The document discusses HIV/AIDS, including its causes, statistics, stages of progression, testing methods, transmission routes, common opportunistic infections, and treatment approaches. It provides details on various opportunistic infections that can affect the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, central nervous system, and other body systems in persons with advanced HIV/AIDS due to their weakened immune systems. It also discusses common diagnostic tests and opportunistic malignancies associated with HIV/AIDS such as Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
This is a lecture by Katherine A Perry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Katherine A Perry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
Health talk on immunization ( presentation, health talk, lesson plan )SADDAM HUSSAIN
A health talk topic on immunization for nursing student .
also usefull for reading and improve knowledge
community health nursing , msc nursing , bsc nursing.
aids and hiv in children. it is the topic in child health nursing. it include definition, etiology, types, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, clinical stages, diagnosis and management of pediatric hiv or aids.
Health talk on immunization ( presentation, health talk, lesson plan )SADDAM HUSSAIN
A health talk topic on immunization for nursing student .
also usefull for reading and improve knowledge
community health nursing , msc nursing , bsc nursing.
aids and hiv in children. it is the topic in child health nursing. it include definition, etiology, types, signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, clinical stages, diagnosis and management of pediatric hiv or aids.
This is an informative, illustrated presentation about the causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention of HIV AIDS. Gives relevant data, facts and statistics about the disease updated to the most recent 2010 data.
HIV infection
Mode of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, prevention, prognosis, scope of AIDS vaccine.
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this ppt includes some special information about HIV virus and awareness for this kind of virus because it is globalized for a long time and the best way is prevention of this disease and have more information about that than before.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS),a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive.
Xem online tại: http://www.thuvienso.vn/tai-lieu/aids-hiv-assignment.102.html
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This condition progressively reduces the effectiveness of the immune system and leaves individuals susceptible to opportunistic infections and tumours. HIV is transmitted through direct contact of a mucous membrane or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal fluid, and breast milk. This transmission can involve anal, vaginal or oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, exchange between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, breast feeding or other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids.
Genetic research indicates that HIV originated in west-central Africa during the late nineteenth or early twentieth century. AIDS was first recognized by the U.S. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in 1981 and its cause, HIV, identified in the early 1980s. Although treatments for AIDS and HIV can slow the course of the disease, there is no known cure or vaccine. Antiretroviral treatment reduces both the mortality and the morbidity of HIV infection, but these drugs are expensive and routine access to antiretroviral medication is not available in all countries. Due to the difficulty in treating HIV infection, preventing infection is a key aim in controlling the AIDS pandemic, with health organizations promoting safe sex and needle-exchange programmes in attempts to slow the spread of the virus.
In the beginning, the U.S. Centres for Disease Control (CDC) did not have an official name for the disease, often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it, for example, lymphadenopathy, the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus. The earliest known positive identification of the HIV-1 virus comes from the Congo in 1959 and 1960 though genetic studies indicate that it passed into the human population from chimpanzees around fifty years earlier.
The HIV virus descends from the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), which infects apes and monkeys in Africa. There is evidence that humans who participate in bush meat activities, commonly acquire SIV. To explain why HIV became epidemic, there are several theories, each invoking specific driving factors that may have promoted SIV, rapid transmission of SIV through unsterile injections, colonial abuses and unsafe smallpox vaccinations or prostitution and the concomitant high frequency of genital ulcer diseases (such as syphilis) in nascent colonial cities.
This is the investigatory project on aids. for biology class 12. or can be used for educational purpose. this covers all important topics with good images. if you like this follow me on my instagram @vishal2782003
This Is Investigatory Project On Aids For Class 12. With Full Description and Good images. If you like this follow me on instagram @vishal2782003. Thankyou
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Nursing care of the client hiv and aids
1. Dr. Jayesh V. Patidar
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
NURSING CARE OF
THE CLIENT: HIV AND
AIDS
2. HIV and AIDS
The human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV), first reported in the U.S. in 1981, is
a retrovirus that causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a
progressively fatal disease that destroys
the immune system and the body’s ability
to fight infection.
7/14/2014 2www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
3. HIV/AIDS Statistics
By the end of 1998, an estimated 33.4
million people in the world were living with
HIV/AIDS.
In the U.S., 688,200 cases of AIDS
reported by the end of 1998, with as many
as 900,000 infected with HIV.
7/14/2014 3www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
4. Continuum of HIV Disease
Advanced HIV disease (AIDS)
Early HIV disease (Symptomatic infection)
Persistent, unexplained fever, night sweats, diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy;
signs and symptoms may not occur until 10 years or more after initial exposure
Asymptomatic HIV Infection (HIV Seropositivity)
Infectious but no evidence of illness except positive HIV antibody test
Primary HIV infection (acute infection)
Flu-like s ymptoms; develop antibodies to HIV in 1 to 6 months
Initial Exposure
7/14/2014 4www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
5. AIDS-Defining Conditions
Most AIDS-defining conditions are
opportunistic infections (infections in
persons with a defective immune system
that rarely cause harm in healthy
individuals).
Pneumocytis carinii pneumonia is the
most frequent AIDS-defining condition in
the U.S. and Europe.
7/14/2014 5www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
6. AIDS Testing
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) is the basic screening test to
detect antibodies of HIV.
A confirmatory test, the Western blot, is
always employed when the ELISA is
positive.
The two taken together have an extremely
high accuracy rate.
Obtaining a signed informed consent for
testing is often a nursing responsibility.7/14/2014 6www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
7. Demographics of AIDS in the
United States
Age (AIDS affects mainly people during
the most productive years of their life).
Gender (More men from women, though
women’s rates are increasing).
Race (The HIV/AIDS epidemic is growing
most rapidly among some minority
populations and is a leading cause of
death of African American males).
7/14/2014 7www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
8. Modes of Transmission
The virus may be found in blood, semen,
vaginal secretions, and breast milk of
infected individuals.
No evidence that HIV is spread through
sweat, tears, urine, or feces. Risk of
infection from “deep kissing” or oral sex is
unknown.
7/14/2014 8www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
9. Medical-Surgical Management
MEDICAL
Goal is to keep
disease from
progressing as
long as possible.
Patient monitored
by viral load test.
PHARMACOLOGICAL
Goal of anti-HIV
treatment is to
keep viral load as
low as possible for
as long as
possible.
Use of protease
inhibitors.
7/14/2014 9www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
10. Common Diagnostic Tests for
HIV and AIDS
CD4-T-cells
ELISA
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Western blot
7/14/2014 10www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
12. Pneumocystis Carinii
Pneumonia
The most common opportunistic infection
associated with advanced HIV disease.
Found primarily in the lungs, but also
reported in the adrenal glands, bone
marrow, skin, thyroid, kidneys, and
spleen.
Clinical signs include fever, shortness of
breath, nonproductive cough, and
crackles.
Initial diagnosis made by chest x-ray.7/14/2014 12www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
13. Histoplasmosis
An infection caused by the fungus
Histoplasma capsulatum. The fungus has
been isolated in bird droppings, dirt from
chicken coops, and caves.
Histoplasmosis should be suspected if the
person presents with fever of uncertain
origin, cough, and malaise.
7/14/2014 13www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
15. Mycobacterium avium complex
In persons with AIDS, involvement of the
bowel is usually extensive. The
microorganism can fill the bone marrow
and lymph nodes.
Most common symptoms are chronic
fever, malaise, anemia, weight loss,
diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
7/14/2014 15www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
16. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Belongs to the herpes virus group.
Causes disease by destroying the brain,
lung, retina, and liver.
Signs and symptoms include weight loss,
fever, diarrhea, and malaise.
7/14/2014 16www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
17. Cryptosporidosis
Caused by a protozoan that usually
infects the epithelial cells that line the
digestive tract.
Clinical signs include profuse water
diarrhea, up to 20 liters a day. Abdominal
pain, serious weight loss, abdominal
cramping, anorexia, low-grade fever,
dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and
malaise may also be present.
7/14/2014 17www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
18. Hepatitis
Hepatitis B virus, C virus, and D virus are
commonly seen with HIV infection.
Signs and symptoms include malaise,
weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
and right upper quadrant pain.
7/14/2014 18www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
19. HIV-Wasting Syndrome
Defined as unexplained weight loss of
more than 10% of body weight
accompanied by weakness, chronic
diarrhea, and fever in those affected with
HIV.
Signs and symptoms include anorexia,
diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, changes in
taste and smell, aphthous ulcers of mouth
and esophagus, and abdominal pain.
7/14/2014 19www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
20. Oral Opportunistic Infections
Oral candidiasis (thrush), a fungal
infection, is seen in more than 90% of
AIDS clients. Symptoms include
unpleasant taste, mouth dryness, and
creamy, white oral plaques.
Oral Hairy Leukoplakia (OHL) usually
appears as a white patch on the lateral
borders of the tongue. OHL is not usually
bothersome to the client and may regress
spontaneously.
7/14/2014 20www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
21. Gynecological Opportunistic
Infections
Vaginal Candidiasis is the most common
initial infection occurring in HIV-infected
women.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) is
of a much higher incidence in women
affected with HIV.
7/14/2014 21www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
22. Central Nervous System
Opportunistic Infections
AIDS dementia complex.
Toxoplasmosis.
Cryptococcosis.
7/14/2014 22www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
23. AIDS Dementia Complex
The most common central nervous
system complication in persons with
AIDS.
This disorder is chronic and progressive
with cognitive, motor, and behavioral
dysfunction.
7/14/2014 23www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
24. Toxoplasmosis
Caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma
gondii, found in cats and other animals.
Clinical signs may be vague and
nonspecific, ranging from mild headache,
fever, and lethargy to poor coordination,
seizures, and coma.
7/14/2014 24www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
25. Cryptococcosis
A fungal infection caused by
Cryptococcus neoformans.
The most life-threatening fungal infection
associated with AIDS.
Clinical symptoms include fever,
headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness,
photophobia, mental status changes,
seizures, and stiff neck.
7/14/2014 25www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
26. Opportunistic Malignancies:
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
A vascular malignancy that can occur any
place in the body, including the internal
organs.
First lesions often appear subtly on the
face or in the oral cavity.
7/14/2014 26www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
27. Opportunistic Malignancies:
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Clinical manifestations include fever,
night sweats, and weight loss.
Treatment of NHL in clients with
advanced HIV disease is often withheld,
because it is not tolerated well and may
even lead to earlier death.
7/14/2014 27www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in