This document summarizes a seminar report on HIV/AIDS presented by Ekundayo Samuel Adebowale. It outlines the structure and transmission of HIV, symptoms and diagnosis of AIDS, and treatment options. HIV is a retrovirus that infects and kills CD4 cells of the immune system, causing AIDS. Symptoms of AIDS include opportunistic infections due to a weakened immune system. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress HIV and prevent opportunistic infections.

1. A SEMINAR REPORT ON
HIV AIDS
PRESENTED BY
EKUNDAYO SAMUEL ADEBOWALE
MATRIC NO: 0903010023
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES
JOSEPH AYO BABALOLA UNIVERSITY,
IKEJI-ARAKEJI,
OSUN STATE.
MARCH, 2013

2. OUTLINE
 INTRODUCTION.
 STRUCTURE, INFECTION AND TRANSMISSION OF HIV
 SYMPTOMS, DIAGNOSIS AND PREVENTION.
 INTRODUCTION AND ORIGIN AIDS.
 PREVALENCE, CAUSE AND SYMPTOMS OF AIDS.
 DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF AIDS.
 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION.

3. •HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a
Retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting replicating
in, and killing helper T cells (CD4 cells) of the
immune system it belongs to the family Lenitvirus
•They infect Vital cells of the immune system such
as the helper T cells. (specifically CD4 T cells),
macrophages, and dendritic cells
INTRODUCTION AND ORIGIN OF HIV

4. STRUCTURE OF HIV
Plate 1: Structure of HIV
Source: Encarta Dictionaries

5. INFECTION
 Viruses such as HIV cannot grow or
reproduce on their own, they need to
infect the cells of a living organism in
order to replicate (make new copies
of themselves).
◦ There are two types of infection
 Acute infection (between 2-4 weeks post exposure)
 Chronic infection (between 2 weeks and 20 years post
exposure)

6. PLATE 2: Viral particles on a cell surface
SOURCE: Encarta Dictionaries

7. Plate 3: An Immunocompromised patient
Source: www.patient.co.uk

8. TRANSMISSION
Plate 4: Transmission of HIV
Source: www.nckansil.com

9. SYMPTOMS
 Flu-like illness
 Rash
 Swollen glands for a brief period
 Other infections

10. Plate 5: Viral rash on skin
Plate 6: Viral rash on tongue
Source: hardinmd.lib.uiowa.ed

11. TESTING FOR HIV
There are various types of HIV test, but
the most commonly used are
 The antibody or enzyme-linked
immunodeficient assay or enzyme
immunoassay also known as EIA or
ELISA test - detects HIV antibodies in a
person's blood
 STRIP TEST imunochromatographic
strips, the most recent development,
potentially require only one step and
incorporate both antigen and signal
reagent into a nitrocellulose strip

12. Prevention
 Preventing sexual transmission of HIV
 Preventing transmission of HIV
through blood
 Preventing mother to child
transmission of HIV

13. AIDS
 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
 AIDS is caused by HIV damaging the
immune system cells until the immune
system can no longer fight off other
infections that it would usually be able to
prevent.
 It takes around ten years on average for
someone with HIV to develop AIDS.

14. Number of people living with AIDS in 2010
Total 53,700,000
Adults 30,800,000
Women 19,400,000
Children (<15 years) 3,500,000
People newly infected with HIV in 2010
Total 5,600,000
Adults 5,100,000
Children (<15 years) 500,000
AIDS deaths in 2010
Total 7,100,000
Adults 6,700,000
Children (<15 years) 400,000
All figures are estimates
Source: World Health Organization;
Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
Table 1: Total AIDS cases around the world as at

15. CAUSES OF AIDS
 There are two types of this virus: HIV-1 and
HIV 2, which are the primary cause of AIDS
◦ Inside the body HIV enters cells of the immune
system, especially white blood cells known as T
cells
◦ HIV attack are specialized “helper” T cells known
as CD4 cells. When HIV infects a CD4 cell, it
commandeers the genetic tools within the cell to
manufacture new HIV virus
◦ The loss of CD4 cells endangers health because
these cells help other types of immune cells
respond to invading organisms

16. SYMPTOMS OF AIDS
Flu-like symptoms;
◦ such as; fever, sore throat, headache,
skin rash, tender lymph nodes, and a
vague feeling of discomfort.
Opportunistic infections;
◦ such as; Pneumocystis pneumonia,
tuberculosis, viral opportunistic infections,
cancers, neurological disorders

17. DAIGNOSING AIDS
 The diagnosis of AIDS can be made
by counting the CD4 cells, if it falls
below 200 cells per microliter of blood
 A diagnosis of AIDS can also be made
without confirmation of CD4 levels if
someone who has no other reason for
immune system damage develops an
opportunistic disease.

18. TREATMENT
 Antiretroviral Therapies
◦ Nucleoside analogues (also called
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NRTIs)) (1987); zalcitabine
(Hivid), stavudine (Zerit), lamivudine (Epivir)
◦ Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTIs) (1996); nevirapine
(Viramune), delavirdine (Rescriptor)
◦ Protease inhibitors (1995); saquinavir
(Invirase)
◦ Fusion inhibitor (2005); maraviroc (Selzentry)

19. TREATMENT contd.
 Post-exposure prevention;
administering antiretroviral drugs
within 24 hours after exposure to HIV
can protect a person from becoming
infected with the virus
 Development of new drugs
 Treatment of opportunistic infections;
such asclarithromycin or azithromycin
to prevent Mycobacterium avium

20. Conclusion
 HIV test shouldn’t be done using the
immunochromatographic strips.
Rather, the method of assay of viruses
should be used, because the virus
cannot be detected in the window
stage.