HIV, HbsAg, HCV,
and even Legionella pneumophila present on air-
conditioner duct from OT itself.
25. Biological hazards
• For the Team
– Blood-borne diseases from infected patient through
accidental needle prick.
– New strains of various microbe from infected patients
that may be multidrug resistant.
– Increased incidence of miscarriage among lady health
care workers has been reported.
26. Biological hazards
Precaution
• Follow Universal Safety precautions
• Linen and contaminated theater clothes must be changed at the
end of case and sent for proper disposal or decontamination.
• The endoscope and accessories are to be sent to a central
reprocessing unit following use.
• Periodic surveillance and OT fumigation and sterilization with
recommended agents at regular intervals and swab culture
confirmation for no contaminant help in early detection of any
organism.
27. CLASSIFICATION
A. Physical and accidental hazards
B. Chemical hazards
C. Biological hazards
D.Fire hazards
E. Other hazards.
28. Fire hazards
• Operating room fire is defined as fire that
occurs on or near patients who are under
anesthesia care.
• It includes
– surgical fire
– airway fire
– fire within the airway circuit.
29. Fire hazards
• Adverse outcomes are
– Major or minor burns
– Inhalation injuries
– Infection
– Disfigurement or disability
– Death.
• Related adverse outcomes may include psychological
trauma, prolonged hospitalization, delay or
cancellation of surgery, additional hospital resource
utilization, liability and legal issues.
30. CLASSIFICATION
A. Physical and accidental hazards
B. Chemical hazards
C. Biological hazards
D. Fire hazards
E. Other hazards.
31. OTHER HAZARDS
Organizational
– Heavy operational theater workload
– long working hours
– Multiple night shifts
– sleep deprivation
– fatigue from handling the patients
– stress on managing the very sick patients
32. OTHER HAZARDS
• These occupational hazards that can have
adverse effect on
– Skill
– Reaction time
– Vigilance
– Interpersonal relationship among the OT
personnel.
33. OTHER HAZARDS
Psychological
– Exposure to severely traumatized patients
– Irreversible cardiac arrest of a patient
• Both may lead to postoperative stress
syndrome to the caregivers of the OT.
34. OTHER HAZARDS
Atmospheric
• Debris or the fumes and small particles produced using
carbon dioxide laser ray have shown pulmonary lesions in
experimental animals.
• HIV provirals have been demonstrated in the HIV-positive
laser smoke.
• Release of waste anesthetic gases inside OT can cause
decreased mental alertness and motor skill, tiredness and
slowing of reflexes of the OT personnel.
35. OTHER HAZARDS
Atmospheric
• Teratogenicity in OT team member and
malignancy of reticuloendothelial system, liver
and kidney disorder have been reported.
• Inflammable anesthetic gases such as diethyl
ether, ethylene, and fluroxane are no longer
used.
36. OTHER HAZARDS
• Precautions
– Proper Scavenging, use of Air purifiers, adequate
ventilation and air flows
– NIOSH has recommended the upper limit of nitrous
oxide as 25 ppm
– For halogenated anesthetics as 2 ppm in the OT
atmosphere.
37. Conclusion
• SOPs and Checklists for OT etiquette is to be
prepared and followed precisely to minimize
the risk of random inappropriate practice.
• Educating the staff about potential hazards,
regular checks and audits, incidence reporting.
• Well-designed evacuation plans in case of fire
38. Conclusion
• Proper biomedical waste management at
source
• Staff education will prepare the healthcare
personnel to reduce the probability of
unwanted incidents and permit safe, efficient,
effective, and high standards of care to all
patients at all times thus controlling hazards in
OT.