2. INTRODUCTION
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that causes HIV infection and over time
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
AIDS is a condition in which humans progressive failure of the immune system allows life
threatening.
Opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after
infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.
Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid . body fluids, and
contaminated hypodermic needles.
Virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. Both the virus and the syndrome are often
referred to together as HIV/AIDS. People with HIV have what is called HIV infection. As a
result, some will then develop AIDS. The development of numerous opportunistic infections in an
AIDS patient can ultimately lead to death.
3. WHAT IS HIV / AIDS
HIV is the virus which attacks the T-cells in the immune system.
AIDS is the syndrome which appears in advanced stages of HIV infection.
o HIV is a virus.
o AIDS is a medical condition.
HIV infection causes AIDS to develop. However, it is possible to be infected with HIV
without developing AIDS. Without treatment, the HIV infection is allowed to progress
and eventually it will develop into AIDS in the vast majority of cases.
HIV testing can identify infection in the early stages. This allows the patient to use
prophylactic (preventive) drugs which will slow the rate at which the virus replicates,
delaying the onset of AIDS.
AIDS patients still have the HIV virus and are still infectious. Someone with AIDS can
pass HIV to someone else.
4. HISTORY OF HIV
o It is now thought that HIV came from a similar
virus found in chimpanzees - SIV.
o HIV probably entered the United States around
1970
o In 1981 noticed unusual clusters of Kaposi’s
sarcoma in gay men in NY and San Francisco,
which led to the disease to be called GRID (Gay
Related Immune Deficiency).
o By 1982 the disease was apparent in
heterosexuals and was renamed AIDS (Acquired
Immune Deficiency).
o 1984- Scientists identify HIV (initially called
HTLV-III or LAV) as the cause of AIDS
o 1987- AZT is the first drug approved for treating
AIDS
5. Enveloped RNA retrovirus
Spherical 120 nm in diameter envelope proteins
make the spikes on the membrane.
Electron dense core
Two copies of the single stranded (+) RNA
Has enzymes: Reverse transcriptase, Integrase &
Protease
Has LTR (long terminal repeats) rev and neg
regulatory genes
Structure of HIV
6. CAUSE OF HIV / AIDS
HIV is a retrovirus that infects the vital organs of the human immune system.
The virus progresses in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. The rate of virus progression varies
widely between individuals and depends on many factors (age of the patient, body's ability to
defend against HIV, access to health care,existence of coexisting infections, the infected person's
genetic inheritance, resistance to certain strainsof HIV).
EPIDEMIOLOGY
o Males>females
o Occurs in all ages and ethnic groups
o All areas of the country are affected
o About 2 million adults & 500,000 children in US are HIV positive (male 1:100; female
1:800)
o In some city inner areas, as many as 50% of males are HIV positive
o AIDS is now the second leading cause of death for all men aged 25-44 years
o Unintended injuries is heart disease is for this age group
8. SYMPTOMS OF HIV AND AIDS
When HIV emerges from latency
(the period when someone with
HIV shows no signs of it)
symptoms can include:
Dry, flaky skin (Xeroderma)
Chronic fatigue
Fever that comes and goes
(Pyrexia)
Diarrhea that lasts more than a
week
Heavy night sweats (Hyper
hidrosis)
Rapid weight loss
Swollen lymph nodes
White spots on tongue, mouth &
thro
9. Early infection:
• More common to develop a brief flu-like illness two to
four weeks after becoming infected. Signs and
symptoms may include:
• Fever
• Headache
• Sore throat
• Swollen lymph glands
• Rash
Later infection :
• May remain symptom-free for eight or nine years or
more
• You may develop mild infections or chronic symptoms
such as:
• Swollen lymph nodes — often one of the first signs of
HIV infection
• Diarrhea
• Weight loss
• Fever
Signs and symptoms
10. • Cough and shortness of breath
• Latest phase of infection (AIDS)
• Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F (38 C) for several weeks
• Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth
• Blurred and distorted vision
You may also begin to experience signs and symptoms of later stage HIV infection itself, such as:
• Persistent, unexplained fatigue
• Soaking night sweats
Signs and symptoms
11. • Swelling of lymph nodes for more than three months
• If you're infected with HIV, you're also more likely to develop certain cancers, especially
Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer and lymphoma.
Symptoms of HIV in children :
Children who are HIV-positive may experience:
• Difficulty gaining weight
• Difficulty growing normally
• Problems walking
• Delayed mental development
• Severe forms of common childhood illnesses such as ear infections (otitis media), pneumonia
and tonsillitis
Signs and symptoms
12. RISK FACTORS
• Anyone of any age, race, sex or sexual orientation can be infected with HIV, but you're at
greatest risk of HIV/AIDS if you:
• Have unprotected sex with someone who is HIV-positive.
• Have another sexually transmitted disease, such as syphilis, herpes, chlamydia, gonorrhea or
bacterial vaginosis .
• Share needles during intravenous drug use.
• Received a blood transfusion or blood products before 1985.
• Newborns or nursing infants whose mothers tested positive for HIV but did not receive
treatment also are at high risk.
• Acute phase has high level of viral production and mononucleosis-like fever, sore throat, rash,
lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, etc.
13. • Western blot for antibodies specific to HIV
• HIV DNA PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction):
• Qualitative to detect HIV infection in newborns of mothers are HIV+
• Quantitative HIV DNA PCR to determine viral load to assess treatment
Confirmation
14. There's no vaccine to prevent HIV infection and no cure for AIDS. But it's possible to protect
yourself and others from infection. That means educating yourself about HIV and avoiding
any behavior that allows HIV-infected fluids — blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast
milk — into your body.
If you're HIV-negative
• Educate yourself and others.
• Know the HIV status of your partner.
• Use a condom every time you have sex.
• Consider male circumcision.
• Use a clean needle.
• Be cautious about blood products in certain countries.
• Get regular screening tests.
• Don't become complacent.
PREVENTION
15. PREVENTION
If you're HIV-positive
• Tell your sexual partners you have HIV.
• If your partner is pregnant, tell her you have HIV.
• Tell others who need to know.
• Don't share needles or syringes.
• Don't donate blood or organs.
• Don't share razor blades or toothbrushes.
• If you're pregnant, get medical care right away.
16. TREATMENTS FOR HIV/AIDS
Earlier HIV antiretroviral treatment is crucial it improves quality of life, extends life
expectancy and
reduces the risk of transmission, according to the World Health Organization's guidelines
issued in June
2013.
When an HIV positive adult's CD4 cell count is 500 cells/mm3 or lower they should start
treatment immediately.
antiretroviral therapy, we see that such prospects unthinkable just a few years ago can
now fuel the momentum needed to push the HIV epidemic into irreversible decline."
Currently, there is no vaccine or cure for HIV/AIDS. But treatments have evolved which are
much more efficacious they can improve patients' general health and quality of life
considerably.
Emergency HIV pills.
If an individual believes they have been exposed to the virus within the last 72 hours
(three days), anti HIV medication, called PEP (postexposure prophylaxis) may stop infection.
The treatment should be
taken as soon as possible after contact with the virus.
17. SHOCKING HIV STATISTICS
• One in six infected U.S. citizens don’t
know they have HIV.
• Every year, roughly 50,000 people in the
United States become infected with HIV.
• As of 2013, there were 35.0 million
people living with HIV around the globe,
up from 29.8 million in 2001. Scientists
attribute these staggering HIV statistics to
new infections, but also to general
population growth and the fact that
research and treatments have allowed
those with HIV to live longer lives.
• Every 9.5 minutes , someone in the U.S.
is infected with HIV.
• The District of Columbia has the highest
AIDS case rate (112.5 per 100,000 in
2010) of any U.S. state or territory.
18. FACTS
• HIV is not airborne and cannot be caught by
touching skin, sweat or saliva.
• You cannot get HIV by holding hands or
sharing drinks.
• Mosquito's do not inject other peoples blood
when they bite and so can’t spread HIV.
• If mother is HIV positive, 100% of children
will test positive at birth.
• Most people recover from their flu-like HIV
symptoms and don’t experience other
symptoms for years.
• The virus can survive for up to four weeks
in syringes even after the infected blood has
been flushed out.
• World AIDS Day is held on the 1st
December each year and is an opportunity
for people worldwide to unite in the fight
against HIV.
19. HIV does not make people dangerous to know, so you can shake
their hands and give them a hug: Heaven knows they need it.
~ Princess Diana
Thank You…..
