The theme for the 2020 observance is “Ending the HIV/AIDS Epidemic: Resilience and Impact” (“Erradicar la epidemia del VIH/SIDA: Resiliencia e Impacto”). World AIDS Day was first observed in 1988.
HIV is a virus that attacks the human immune system. It belongs to a class of viruses called retroviruses that contain RNA rather than DNA. HIV infects and kills CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system and allowing opportunistic infections. The virus is transmitted via blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. While there is no vaccine or cure, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can control the virus. Prevention focuses on avoiding contact with infected bodily fluids through safe sex practices and not sharing needles.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS including:
1. It discusses the types and subtypes of HIV, how HIV infects cells and progresses to AIDS, and the natural history of HIV from infection to AIDS.
2. Statistics are presented on the number of people living with HIV globally and in different regions with the highest numbers in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3. The stages of HIV infection and AIDS are outlined according to the WHO clinical staging system ranging from asymptomatic to severe AIDS-defining illnesses.
Hiv infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, the most severe stage. It is caused by the HIV virus which depletes CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. Left untreated, opportunistic infections develop. HIV is transmitted via blood, sex, or perinatally. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus indefinitely and treat any infections, with the goals of prolonging life, improving quality of life, and restoring immune function. Nursing care focuses on medication adherence, nutrition, symptom management, and psychological support.
HIV is a virus that infects and destroys cells of the immune system. It progresses to AIDS if untreated, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and progresses from initial infection, to asymptomatic clinical latency for around 10 years, to symptomatic disease as the immune system deteriorates. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load testing. While there is no cure, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus. Prevention strategies include condom use, sterile needle use, monogamy, and abstinence from high risk activities.
Typhoid fever is a communicable disease caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria. It primarily affects the reticuloendothelial system, intestinal lymphoid tissue, and gallbladder, causing an acute generalized infection. The disease is most common in children and young adults living in impoverished areas with poor sanitation and water quality. It is transmitted via the fecal-oral route by consuming food or water contaminated by the feces or urine of infected individuals. Symptoms include sustained high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhea. Diagnosis involves blood, stool, or bone marrow cultures. Treatment is with antibiotics like chloramphenicol or fluoroquinolones. Prevention relies on improved san
This document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including its history, epidemiology, definition, characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations by system, opportunistic infections, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points are:
- HIV was first identified in the 1980s and has since infected over 38 million people worldwide. India has the third largest epidemic with over 2 million cases.
- Advanced HIV is defined as CD4 count <350 or WHO stage 3/4 disease. AIDS is defined as CD4 <200 or WHO stage 4 disease.
- HIV is transmitted sexually, through blood/blood products, or mother-to-child. It primarily targets CD4 cells and causes immunosuppression.
- Clinical
Chicken pox is an infectious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus. It causes an itchy rash that spreads over the body and develops into fluid-filled blisters that eventually crust over. While usually mild and self-limiting in children, it can cause serious complications in adults and those with weak immune systems. Vaccination has significantly reduced cases in the US since being introduced in 1995. Treatment focuses on relieving itching and symptoms, with antiviral drugs used in severe cases.
This document discusses various types of immunization agents and vaccines. It describes live vaccines made from live infectious agents, as well as live attenuated vaccines where pathogenic organisms are treated to become avirulent but still antigenic. Inactivated or killed vaccines use heat or chemicals to kill organisms while maintaining antigenicity. Toxoids detoxify exotoxins to render them antigenic but not pathogenic. Polysaccharide and recombinant vaccines are prepared from extracted cellular fractions or cloned surface antigens. The document also covers administration routes, immunization schedules, periods of maintained immunity, and vaccine effectiveness levels.
HIV is a virus that attacks the human immune system. It belongs to a class of viruses called retroviruses that contain RNA rather than DNA. HIV infects and kills CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system and allowing opportunistic infections. The virus is transmitted via blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. While there is no vaccine or cure, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can control the virus. Prevention focuses on avoiding contact with infected bodily fluids through safe sex practices and not sharing needles.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS including:
1. It discusses the types and subtypes of HIV, how HIV infects cells and progresses to AIDS, and the natural history of HIV from infection to AIDS.
2. Statistics are presented on the number of people living with HIV globally and in different regions with the highest numbers in Sub-Saharan Africa.
3. The stages of HIV infection and AIDS are outlined according to the WHO clinical staging system ranging from asymptomatic to severe AIDS-defining illnesses.
Hiv infection progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS, the most severe stage. It is caused by the HIV virus which depletes CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system. Left untreated, opportunistic infections develop. HIV is transmitted via blood, sex, or perinatally. Treatment involves antiretroviral therapy to suppress the virus indefinitely and treat any infections, with the goals of prolonging life, improving quality of life, and restoring immune function. Nursing care focuses on medication adherence, nutrition, symptom management, and psychological support.
HIV is a virus that infects and destroys cells of the immune system. It progresses to AIDS if untreated, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and progresses from initial infection, to asymptomatic clinical latency for around 10 years, to symptomatic disease as the immune system deteriorates. Diagnosis involves antibody and viral load testing. While there is no cure, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus. Prevention strategies include condom use, sterile needle use, monogamy, and abstinence from high risk activities.
Typhoid fever is a communicable disease caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria. It primarily affects the reticuloendothelial system, intestinal lymphoid tissue, and gallbladder, causing an acute generalized infection. The disease is most common in children and young adults living in impoverished areas with poor sanitation and water quality. It is transmitted via the fecal-oral route by consuming food or water contaminated by the feces or urine of infected individuals. Symptoms include sustained high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and constipation or diarrhea. Diagnosis involves blood, stool, or bone marrow cultures. Treatment is with antibiotics like chloramphenicol or fluoroquinolones. Prevention relies on improved san
This document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including its history, epidemiology, definition, characteristics, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations by system, opportunistic infections, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points are:
- HIV was first identified in the 1980s and has since infected over 38 million people worldwide. India has the third largest epidemic with over 2 million cases.
- Advanced HIV is defined as CD4 count <350 or WHO stage 3/4 disease. AIDS is defined as CD4 <200 or WHO stage 4 disease.
- HIV is transmitted sexually, through blood/blood products, or mother-to-child. It primarily targets CD4 cells and causes immunosuppression.
- Clinical
Chicken pox is an infectious disease caused by the varicella zoster virus. It causes an itchy rash that spreads over the body and develops into fluid-filled blisters that eventually crust over. While usually mild and self-limiting in children, it can cause serious complications in adults and those with weak immune systems. Vaccination has significantly reduced cases in the US since being introduced in 1995. Treatment focuses on relieving itching and symptoms, with antiviral drugs used in severe cases.
This document discusses various types of immunization agents and vaccines. It describes live vaccines made from live infectious agents, as well as live attenuated vaccines where pathogenic organisms are treated to become avirulent but still antigenic. Inactivated or killed vaccines use heat or chemicals to kill organisms while maintaining antigenicity. Toxoids detoxify exotoxins to render them antigenic but not pathogenic. Polysaccharide and recombinant vaccines are prepared from extracted cellular fractions or cloned surface antigens. The document also covers administration routes, immunization schedules, periods of maintained immunity, and vaccine effectiveness levels.
This is a lecture by Katherine A Perry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
HIV/AIDS refers to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV attacks the immune system, leaving individuals susceptible to infections over time. The document discusses the definition of HIV/AIDS, how HIV is transmitted, signs and symptoms of infection, worldwide impact of AIDS, and strategies for prevention through risk avoidance and reduction.
This document provides information about measles including:
1. Measles is caused by a paramyxovirus that is transmitted via respiratory droplets and spreads from the nasopharynx.
2. Clinical features include an incubation period of 10-12 days followed by a prodrome of fever and cough, appearance of Koplik spots in the mouth, and a maculopapular rash that starts on the face and spreads.
3. Complications can include diarrhea, otitis media, pneumonia, encephalitis, and death in rare cases. Vaccination with two doses of the MMR vaccine is recommended for prevention.
The document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by infecting helper T cells. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS.
- AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely damaged and people are vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
- HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be contracted through unprotected sex, needle sharing, or from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding.
- The stages of HIV infection progress from initial infection, to asymptomatic infection where the virus is dormant, to symptomatic infection where AIDS develops without treatment.
This document outlines information about typhoid fever presented in 12 sections: group name, objectives, introduction, clinical manifestation, complications, diagnosis tests, causes, risk factors, prevention and control, treatment, and epidemiology. It defines typhoid fever as an acute illness caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria, characterized by a persistent high fever and general symptoms like headache, cough, and diarrhea. It lists potential complications, diagnostic tests, transmission routes, at-risk groups, treatment options involving antibiotics and rest, and prevention through vaccination and clean water/food.
HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which attacks immune cells called CD4 cells. If left untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS. In 2017, over 36 million people worldwide were infected with HIV resulting in over 900,000 deaths. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be prevented by safe sex practices and avoiding needle sharing. While there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. Common antiretroviral drugs target HIV proteins like reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase to inhibit viral replication.
Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that spreads through the air. It begins with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and small white spots inside the mouth. A rash develops 3-7 days later that spreads from the face to the rest of the body. While most people recover without complications, measles can sometimes cause pneumonia, brain swelling, or even death. The measles virus is preventable through vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV was first identified in 1981 and there have been two major strains identified, HIV-1 and HIV-2.
2. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be transmitted sexually or through contact with infected blood.
3. There are three phases of HIV infection eventually resulting in AIDS if not treated. Antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent AIDS.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes inflammation and necrosis of liver cells, with symptoms ranging from jaundice to liver damage. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and infected mothers can pass it to infants. While most people recover, chronic infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer or death if left untreated.
HIV causes AIDS by infecting immune cells and weakening the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be prevented by safe sex practices and not sharing needles. The virus attaches to CD4 receptors and integrates its DNA into host cells. This leads to reduced CD4 counts and opportunistic infections defining AIDS. Treatment involves antiretrovirals that target different stages of the viral lifecycle to suppress the virus and ART to control the disease.
This document discusses immunization and immunoprophylaxis. It describes active immunization using vaccines including live attenuated, killed, toxoids, and subunit vaccines. It discusses passive immunization using human and animal sera. It also discusses combined active and passive immunization for diseases like tetanus and rabies. The document provides India's immunization schedule and discusses individual immunization for vaccines like varicella and typhoid not included in the national schedule.
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the measles virus. It is characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a red blotchy rash. The measles virus lives in the mucus of the nose and throat and spreads through contact with infected droplets. Symptoms include high fever, sore eyes, small white spots inside the mouth, and a spreading rash. Complications can include ear infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis. There is no specific treatment for measles other than managing symptoms, but vaccination provides excellent lifelong immunity against the virus.
The document provides information about influenza (the flu). It describes influenza as a contagious respiratory illness caused by viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs. The flu can be spread through coughing, sneezing, or touching surfaces with the virus. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, and tiredness. While similar to a cold, the flu causes more severe symptoms that can last for two to three weeks. Vaccination each year is recommended to prevent the flu.
Variola virus causes the acute, contagious disease smallpox. It was effectively eradicated through global vaccination efforts led by the WHO between 1966-1979. Smallpox is characterized by an initial fever and flu-like symptoms followed by a distinctive pustular rash. It spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects. Vaccination provided effective immunity and was a major factor in eliminating smallpox worldwide by 1980, making it the only human infectious disease to be fully eradicated.
This document provides information on the management of patients with AIDS. It defines AIDS and describes the history and spread of HIV/AIDS. It discusses the global prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the virus itself, modes of transmission, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in the different stages of infection. It also covers diagnosis, opportunistic infections, treatment goals, antiretroviral therapy and the management of HIV/AIDS patients.
This document provides an overview of malaria, including its transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and nursing management. Malaria is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium parasites. The parasites travel to the liver and then infect red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, chills, and anemia. Diagnosis involves blood smears to identify the Plasmodium species. Treatment depends on the species and drug resistance patterns, and may involve chloroquine, primaquine, or other antimalarial drugs. Prevention focuses on reducing mosquito bites through various protective measures.
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its history, origin, life cycle, types, statistics, transmission, prevention, and treatment. It begins with definitions of HIV/AIDS, noting it attacks CD4 cells and destroys the immune system. It then discusses the early origins and identification of AIDS in the 1980s and various theories for the origin of HIV. It provides details on the life cycle and types of HIV viruses. Statistics on global prevalence and transmission methods like unprotected sex, needle sharing, and mother-to-child are presented. The document concludes with sections on prevention, treatment, and ICTC centers.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS. It begins by explaining what HIV is, noting that it attacks the immune system and can be present for many years without symptoms. Over time, HIV can severely damage the immune system, leading to AIDS. AIDS is defined as acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The document then lists various names HIV was formerly called and explains what AIDS stands for. It identifies common modes of HIV transmission like unprotected sex and needle sharing. The stages of HIV infection are outlined, from primary infection to symptomatic stage to AIDS. Opportunistic infections associated with AIDS are listed. Primary prevention methods like abstinence, monogamy, and protected sex are discussed.
The document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It begins by defining AIDS as a set of symptoms and infections resulting from damage to the human immune system by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4 T-cells and incorporates its genetic material into the host cell. The document then covers the epidemiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management and prevention of HIV/AIDS.
This is a lecture by Katherine A Perry from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
HIV/AIDS refers to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV attacks the immune system, leaving individuals susceptible to infections over time. The document discusses the definition of HIV/AIDS, how HIV is transmitted, signs and symptoms of infection, worldwide impact of AIDS, and strategies for prevention through risk avoidance and reduction.
This document provides information about measles including:
1. Measles is caused by a paramyxovirus that is transmitted via respiratory droplets and spreads from the nasopharynx.
2. Clinical features include an incubation period of 10-12 days followed by a prodrome of fever and cough, appearance of Koplik spots in the mouth, and a maculopapular rash that starts on the face and spreads.
3. Complications can include diarrhea, otitis media, pneumonia, encephalitis, and death in rare cases. Vaccination with two doses of the MMR vaccine is recommended for prevention.
The document provides information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is a virus that causes AIDS by infecting helper T cells. There is no cure for HIV/AIDS.
- AIDS is the late stage of HIV infection where the immune system is severely damaged and people are vulnerable to opportunistic infections.
- HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be contracted through unprotected sex, needle sharing, or from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding.
- The stages of HIV infection progress from initial infection, to asymptomatic infection where the virus is dormant, to symptomatic infection where AIDS develops without treatment.
This document outlines information about typhoid fever presented in 12 sections: group name, objectives, introduction, clinical manifestation, complications, diagnosis tests, causes, risk factors, prevention and control, treatment, and epidemiology. It defines typhoid fever as an acute illness caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria, characterized by a persistent high fever and general symptoms like headache, cough, and diarrhea. It lists potential complications, diagnostic tests, transmission routes, at-risk groups, treatment options involving antibiotics and rest, and prevention through vaccination and clean water/food.
HIV infection is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which attacks immune cells called CD4 cells. If left untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS. In 2017, over 36 million people worldwide were infected with HIV resulting in over 900,000 deaths. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be prevented by safe sex practices and avoiding needle sharing. While there is no cure for HIV, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. Common antiretroviral drugs target HIV proteins like reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase to inhibit viral replication.
Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that spreads through the air. It begins with fever, runny nose, cough, red eyes, and small white spots inside the mouth. A rash develops 3-7 days later that spreads from the face to the rest of the body. While most people recover without complications, measles can sometimes cause pneumonia, brain swelling, or even death. The measles virus is preventable through vaccination with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.
The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV was first identified in 1981 and there have been two major strains identified, HIV-1 and HIV-2.
2. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be transmitted sexually or through contact with infected blood.
3. There are three phases of HIV infection eventually resulting in AIDS if not treated. Antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prevent AIDS.
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that causes inflammation and necrosis of liver cells, with symptoms ranging from jaundice to liver damage. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and infected mothers can pass it to infants. While most people recover, chronic infection can lead to cirrhosis, liver cancer or death if left untreated.
HIV causes AIDS by infecting immune cells and weakening the immune system. It is transmitted through bodily fluids and can be prevented by safe sex practices and not sharing needles. The virus attaches to CD4 receptors and integrates its DNA into host cells. This leads to reduced CD4 counts and opportunistic infections defining AIDS. Treatment involves antiretrovirals that target different stages of the viral lifecycle to suppress the virus and ART to control the disease.
This document discusses immunization and immunoprophylaxis. It describes active immunization using vaccines including live attenuated, killed, toxoids, and subunit vaccines. It discusses passive immunization using human and animal sera. It also discusses combined active and passive immunization for diseases like tetanus and rabies. The document provides India's immunization schedule and discusses individual immunization for vaccines like varicella and typhoid not included in the national schedule.
Measles is a highly contagious viral disease caused by the measles virus. It is characterized by fever, cough, runny nose, and a red blotchy rash. The measles virus lives in the mucus of the nose and throat and spreads through contact with infected droplets. Symptoms include high fever, sore eyes, small white spots inside the mouth, and a spreading rash. Complications can include ear infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis. There is no specific treatment for measles other than managing symptoms, but vaccination provides excellent lifelong immunity against the virus.
The document provides information about influenza (the flu). It describes influenza as a contagious respiratory illness caused by viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs. The flu can be spread through coughing, sneezing, or touching surfaces with the virus. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, and tiredness. While similar to a cold, the flu causes more severe symptoms that can last for two to three weeks. Vaccination each year is recommended to prevent the flu.
Variola virus causes the acute, contagious disease smallpox. It was effectively eradicated through global vaccination efforts led by the WHO between 1966-1979. Smallpox is characterized by an initial fever and flu-like symptoms followed by a distinctive pustular rash. It spreads through respiratory droplets or direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects. Vaccination provided effective immunity and was a major factor in eliminating smallpox worldwide by 1980, making it the only human infectious disease to be fully eradicated.
This document provides information on the management of patients with AIDS. It defines AIDS and describes the history and spread of HIV/AIDS. It discusses the global prevalence of HIV/AIDS, the virus itself, modes of transmission, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in the different stages of infection. It also covers diagnosis, opportunistic infections, treatment goals, antiretroviral therapy and the management of HIV/AIDS patients.
This document provides an overview of malaria, including its transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and nursing management. Malaria is transmitted through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes carrying Plasmodium parasites. The parasites travel to the liver and then infect red blood cells, causing symptoms such as fever, chills, and anemia. Diagnosis involves blood smears to identify the Plasmodium species. Treatment depends on the species and drug resistance patterns, and may involve chloroquine, primaquine, or other antimalarial drugs. Prevention focuses on reducing mosquito bites through various protective measures.
The document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its history, origin, life cycle, types, statistics, transmission, prevention, and treatment. It begins with definitions of HIV/AIDS, noting it attacks CD4 cells and destroys the immune system. It then discusses the early origins and identification of AIDS in the 1980s and various theories for the origin of HIV. It provides details on the life cycle and types of HIV viruses. Statistics on global prevalence and transmission methods like unprotected sex, needle sharing, and mother-to-child are presented. The document concludes with sections on prevention, treatment, and ICTC centers.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS. It begins by explaining what HIV is, noting that it attacks the immune system and can be present for many years without symptoms. Over time, HIV can severely damage the immune system, leading to AIDS. AIDS is defined as acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The document then lists various names HIV was formerly called and explains what AIDS stands for. It identifies common modes of HIV transmission like unprotected sex and needle sharing. The stages of HIV infection are outlined, from primary infection to symptomatic stage to AIDS. Opportunistic infections associated with AIDS are listed. Primary prevention methods like abstinence, monogamy, and protected sex are discussed.
The document discusses Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It begins by defining AIDS as a set of symptoms and infections resulting from damage to the human immune system by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is a retrovirus that targets CD4 T-cells and incorporates its genetic material into the host cell. The document then covers the epidemiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, management and prevention of HIV/AIDS.
Epidemiology of HIV & AIDS.pptx presentation 2024Motahar Alam
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS encompasses the study of the distribution and determinants of HIV infection and AIDS-related illnesses within populations. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), a condition characterized by a weakened immune system, making individuals susceptible to various infections and illnesses.
Key aspects of the epidemiology of HIV/AIDS include:
Prevalence and Incidence: Prevalence refers to the total number of people living with HIV/AIDS within a population at a specific time, while incidence refers to the rate of new infections occurring within a given period. These measures help understand the burden of the disease and its spread over time.
Demographic Patterns: HIV/AIDS affects different demographic groups differently. Factors such as age, gender, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographical location can influence susceptibility, access to healthcare, and outcomes. For example, in many regions, young adults and certain minority populations may have higher rates of infection.
Transmission Routes: Understanding how HIV is transmitted is crucial for prevention efforts. HIV primarily spreads through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing contaminated needles or syringes, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Other modes of transmission include blood transfusions (though rare in regions with screening protocols) and occupational exposure.
Risk Factors: Certain behaviors and circumstances increase the risk of HIV transmission. These include having multiple sexual partners, engaging in unprotected sex, using intravenous drugs, lack of access to healthcare, poverty, stigma, and discrimination. Additionally, structural factors such as laws and policies can influence risk behaviors and access to prevention and treatment services.
Global Distribution: HIV/AIDS is a global pandemic, but its prevalence varies widely between countries and regions. Sub-Saharan Africa remains the most affected, with the highest burden of HIV infections worldwide. However, significant progress has been made in some regions, while new challenges emerge in others, such as Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Progress in Prevention and Treatment: Efforts to combat HIV/AIDS include prevention strategies such as promoting condom use, harm reduction programs for injecting drug users, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and comprehensive sexual education. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has transformed HIV/AIDS into a manageable chronic condition for many, reducing mortality and transmission rates.
Challenges and Future Directions: Despite significant progress, challenges remain in the global response to HIV/AIDS. These include disparities in access to healthcare, stigma and discrimination, funding gaps, emergence of drug-resistant strains, and persistent barriers to prevention and treatment in certain populations.
HIV destroys CD4 cells, weakening the immune system and leading to AIDS. AIDS occurs when the immune system is severely damaged, leaving the body vulnerable to infections and cancers. HIV is transmitted via sexual contact, needle sharing, transfusions, and from mother to child during birth or breastfeeding. While treatment can slow the progression of HIV, there is no vaccine and prevention through safe practices is critical to stemming the tide of the epidemic.
HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells and weakening the immune system. It can be transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood or needles, or from mother to child. While not curable, HIV is manageable with antiretroviral treatment. People progress through acute, asymptomatic, symptomatic, and AIDS stages over many years without treatment. Opportunistic infections often cause death in late stage AIDS when CD4 counts drop very low. Testing and prevention strategies like abstinence, monogamy, condoms and sterile needles can help control the epidemic.
This document provides an overview of AIDS/HIV including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying immune cells. It has a long asymptomatic period before symptoms appear.
- It is transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluids. High risk groups include men who have sex with men, IV drug users, and those with other STDs.
- Symptoms progress from acute infection, to asymptomatic carrier state, to AIDS-related complex with opportunistic infections, and finally AIDS with life-threatening infections like PCP.
- Diagnosis involves antibody tests, viral tests, and CD4 counts. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress viral load. Prevention focuses on safe sex
Dr. Nikhil Oza presented on AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome). AIDS is caused by the HIV virus which breaks down the immune system. It occurs globally and can affect all ages/groups. The virus is found in blood and genital secretions. Common transmission routes are unprotected sex and needle sharing. The virus has a long incubation period before symptoms appear. Symptoms progress from asymptomatic infection to AIDS-related illnesses like pneumonia. Diagnosis involves antibody testing. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. Prevention strategies include safe sex, needle safety, and maternal screening/treatment.
Today is World AIDS Day, December 1st. Various government and non-government organizations in Nepal are organizing programs related to HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention. HIV is a virus that attacks immune cells and can develop into AIDS if left untreated. Common ways of transmitting HIV include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and mother-to-child transmission during birth or breastfeeding. While there is no vaccine, antiretroviral treatment can control the virus and prevent transmission. It is important to get tested, practice safe sex, and seek treatment to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.
HIV attacks and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells. This leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections and diseases. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection where the CD4+ cell count drops below 200, resulting in life-threatening illnesses. There are two types of HIV - HIV-1 is the predominant global type while HIV-2 is less common and concentrated in West Africa. Both can be transmitted sexually, through blood exposure, and from mother to child, ultimately causing AIDS if left untreated.
The document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including:
1. HIV has infected 59 million people worldwide, with 20 million deaths. Developing countries account for 64% of cases and 2/3 of new infections.
2. Common early symptoms of HIV infection include fever, fatigue, rash, headache, lymphadenopathy, and gastrointestinal issues.
3. HIV is transmitted through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding.
4. While there is no cure for HIV, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can control the virus and prevent transmission.
World AIDS Day is observed on December 1st each year to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS and show support for those living with the disease. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 immune cells, leaving the body vulnerable to infections and cancers. While there is no cure for AIDS, treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus and slow disease progression. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Prevention methods include condoms, antiretroviral drugs for pregnant women, and clean needles.
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including transmission, testing, treatment, and comprehensive care approaches. It provides details on:
- How HIV enters the body, common routes of transmission, and viral load in different body fluids.
- The stages of HIV infection and testing methods, including the window period and antibody response.
- Treatment options like HAART and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.
- Components of comprehensive care including medical, psychological, and socioeconomic support, with an emphasis on prevention and respect for human rights.
World AIDS Day is observed on December 1st each year to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells in the immune system. There is no cure for AIDS, but treatment with antiretroviral therapy can slow the progression of the disease. HIV can be transmitted through unprotected sex, contaminated blood, or from mother to child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Prevention efforts focus on education, condom use, and treatment of infected mothers.
This document provides information about HIV/AIDS including:
1. HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by destroying CD4 cells and weakening the immune system. It can be transmitted through blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk and other bodily fluids.
2. There are four stages of HIV infection - initial infection, asymptomatic carrier state, AIDS-related complex (ARC), and AIDS. Most people are asymptomatic for 5-10 years before developing AIDS without treatment.
3. Prevention methods include avoiding risky behaviors, proper medical precautions, education and testing. Treatment involves antiretroviral drugs which have increased life expectancy tremendously when taken as prescribed.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is severe HIV infection.
There were 940,000 deaths from AIDS in 2017.
Lancet estimated that global incidence of HIV infection peaked in 1997 at 3.3 million/year.
HIV/AIDS remains a major global epidemic, infecting over 59 million people worldwide since the 1980s and causing over 20 million deaths. Developing countries account for most new HIV infections, with sub-Saharan Africa the hardest hit region. While there is no cure for HIV, treatment using antiretroviral drugs can control the virus and prevent transmission. Developing an effective HIV vaccine remains challenging due to the virus's ability to mutate and evade the immune system.
AIDS is a disease caused by the HIV virus that weakens the immune system. There are currently around 33 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide. The virus originated in chimpanzees in central Africa and was first reported in the United States in 1981. HIV attacks CD4 cells and a person is diagnosed with AIDS when their CD4 count drops below 200 or they contract an opportunistic infection. HIV is transmitted through sexual contact, blood transfusions, needle sharing, and from mother to child during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Prevention focuses on abstinence, monogamy, condom use, safe needle practices, and preventing mother to child transmission. While treatment with antiretroviral drugs can suppress the virus,
This document provides an overview of HIV/AIDS, including its history, epidemiology in India, virology, modes of transmission, immunopathogenesis, natural history and stages of infection, clinical features, opportunistic infections, laboratory diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It describes how HIV was first identified in 1981 in the US and details key events in identifying the virus. It outlines that HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects CD4+ T cells and discusses viral subtypes. Modes of transmission include sexual contact, blood/blood products, and mother-to-child. Clinical stages are defined based on CD4 count and symptoms. Opportunistic infections may occur at different stages.
This document provides information on managing patients with AIDS. It discusses the introduction and global impact of HIV/AIDS. It then covers basic facts about HIV and AIDS, including causative agents, transmission, clinical staging, opportunistic infections, cancers, and complications. The remainder of the document outlines diagnosis, treatment, nursing management including common nursing diagnoses, and prevention of HIV/AIDS. It aims to inform on all aspects of caring for patients living with HIV/AIDS.
This document discusses opportunistic infections in people with HIV/AIDS. It defines opportunistic infections as infections that take advantage of a weakened immune system caused by advanced HIV. It lists many common opportunistic infections including bacterial, protozoal, fungal and viral diseases. It explains that opportunistic infections can be prevented and treated through antiretroviral therapy as well as prophylactic drugs like co-trimoxazole. Effective prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections remains important for HIV positive individuals worldwide.
Burns are tissue damage that results from heat, overexposure to the sun or other radiation, or chemical or electrical contact. Burns can be minor medical problems or life-threatening emergencies. The treatment of burns depends on the location and severity of the damage.
Phagocyte bactericidal dysfunction refers to a class of medical conditions where phagocytes have a diminished ability to fight bacterial infection. Examples include: Hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. Chédiak–Higashi syndrome. Chronic granulomatous disease.
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T cell deficiency is a deficiency of T cells, caused by decreased function of individual T cells, it causes an immunodeficiency of cell-mediated immunity. T cells normal function is to help with the human body's immunity, they are one of the two primary types of lymphocytes
B-cell disorders account for approximately two-thirds of all genetic primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD) and may result in decrease or dysfunction of one or more isotypes of immunoglobulin, leading to increased susceptibility to infection, particularly bacterial infections.
an abnormally increased concentration of haemoglobin in the blood, either through reduction of plasma volume or increase in red cell numbers. It may be a primary disease of unknown cause, or a secondary condition linked to respiratory or circulatory disorder or cancer.
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View all Thalassemia (thal-uh-SEE-me-uh) is an inherited blood disorder that causes your body to have less hemoglobin than normal.
Hemorrhagic shock occurs when the body begins to shut down due to large amounts of blood loss. People suffering injuries that involve heavy bleeding may go into hemorrhagic shock if the bleeding isn't stopped immediately. Common causes of hemorrhagic shock include: severe burns.
Hemophilia is a genetic bleeding disorder caused by mutations affecting blood clotting factors VIII or IX. It impairs the body's ability to control bleeding. Hemophilia A is more common, affecting about 1 in 5,000-10,000 male births. Symptoms include excessive bleeding after injuries or surgery, frequent nosebleeds, and bleeding into joints or muscles. Treatment involves replacing the missing clotting factor through infusions to prevent or treat bleeding episodes. Nursing care focuses on emotional support, administering clotting factor treatments, controlling bleeding, preventing joint damage, and educating patients.
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Ulcerative colitis (UL-sur-uh-tiv koe-LIE-tis) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes inflammation and ulcers (sores) in your digestive tract. Ulcerative colitis affects the innermost lining of your large intestine (colon) and rectum. Symptoms usually develop over time, rather than suddenly.
An intestinal obstruction occurs when your small or large intestine is blocked. The blockage can be partial or total, and it prevents passage of fluids and digested food. If intestinal obstruction happens, food, fluids, gastric acids, and gas build up behind the site of the blockage.
Hernias occur when an internal organ or tissue protrudes through a weakness in the muscle or surrounding wall of the cavity it normally resides in. There are several types of hernias including inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, and others. Risk factors include increased abdominal pressure, obesity, family history, and chronic conditions. Symptoms range from a painless bulge to a painful, swollen protrusion that cannot be pushed back in. Diagnosis involves examination and testing to identify location, contents, and severity. Treatment options depend on severity but typically involve surgical repair to reinforce the weak area, with mesh being commonly used to prevent recurrence.
Diarrhoea is usually a symptom of an infection in the intestinal tract, which can be caused by a variety of bacterial, viral and parasitic organisms. Infection is spread through contaminated food or drinking-water, or from person-to-person as a result of poor hygiene.
Acute pancreatitis means inflammation of the pancreas that develops quickly. The main symptom is tummy (abdominal) pain. It usually settles in a few days but sometimes it becomes severe and very serious. The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and drinking a lot of alcohol.
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Gastritis is a general term for a group of conditions with one thing in common: inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The inflammation of gastritis is most often the result of infection with the same bacterium that causes most stomach ulcers.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism
This document provides information about cholelithiasis (gallstones). It defines cholelithiasis as the presence of stones in the gallbladder, which are usually composed of cholesterol, calcium salts, and bile pigments. Risk factors include a high-fat diet, obesity, rapid weight loss, older age, alcoholism, diabetes, lack of physical activity, and family history. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, nausea, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves ultrasound, CT scans, cholangiography, and ERCP. Treatment options include surgery (open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy), stone dissolution, diet modification, and pain medication. Complications can include cholangitis, pancreatitis,
All vital organs begin to lose some function as you age during adulthood. Aging changes occur in all of the body's cells, tissues, and organs, and these changes affect the functioning of all body systems. Living tissue is made up of cells. There are many different types of cells, but all have the same basic structure.
Renal stones, also known as kidney stones, form in the urinary tract and can affect any part from the kidneys to the bladder. Risk factors include metabolic abnormalities, warm climates, certain diets, genetics, and lifestyle. The five major types of renal stones are calcium phosphate, calcium oxalate, uric acid, cysteine, and struvite. Symptoms include severe side and back pain, painful urination, hematuria, and nausea. Diagnostic tests include imaging like ultrasounds and CT scans as well as urine and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the size and location of the stone and include shockwave lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureter
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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5. RECENT FACTS ABOUT: HIV
Global World AIDS Day 2017 campaign which
promotes the theme "Right to health", the World
Health Organization will highlight the need for all 36.7
million people living with HIV and those who are
vulnerable and affected by the epidemic, to reach the
goal of universal health coverage.
Under the slogan "Everybody counts", WHO will
advocate for access to safe, effective, quality and
affordable medicines, including medicines, diagnostics
and other health commodities as well as health care
services for all people in need, while also ensuring that
they are protected against financial risks.
6. Key messages of world health organization
- to achieve universal health coverage
Leave no one behind.
HIV, tuberculosis and hepatitis services are
integrated.
High-quality services are available for those with
HIV.
People living with HIV have access to affordable
care.
The HIV response is robust and leads to stronger
health systems
7. WHAT IS HIV?
“Human Immunodeficiency Virus”
A unique type of virus (a retrovirus)
Invades the helper T cells (CD4 cells) in the body of
the host (defense mechanism of a person)
Threatening a global epidemic.
Preventable, managable but not curable.
8. OTHER NAMES FOR HIV
Former names of the virus include:
Human T cell lymphotrophic virus (HTLV-III)
Lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV)
AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV)
9.
10.
11. WHAT IS AIDS ???
“Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection
due to markedly reduced helper T cells.
Patients have a very weak immune system (defense
mechanism)
Patients predisposed to multiple opportunistic
infections leading to death.
12. AIDS (definition)
Opportunistic infections and malignancies that
rarely occur in the absence of severe
immunodeficiency (eg, Pneumocystis pneumonia,
central nervous system lymphoma).
Persons with positive HIV serology who have ever
had a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL or
a CD4 lymphocyte percentage below 14% are
considered to have AIDS.
13. “THE VIRAL GENOME”
Icosahedral (20 sided), enveloped virus of the
lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses.
Retroviruses transcribe RNA to DNA.
Two viral strands of RNA
found in core surrounded by
protein outer coat.
Outer envelope contains a lipid
matrix within which specific
viral glycoproteins are
imbedded.
These knob-like structures
responsible for binding to
target cell.
20. HOW YOU DO NOT GET HIV INFECTION ?
Not by bitten by mosquito or other drug
Not by bitten by an animal
Not by eating food handled prepared or served by
someone infected with HIV
Not by sharing toilets ,telephones or cloths
Not by touching, hugging ,or kissing a person with HIV
infection
Not by attending school, participating sports, church,
shoppingmalls,or other public places with HIV infected
people
23. Stage 1 - Primary
Short, flu-like illness
- occurs one to six
weeks after infection
Mild symptoms
Infected person can
infect other people
24. Stage 2 - Asymptomatic
Lasts for an average of ten years
This stage is free from symptoms
There may be swollen glands
The level of HIV in the blood drops to low
levels
HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
25. Stage 3 - Symptomatic
The immune system deteriorates
Opportunistic infections and cancers start to
appear.
26. Stage 4 - HIV AIDS
The immune system
weakens too much as
CD4 cells decrease in
number.
30. TB & HIV CO-INFECTION
TB is the most common opportunistic infection in HIV and
the first cause of mortality in HIV infected patients (10-
30%)
10 million patients co-infected in the world.
Immunosuppression induced by HIV modifies the
clinical presentation of TB :
1. Subnormal clinical and roentgen presentation
2. High rate of MDR/XDR
3. High rate of treatment failure and relapse (5% vs < 1% in HIV)
36. Anonymous Testing
No name is used
Unique identifying number
Results issued only to test recipient
23659874515
Anonymous
37. Blood Detection Tests
HIV enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Screening test for HIV
Sensitivity > 99.9%
Western blot Confirmatory test
Specificity > 99.9% (when combined with ELIZA)
HIV rapid antibody test Screening test for HIV
Simple to perform
Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count Predictor of HIV progression
Risk of opportunistic infections and AIDS when
<200
HIV viral load tests Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infection
Correlates with disease progression and
response to HAART
38. Urine Testing
Urine Western Blot
As sensitive as testing blood
Safe way to screen for HIV
Can cause false positives in certain
people at high risk for HIV
39. Oral Testing
Orasure
The only FDA approved HIV
antibody.
As accurate as blood testing
Draws blood-derived fluids
from the gum tissue.
NOT A SALIVA TEST!
43. HEALTH CARE FOLLOW UP OF HIV
INFECTED PATIENTS
For all HIV-infected individuals:
CD4 counts every 3–6 months
Viral load tests every 3–6 months and 1 month following a change in therapy
PPD
INH for those with positive PPD and normal chest radiograph
RPR or VDRL for syphilis
Toxoplasma IgG serology
Cytomegalo virus IgG serology
Pneumococcal vaccine
Influenza vaccine in season
Hepatitis B vaccine for those who are HBsAb-negative
Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccination
Papanicolaou (cervical )smears every 6 months for women
44. Conti…
For HIV-infected individuals with CD4 < 200
cells/mcL:
Pneumocystis jiroveci1 prophylaxis
For HIV-infected individuals with CD4 < 75
cells/mcL:
Mycobacterium avium complex prophylaxis
For HIV-infected individuals with CD4 < 50
cells/mcL:
Consider CMV prophylaxis
45. PRIMARY PREVENTION:
Five ways to protect yourself?
Abstinence
Monogamous Relationship
Protected Sex
Sterile needles
New shaving/cutting blades
46. Abstinence
It is the most effective method of not acquiring
HIV/AIDS.
Refraining from unprotected sex: oral, anal, or
vaginal.
Refraining from intravenous drug use
47. Monogamous relationship
A mutually monogamous (only one sex
partner) relationship with a person who is not
infected with HIV
HIV testing before intercourse is necessary to
prove your partner is not infected
48. Protected Sex
Use condoms every time you have
sex
Always use latex or polyurethane
condom (not a natural skin
condom)
Always use a latex barrier during
oral sex
49. When Using A Condom Remember To:
Make sure the package is
not expired
Make sure to check the
package for damages
Do not open the package
with your teeth for risk of
tearing
Never use the condom
more than once
Use water-based rather
than oil-based condoms
50. WHAT WE CAN DO??
UNAIDS Outcome Framework 2009–2011: nine priority areas
We can reduce sexual transmission of HIV.
We can prevent mothers from dying and babies from becoming infected with
HIV.
We can ensure that people living with HIV receive treatment.
We can prevent people living with HIV from dying of tuberculosis.
We can protect drug users from becoming infected with HIV.
We can remove punitive laws, policies, practices, stigma and discrimination
that
block effective responses to AIDS.
We can stop violence against women and girls.
We can empower young people to protect themselves from HIV.
We can enhance social protection for people affected by HIV.
Vulnerable and High-risk Groups:
-Expand knowledge, access, and coverage of vulnerable populations—particularly in large cities—to a package of high impact services, through combined efforts of the government and NGOs.
-Implement harm-reduction initiatives for IDUs and safe sex practices for CSWs.
-Make effective and affordable STD services available for high-risk groups and the general population.
General Awareness and Behavioral Change:
-Undertake behavioral change communications with the following behavioral objectives: (i) use of condoms with non-regular sexual partners; (ii) use of STI treatment services when symptoms are present and knowledge of the link between STIs and HIV; (iii) use of sterile syringes for all injections; (iv) reduction in the number of injections received; (v) voluntary blood donation (particularly among the age group 18 to 30); (vi) use of blood for transfusion only if it has been screened for HIV; and (vii) display of tolerant and caring behaviors towards people living with HIV/AIDS and members of vulnerable populations.
-Increase interventions among youth, police, soldiers, and migrant laborers.
Blood and Blood Product Safety:
-Ensure mandatory screening of blood and blood products in the public and private sectors for all major blood-borne infections.
-Conduct education campaigns to promote voluntary blood donation
-Develop Quality Assurance Systems for public and private blood banks to ensure that all blood is properly screened for HIV and Hepatitis B.
Surveillance and Research:
-Strengthen and expand the surveillance and monitoring system.
-Implement a second-generation HIV surveillance that tracks sero-prevalence and changes in HIV-related behaviors, including the spread of STIs and HIV, sexual attitudes and behaviors, and healthcare-seeking behaviors related to STIs.
Building Management Capacity
-Continue to build management capacity within provincial programs and local NGOs to ensure evidence-based program implementation.
-Identify gaps in existing programs and continue phased expansion of interventions.