radiation regulatory bodies. ( international + indian )akshayonslideshar
Radiation is harmful . right ? but who is looking after that it is being used in correct manner in hospitals .I have tried to write about some international and indian regulatory bodies.
radiation regulatory bodies. ( international + indian )akshayonslideshar
Radiation is harmful . right ? but who is looking after that it is being used in correct manner in hospitals .I have tried to write about some international and indian regulatory bodies.
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, MDIRT Nchanj...Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
Radiation Protection; an overview of ionising radiations. Radiation measuring instruments. Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, credit to IAEA
Radiation safety precautions (General Principles, Power Plant Safety, Radionu...Sabir Rasheed
Radiation safety precaution. General Principles of Radiation Safety.
Aspects of shielding in diagnostic radiology.
Nuclear Power Plant Safety.
Specific Handling Precautions For Various Radionuclides.
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, MDIRT Nchanj...Nchanji Nkeh Keneth
Radiation Protection; an overview of ionising radiations. Radiation measuring instruments. Radiation Protection in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, credit to IAEA
Radiation safety precautions (General Principles, Power Plant Safety, Radionu...Sabir Rasheed
Radiation safety precaution. General Principles of Radiation Safety.
Aspects of shielding in diagnostic radiology.
Nuclear Power Plant Safety.
Specific Handling Precautions For Various Radionuclides.
Dentists and dental health care workers may face potential occupational hazards due to exposure risks inherent in the profession . Dental practitioners are at the risk of exposure to blood-borne pathogens like HIV , HBV, HCV. STRESS can never be totally eliminated from dental practise , however it can be managed .
It has been concluded that the management of radiation accidents is a very challenging process and that nuclear medicine physicians have to be well organized in.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
PET - Radiation Safety Practices in a Radionuclide Produciton facility v2
1. Radiation Safety Practices in a
Radionuclide Production
Facility
Abdalla N. Al-Haj, PhD, FIPEM, CRadP, CSci, MSRP
Chief Health Physicist
King Faisal Specialist Hospital
& Research Centre
4. What can radiation do?
Deterministic effects
death, skin burns, cataract,
infertility
Stochastic effects
cancer, genetic effects
5. Ionizing radiation causes both
Deterministic Effects
effects are manifested after
a threshold dose is exceeded
severity increases with dose
Stochastic Effects
probability of effect is proportional
to increments of dose
no threshold
6. Deterministic effects
Tissue Effect Threshold dose
(Gy)
Ovaries sterility 2.5-6.0
Testicles temporary sterility 0.15
permanent ” 3.5-6.0
Lens cataract 8 Gy for total fractionated
0.5 Gy for lens of eye
Skin erythema 3.0-5.0
necrosis 50
7. Amount of exposure Biological effect
Rate of exposure Biological Effect
Bigger area of exposure More biological effects
Type of radiation :
Quality factor Biological effect
Factors Affecting Biological Effects
8. Short Term Biological Effects
Vary greatly on factors such as:
amount of exposure
rate of exposure
area of body irradiated
type of radiation
individual biological variability
9. There are two categories of radiation effects:
Somatic Effects
Effects that are seen on
the irradiated
individual.
Either deterministic or
stochastic.
Genetic Effects
Effects that are seen on
the descendants of the
irradiated individual
as the result of the
lesions on the genes.
They are stochastic .
10. • Deterministic effects
–RP aims to
ELIMINATE them.
• Stochastic effects
–RP aims to REDUCE
them.
AIMS OF RADIATION PROTECTION
12. How should people be
protected?
• Justify the exposure
• Optimize protection
• Dose /risk limitations
This is the system of radiological protection
as defined by the International Commission
on Radiological Protection (ICRP)
13. Justification
• Justification means that
any dose exposure MUST
have a benefit to exposed
individuals or to society.
• Thus, if the exposure has
no benefit it is not
justified.
Benefits > Risk
14. • Optimization means that
minimum risk and maximum
benefits should be achieved,
economic and social factors
being taken into account.
• Optimization includes the
ALARA criterion: doses
should be “as low as
reasonably achievable”,
economic and social
factors being taken into
account”
2. Optimization
15. ALARA
(as low as reasonably achievable)
Applied to :
• Occupational exposure
• Medical exposure
• Public exposure
22. What can go wrong during operation of the
cyclotron?
Potential exposure due to accident or incident during
operation such as:
• Inadvertent strike of particle beam to the internal wall
of the beam tube causing production of high level of
neutrons and γ radiation
• Production of activated materials that will cause high
exposure during grinding, burning and machining.
• Production of Ar-41 in neutron in the vault that can be
inhaled.
• Escape of neutrons and gamma
radiation through shields such
as in vault roof.
24. Important for staff protection
Provision of controls:
Engineered controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
25. Important for staff protection
Examples of engineering and administrative controls
Engineering
Shielding of sources
Interlocks on operation of
radiation producing devices
Using sealed enclosures to
reduce exposure or
contamination
Administrative
Remove the worker from the
job if dose is near the limit
Minimize exposure times by
work planning
Use radionuclides in
designated areas using safe
handling techniques
Limit access
26. CLASSIFIED AREAS
Should be defined by the RSO and RSC
Controlled areas:
Supervised areas:
The rest of department
Room for preparation of radiopharmaceuticals
Room for dispensing radiopharmaceuticals
Radionuclide storage room
Storage room for radioactive waste
Room for administration of radiopharmaceuticals
Imaging rooms
27. Delineate controlled areas by physical means or,
where this is not reasonably practicable, by some
other suitable means
Display a warning symbol, such as that
recommended by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), and appropriate instructions
at access points and other appropriate locations
within controlled areas
CONTROLLED AREA
What to do?
28. Any area in which specific protective measures or
safety provisions are or could be required for:
(a) controlling normal exposures or preventing the
spread of contamination during normal working
conditions
(b) preventing or limiting the extent of potential
exposures.
Controlled areas
29. Establish occupational protection and safety
measures, including local rules and procedures
that are appropriate for controlled areas
Permit to perform maintenance and repair
Evaluation of work and hazards associated with
work.
Restrict access to controlled areas by means of
administrative procedures, such as the use of work
permits, and by physical barriers, which could
include locks or interlocks; the degree of restriction
being commensurate with the magnitude and
likelihood of the expected exposures.
30. Provide, as appropriate, at entrances to controlled
areas:
• protective clothing and equipment;
• monitoring equipment
• suitable storage for personal clothing
Provide, as appropriate, at exits from controlled
areas:
• equipment for monitoring for contamination
of skin and clothing;
• equipment for monitoring for contamination
of any object or substance being removed
from the area
• washing or showering facilities
• suitable storage for contamination and
protective clothing and equipment
31. Periodically review conditions to determine the
possible need to revise the protection measures or
safety provisions, or the boundaries of controlled
areas.
32. Any area not already designated as a controlled area but
where occupational exposure conditions need to be kept
under review even though specific protection measures
and safety provisions are not normally needed.
Registrants and licensees shall, taking into account the
nature and extent of radiation hazards in the supervised
areas:
(a) delineate the supervised areas by appropriate
means
(b) display approved signs at appropriate access
points to supervised areas
(c) periodically review the conditions to determine any
need for protective measures and safety provisions
or changes to the boundaries of supervised areas.
SUPERVISED AREA
34. Sources of Exposure of the Worker
• Packing radioactive material
• Activity measurements
• Storage of sources
• Internal transport of sources
• Preparation of radiopharmaceuticals
• Cyclotron maintenance
• Research
• Handling of radioactive waste
• Accidents
External Exposure
35. Internal Exposure
• Inhalation
• Ingestion
• Through skin (wounds,etc)
This happens when working with
volatile radioisotopes.
Sources of Exposure of the Worker
36. Radiation Safety Culture: observe
the radation protection principles
Time - longer time higher exposure
Reduce time in contact with
radiation sources
Training on a particular task using
non-radioactive dummy sources
Distance- follows the inverse square law
Steeping back can reduce the
exposure by a factor of 2
Use long tweezers for handling
radioisotopes.
37. Radiation Safety Culture: observe
the radiation protection principles
Shielding - use lead shields
Containment of contamination use
absorbent pads
38. UNSHIELDED SYRINGES
Should be handled by the end remote from
the needle.
Use of syringes with capacity greater than the
volume to be transferred (e.g. 5 ml for an
injection volume of less than 2 ml).
Syringes should not normally be filled to
more than 50% of their capacity.
39. Radiation Safety Culture:
Use personal protective equipment
Sources of contamination
• Preparation and packing of
radiopharmaceuticals
• spills
• Handling of emergencies
protective clothing
protective aprons
gloves
40. • It is important to prevent hand contamination
not only from radiation safety standpoint but
also to minimize transferring the
contamination to equipment and to test tube
sample.
• It provides some reduction in beta dose (20-
30% reduction given by surgical gloves).
• Laboratory coat protects the clothing from
accidental splashing.
Use protective clothing (disposable
plastic and laboratory coat)
41.
42. Radiation safety Culture: Use
designated counter tops
Workbench tops should be constructed of stainless
steel with flanged edges to confine accidental spills
and permit easy decontamination.
Work surface should be covered with a plastic-
backed absorbent material to protect the surface
from contamination.
Use trays and absorbent plastic-backed paper at work
areas. If contamination occurs, the tray or paper can
readily be replaced.
43. Radation safety culture: Use
designated sinks
Sinks are necessary for washing contaminated
glassware and for disposal of small quantities of
radioactive solution. [Do not exceed the disposal
limit set by the regulation.]
Should be deep-well type to minimize splashing
for surrounding areas.
Radioactive sign shall be posted for “Hot sink”
44. Radiation safety culture: Use Hoods
The type of hood will depend on the nature of the
work to be performed.
Chemical exhaust hood (fumehood)
• It is used if the work does not require a sterile
air environment.
• It is necessary for work involving radioiodine
and other volatile radioisotopes.
45. Laminar airflow hood
• It is the most suitable for applications
that may require sterile air environment
such as certain labeling procedures (
blood cell and protein labeling).
• The room air is filtered (Hepa filter with
99.9% efficiency) before it enters the
work space of the hood.
46. Radiation safety culture: Manage Radioactive
Wastes
Use designated containers for
radioactive wastes
Segregate waste (solid, liquid, gas)
Tag the plastic bag with waste
Identify the radioisotopes
Indicate the date of collection
Indicate the exposure rate
readings
Deliver to storage area
Do not leave radioactive wastes
unattended in hallways
Proper management of radioactive waste
protects both the radiation workers and the
members of public.
47. Radation safety culture:
Individual dose monitoring
• for all those who are occupationally
exposed unless it is clear that their
doses will be consistently low
• to confirm the classification of work
places
• to detect fluctuations in working
conditions
• to give useful reassurance
• to provide data for reviewing
optimization programmes
48. Personal Radation dose Monitoring
Use the personal dose monitor whenever there is a
possibility of radiation exposure.
Do not borrow personal dose monitors.
Report when lost.
Whole body badges
Ring badges
51. Intervention for Personnel Dose
Monitoring
Investigation is conducted when:
the individual annual effective dose
exceeds the investigation level
any of the operational parameters subject to
periodic quality control are out of the normal
range established for operational conditions
any severe accident or error takes place
any other event or unusual circumstance that
causes, or has potential to cause a dose in
excess of the regulatory limits.
52. Pregnant Workers
Occupational exposed female staff should notify the RPO/licensee of
pregnancy as soon as possible.
A prescribed dose constraint should
be readily achievable provided
licensees maintain appropriate
protection standards and both staff
and management have a sound safety
culture. The contamination risk
should be considered.
53. Radiation safety culture: Workplace
monitoring for radation level and
contamination
• Quantities to be measured
• Where and when the measurements will
be done
• Frequency of measurements
• Reference levels and actions to be taken
if they are exceeded.
54. Surface Contamination
• Loose contamination -when the radioactive
material deposited on surfaces can be easily
removed by simple decontamination
methods
• Fixed contamination -when the radioactive
material can not be removed by simple
methods ( e.g. contamination on skin with
abrasion)
55. Measuring Surface Contamination
• Direct Method - using an end-window GM
survey meter with about 1 inch diameter
detector
• Wipe test over a 100 cm2 area and using a
scintillation counter for reading.
56. Radiation Accidents and Incidents
Contamination and exposure (gamma) in
handling unsealed sources.
Discharge of radioactive substances to the
environment (liquid or gas effluents)
Risks
62. Verification of Safety
• Safety assessments
Engineering controls
Adminstrative controls
Personnel protective equipment
Hazard evaluation
• Monitoring and verification of compliance
Radiaton Safety manual
Radiation Safety Program
• Records and Documents
63. SAFETY ASSESSMENT BEFORE
COMMENCEMENT OF WORK
Dose mapping before start of work
Expected individual dose and contamination
level
Protective equipment to be used
Dose/time restrictions
Waste management
When to contact the Radiation Safety Officer