The document discusses obesity, its causes, health risks, and current treatment options. It defines obesity as a BMI of 30 or higher and notes that obesity increases the risk of diseases like diabetes and heart disease. Several prescription drugs are available to treat obesity, but they often only result in 3-4% weight loss and have side effects. Research is ongoing to develop safer and more effective anti-obesity drugs, including from herbal sources, but outcomes have not been promising so far. Lifestyle changes like diet and exercise remain important for long-term obesity management.
Obesity is one of the most common factor which underlies the pathophysiology of many other non- communicable diseases. In recent years, its prevalence has blown out of proportions. The term GLOBESITY signfies that. Newer pharmacological developments will definitely play a crucial role in containing this epidemic.
This seminar is my attempt this interesting topic with all the latest data I could collect on the internet.
One of the best and latest presentations on obesity, sibutramine, orlistate, topimirate, phenteramine, xenical, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, lipase , pancreatic lipase inhibitor,
lipids, fats, major leg pullers/constraints in obesity management. Next Lipitor will also be from metabolic therapy.
Obesity is one of the most common factor which underlies the pathophysiology of many other non- communicable diseases. In recent years, its prevalence has blown out of proportions. The term GLOBESITY signfies that. Newer pharmacological developments will definitely play a crucial role in containing this epidemic.
This seminar is my attempt this interesting topic with all the latest data I could collect on the internet.
One of the best and latest presentations on obesity, sibutramine, orlistate, topimirate, phenteramine, xenical, serotonin reuptake inhibitor, lipase , pancreatic lipase inhibitor,
lipids, fats, major leg pullers/constraints in obesity management. Next Lipitor will also be from metabolic therapy.
This presentation was prepared for few of my colleagues at PSI working with me on a large scale diabetes and hypertension prevention program. The intent was to give them basic understanding of evidences around the impact of few lifestyle modification strategies particularly for caloric restriction and physical activity on health and lifespan.
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
Updates on obesity managment including basics and recent updates of 5 As of Canadian Obesity network
If any one needs this presentation you can email me Tarek1.mohamed@mu.edu.eg
explained about the reasons for obesity, its pathology, how to prevent obesity and how to overcome it. also discussed about the genes, receptors, enzymes and hormones involved in obesity.
Preventing diabetes and obesity in mental health disordersHealthXn
Diabetes is common in people with mental health disorders. This presentation discusses why and what therapies may worsen the disorder and how to prevent obesity and diabetes
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
In today's society, leanness is often equated with beauty, success, fitness, and self-control. Obesity, on the other hand, is considered as undesirable as leanness is desirable, for reasons that are often more related to cosmetic concerns than to actual or potential medical complications.
This presentation was prepared for few of my colleagues at PSI working with me on a large scale diabetes and hypertension prevention program. The intent was to give them basic understanding of evidences around the impact of few lifestyle modification strategies particularly for caloric restriction and physical activity on health and lifespan.
My seminar Obesity by Hani
Obesity is a public health and policy problem because of its increase prevalence, costs and health effect. (WHO, 2012, National heart lung and blood institute. 2012)
. The risk factor for chronic disease are highly prevalence (Zindah, Belbeisi, Walke & Makdad 2008)
The obesity and the overweight are risk for number of chronic disease include diabetes cardio vascular disease and cancer (WHO,2010)
Updates on obesity managment including basics and recent updates of 5 As of Canadian Obesity network
If any one needs this presentation you can email me Tarek1.mohamed@mu.edu.eg
explained about the reasons for obesity, its pathology, how to prevent obesity and how to overcome it. also discussed about the genes, receptors, enzymes and hormones involved in obesity.
Preventing diabetes and obesity in mental health disordersHealthXn
Diabetes is common in people with mental health disorders. This presentation discusses why and what therapies may worsen the disorder and how to prevent obesity and diabetes
Obesity - Pathophysiology, Etiology and management Aneesh Bhandary
Obesity is a state of excess adipose tissue mass. A massive psychosocial, pathophysiological problem that results in a high rate of mortality as well as morbidity. The basic mechanisms of the illness and its management as of 2017 are described in this presentation
In today's society, leanness is often equated with beauty, success, fitness, and self-control. Obesity, on the other hand, is considered as undesirable as leanness is desirable, for reasons that are often more related to cosmetic concerns than to actual or potential medical complications.
The global prevalence of overweight and obesity as a public health concern is well established and reflects the overall lack of success in our ability to achieve and maintain healthy body weight. Being overweight and obese is associated with numerous comorbidities and is a risk factor for several of the leading causes of death, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and many types of cancer.
The foundation of treatment has been diet and exercise.
Tharwat's Family
Tharwat's Family
O B E S I T Y A N D T H E D I G E S T I V E S Y S T E M
Diet and exercise in management of obesity and overweight
Kwong Ming Fock* and Joan Khoo†
Departments of *Gastroenterology and †Endocrinology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
Keywords
BMI, diet, exercise, NAFLD, obesity.
Accepted for publication 30 September 2013.
Correspondence
Professor Kwong Ming Fock, Division of
Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine,
Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3,
Singapore 529889. Email:
[email protected]
Abstract
According to World Health Organization, in 2010 there were over 1 billion overweight
adults worldwide with 400 million adults who were obese. Obesity is a major risk factor for
diabetes, cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, obstructive sleep apnea, and
cancers (prostate, colorectal, endometrial, and breast). Obese people may present to the
gastroenterologists with gastroesophageal reflux, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and gallstones.
It is important, therefore, to recognize and treat obesity.
The main cause of obesity is an imbalance between calories consumed and calories
expended, although in a small number of cases, genetics and diseases such as hypothy-
roidism, Cushing’s disease, depression, and use of medications such as antidepressants and
anticonvulsants are responsible for fat accumulation in the body.
The main treatment for obesity is dieting, augmented by physical exercise and supported
by cognitive behavioral therapy. Calorie-restriction strategies are one of the most common
dietary plans. Low-calorie diet refers to a diet with a total dietary calorie intake of
800–1500, while very low-calorie diet has less than 800 calories daily. These dietary
regimes need to be balanced in macronutrients, vitamins, and minerals. Fifty-five percent
of the dietary calories should come from carbohydrates, 10% from proteins, and 30% from
fats, of which 10% of total fat consist of saturated fats. After reaching the desired body
weight, the amount of dietary calories consumed can be increased gradually to maintain a
balance between calories consumed and calories expended. Regular physical exercise
enhances the efficiency of diet through increase in the satiating efficiency of a fixed meal,
and is useful for maintaining diet-induced weight loss. A meta-analysis by Franz found that
by calorie restriction and exercise, weight loss of 5–8.5 kg was observed 6 months after
intervention. After 48 months, a mean of 3–6 kg was maintained.
In conclusion, there is evidence that obesity is preventable and treatable. Dieting and
physical exercise can produce weight loss that can be maintained.
Introduction
Since 1980, obesity has more than doubled globally and is now
considered as a major health hazard and a global epidemic. This
review aims to evaluate the current management of obesity and
overweight employing a combination of dietary interventions,
exercise, and behavioral modification. For ...
OBESITY AND WEIGHT LOSS SURGERY, HOW MUCH BENEFICIAL AND SAFE?BY DR MANZOOR A...Prof Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Obesity is recognized as a global health crisis. Weight loss surgery offers a treatment that can reduce weight, induce remission of obesity-related diseases, and improve the quality of life. This review summarizes recent evidence related to the safety, efficacy, and metabolic outcomes of weight loss surgery for morbid obesity. The article also highlights various issues when lifestyle modifications and weight loss medications have failed to provide significant weight loss in the majority of obese people.
ABSTRACT- Obesity is the problem of global concerned. All over the world it is considered to be the most improbable dilemma both health and appearance wise. Obesity not only makes the person to feel low in society but also indulge them with other health related disorders. Present review tries to focus on the different aspects allied with the obesity. Diseases associated with obesity and different therapies of concerned are being dis-cussed.
Keywords: Obesity, BMI, Negative Energy Balance, Anti-Obesity Agents
Obesity in America
Introduction
Definition of obesity
Causes of obesity
Statistics of Obesity in America.
Obesity is a condition where an individual have excess body fats leading to health problems. Obesity is an increasing problem in America with the rise in cases causing an alarm for the need to reduce the problem and promote healthy living. Statistics data released by health facilities and health institutions show an increasing trend of obesity in America. Obesity is caused by the uptake of high calorie food, genetic factors, lack of exercise and presence of underlying medical conditions.
2
Effects of Obesity
Low Quality Life
Increased medical expenses
Health problems
High Blood Pressure
Type ii Diabetes
Coronary heart Disease
Stroke
Hyperlidimia
Obesity has is associated with increased medical costs due to the health problems posed by the condition. Health problems associated with obesity are high blood pressure due to the high fat content deposited in the blood vessel lining. It also causes coronary heart disease, diabetes, stroke among many others. The condition also contributes to low quality life with high chances of causing death.
3
Inherency
Cause
Results from body storing excess energy in form of stored fats, thus by reducing intake can be a control measure.
Regulation of food intake as researched by professional cannot sustain control of increases in cases of obesity in society today. several factors interactions contribute to the situation. the causes have to first be understood. While most of the obesity cases are caused by excess consumption of food by an individual, it is also clear that some conditions are caused by more than excess consumption. This may include genetic, or other body disorders. The prevalence of the problem is increasing instead of reducing. Obesity rates have increased across all the population groups in the United States. It is therefore important to approach the problem from a different perspective.
Challenges being experienced can be grouped into the following major levels.
Intrapersonal Level
Interpersonal Level
Community/Institution Level
Macro/Public Policy Level
Medics and nutritionists have viewed the problem continuously as it could be solved through reducing the amount of food intake. However, body’s regulation of food consumption is not enough to deal with the epidemic. It is not a matter of the obese people decision to eat less food than they have been doing. It has been seen that obesity can be reduced through a different treatment of the problem. This may involve first deciding the root cause that triggers a person to eat so much food.
consumption is not enough to deal with the epidemic. It is not a matter of the obese people decision to eat less food than they have been doing. It has been seen that obesity can be reduced through a different treatment of the problem. This may involve first deciding the root cause that triggers a person to eat so much food. In.
Clinical Research Challenges and Best Practices in Pediatric Research in Canada - Dr. Al Wahab - 2015
Dr. Zeina AlWahab, M.D.
Prof. Peivand Pirouzi, Ph.D., M.B.A.
Overweight And Obesity : Proven Health Risks, We All Should KnowSanjiv Haribhakti
Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation in the body that presents a risk to health. Obesity will have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems. According to WHO, Obesity is one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. For more info visit :- http://gisurgery.info/player_presentation.php?id=133
Role of Daily life style and Medication in Prevention and treatment of obesityPriyankaKilaniya
The rising prevalence of overweight and obesity underscores the need for enhanced intervention strategies to tackle this significant public health issue. Increases in energy expenditure through exercise and other physical activity may be a crucial component of effective interventions to enhance initial weight loss and prevent weight regain. achieve these outcomes, it is recommended to engage in appropriate levels of exercise and physical activity, with 60 to 90 minutes per day being the recommended duration. Epidemiological surveys in England reveal that obesity is prevalent, defined as a body mass index (BMI) of greater than 30 kg/m2. This study is the first to report the prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, based on weight, height, and waist circumference measurements. Diet, smoking, and physical activity are significant lifestyle factors that can significantly impact body weight and fat accumulation. The PREDIMED study, a randomized dietary primary prevention trial conducted in Spain, assessed the relationship between lifestyle and obesity risk. A study assessed 7,000 high-cardiovascular risk subjects, determining a healthy lifestyle pattern (HLP) based on Mediterranean diet adherence, moderate alcohol consumption, daily physical activity of 200kcal/day, and non-smoking.
Obesity context of type 2 diabetes and medication perspectivesApollo Hospitals
Drug therapy of obesity has harsh antecedent that many earlier introduced drugs are withdrawn from market. The drugs in present use lack sufficient long-term efficacy and safety data. The difficulty of reversing changing dietary habits and decline in physical activity, however, offers major scope for anti-obesity therapeutics, implied in managing the epidemic chronic inflammatory maladies and cardiovascular sequel. Metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus, commonly associate with obesity. Weight reduction is crucial to prevent and control type 2 diabetes. This emphasizes rational choice of therapeutic regimens that do not themselves cause weight gain, and better promote weight loss. Such an aspect is addressed briefly focusing upon the available newer anti-obesity drug options, in particular.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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OBESITY AND ITS PHARMACOTHERAPY: AN UPDATE
Amit Gangwal*, Deep Yadav, Nidhi S Nair, Sanjay Jain
Smriti College of Pharmaceutical Education, Indore, India.
ABSTRACT
Obesity is recognized as a social problem, associated with serious
health risks and increased mortality. It is defined as excessive
accumulation of body fat that may impair health. It has become a
worldwide epidemic. WHO has cited obesity as a global epidemic.
Close to half of the adult population in OECD countries is overweight
(body mass index ≥ 25 Kg/m2
). Obesity is known to be related to
increased risks of coronary heart diseases, hypertension, non-insulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus and certain type of cancer. Many synthetic
drug therapies are available for the treatment of obesity, but they are
not devoid of side effects and not recommended for long term therapy
plus their long term efficacy is not established satisfactorily, e. g.
Orlisat (Xenical®
), Sibutramine (Reductil®
). Sibutramine and orlistat
possess the risk of some side effects like depression, anxiety, gallbladder diseases, liver
damage, allergic reaction, gastro intestinal diseases. Phentermine and Topiramate (Qsymia®
)
combination is also used in management of obesity. These drugs help in reducing 3-4% of the
body weight. Plentiful trials have been conducted to find and develop new anti-obesity drugs
through herbal sources and conventional options, but still outcome is not encouraging and
promising. The major factor contributing to obesity is imbalance between energy intake and
expenditure. One most important approach in the treatment of obesity includes the
development of nutrient digestion and absorption inhibitors, in an attempt to reduce the
energy intake through gastrointestinal mechanisms without altering any central mechanisms.
Inhibition of digestive enzymes is one of the most widely studied mechanisms used to
determine the potential efficacy of natural products as anti-obesity agents. In this article an
attempt has been made to crawl highly relevant information pertaining to current option and
ongoing research to manage and treat obesity.
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Article Received on
28 August 2013,
Revised on 19 Sept 2013,
Accepted on 24 November
2013
*Correspondence for
Author:
*Dr. Amit Gangwal
Smriti College of
Pharmaceutical Education,
Indore, India.
gangwal.amit@gmail.com
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Gangwal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Key words: Obesity, Sibutramine, Orlisat, Phentermine, Topiramate.
INTRODUCTION
Obesity is defined as BMI (body mass index) 30kgm2
or more. A person with a BMI
between 25 and 29.9 are considered over weight but not obese. BMI is a simple index of
weight-for-height that is commonly used to classify overweight and obesity in humans. It is
also defined as a person’s weight in kilograms divided by the square of his height in meters
(kgm2). As per world health organization (WHO), BMI greater than or equal to 25 is
overweight and BMI greater than or equal to 30 is obese. Obesity is a foremost health
problem not only in developed nations but also in developing countries. It increases the risk
of other diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular ailments, fatty liver and some forms of cancer1
.
Obesity is now so common in various geographies that it is beginning to replace conditions
arising from malnutrition and infectious diseases as the most significant contributor to ill
health. Obesity is measured using BMI and further evaluated in terms of fat distribution via
the waist–hip ratio and total cardiovascular risk factors2
. BMI is closely related to
both percentage body fat and total body fat3
. The global epidemic of obesity results from an
amalgamation of such factors as genetic susceptibility, increased availability of high-energy
foods and diminished need of physical activity in prevailing situation in modern society.
Obesity is no more a cosmetic issue affecting certain individuals, but a pandemic threatening
global well being because it exacerbates a large number of health-related problems, both
independently and in association with other ailments4,5
. Present article describes
pharmacotherapy and ongoing research to address this menace.
Pathophysiology
Insufficient expenditure of calorie leads to storage of extra calories as fat in body. A calorie is
a unit of energy that body gets from food. Eating too many calories and not being physically
active increases one’s risk for obesity. Aged people are more prone to weight gain, owing to
age related changes in body. Some medicines may also cause weight gain. One may also be at
a higher risk if she has a family member who is obese. Being overweight as a child makes
you more likely to be obese. Some causes of weight gain include: poor diet: A person has a
poor diet if he eats too many foods that are high in fat and sugar. Examples are hamburgers,
french-fries, donuts, potato chips, and sugar-sweetened soda. Eating these foods often can
cause one to consume more calories than his body needs. Other factors are sedentary life
style: A person may not undergo exercise, if he is a couch potato, plays video games and
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Gangwal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
spends a major chunk of time on digital stuff and does not come out of digital world owing to
professional or personal reasons. Certain medicines and diseases can cause weight gain, or
make it more likely that person will be obese.
Genetic influences: The genetic makeup plays a significant role in the chances of becoming
obese. However, person still maintain most of the control when it comes to the weight. Some
rare genetic diseases make it almost impossible to avoid obesity. Physiological influences:
Some researchers are of the opinion that every person has a predetermined weight that the
body resists moving away from. Also, people of the same age, sex and body type often have
different metabolic rates. It indicates that their body burn food differently in different
individuals. Someone with a low metabolic rate may require fewer calories to maintain
approximately the same weight as someone whose metabolic rate is high. Food intake and
eating disorders: Binge consumption in depression and some eating disorders may lead to
obesity11
.
Pharmacotherapy of obesity
Obesity treatments include physical activity, changes in eating behavior, pharmacotherapy,
weight reducing medicinal plants, acupuncture etc. Antiobesity drugs may be taken to reduce
appetite or inhibit fat absorption together with a suitable diet. If diet, exercise and medication
are not successful, other options are available. A gastric balloon may assist with weight loss,
or surgery may be performed to condense stomach volume and/or bowel length, leading to
earlier feeling of satiety and reduced ability to absorb nutrients from food6
. Many synthetic
drug therapies are available for the treatment of obesity e. g. orlisat (Xenical®
): a pancreatic
lipase inhibitor which can block 30% of triglyceride hydrolysis in subjects eating a 30% fat
diet7
, sibutramine (Reductil®
): neurotransmitter reuptake inhibitor, rimonabant (Acomplia®
):
cannabinoid-1 receptors blocker. Sibutramine showed increased incidence of serious, non
fatal cardiovascular events and rimonabant has been shown to possess risk of depression and
anxiety. The relatively safer orlistat also possesses several side effects like signs of liver
damage, allergic reaction, gallbladder disease etc. Orlistat’s use is associated with high rates
of gastrointestinal side effects8
. Weight loss caused by these synthetic drugs however is
modest with an average of 2.9 kg at 1 to 4 years and there is scarcity of data on how these
drugs influence longer-term complications of obesity. A combination of phentermine and
topiramate (Qsymia®
) is also fairly effective in treatment of obesity9
. Recently USFDA has
given consent to a pill (lorcaserin under the trade name Belviq®
) that could help to treat
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Gangwal et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
obesity. It can help people to lose about 3–4% of their body weight when combined with
other classical way to combat obesity like a healthy diet and exercise. The drug has been
approved for use by obese people with a BMI greater than 30, and for a subset of overweight
people (BMI > 27) who have health conditions such as high blood pressure, elevated
cholesterol and type 2 diabetes. In the past two years, the USFDA has rejected around 3
obesity drugs because of safety concerns or lack of efficacy. The USFDA advisory committee
recommended in March 2012 that all antiobesity drug candidates should pass cardiovascular
risks assessing tests10
.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Obesity threat is replacing morbidity and mortality arising from malnutrition and infectious
disease as most significant contributor to ill health. The rising incidence and prevalence of
obesity, especially in developing countries will warrant involvement of governments and
individuals. Plant treatments may be more culturally acceptable for some people and
exploiting foodstuffs as obesity treatments may be easier to incorporate into a lifestyle than
taking a tablet or injections. Obesity is often a lifelong problem. Many of the currently
available treatments for obesity aim to reduce body weight or manage obesity for
impermanent period; there is a need for some solution which can address obesity in a longer
lasting or permanent way. Once excess weight is gained, it is not easy to lose. Once lost, you
will have to work at maintaining your healthier weight. The continuing rise in occurrence of
obesity worldwide will require new solutions to be found for treatment, management and
prevention of obesity. Because humanity does not appear inclined to take more exercise or
avoid opulent life style, the emphasis over the next few decades is likely to be on treating
obesity and might be possible that next Lipitor®
will be again from metabolic therapy. There
is an urgent need of exploring all the available options to address the menace of this
metabolic disorder.
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